hesperid butterfly on tridax flower biodiversity action... · biodiversity conservation and forest...

Hesperid Butterfly on Tridax flower

SIKKIM BIODIVERSITY ACTION PLAN

Sikkim Biodiversity Conservation and Forest Management Project (SBFP)Forest, Environment and Wildlife Management Department

Government of Sikkim

Variegated Mountain Forest Agama Japalura variegata

Silver Fir Forest at base of Snow MountainsSilver Fir Forest at base of Snow Mountains

List of Contents1. Background

2. Sikkim Biodiversity3. Perceived Threats

4. The Way Forword5. Responsibility and time frame

6. Abbreviations7. References

8. Process involved in the formulation of Biodiversity Action Plan

Japanese Cherry Prunus cerasoides in flower

SIKKIM BIODIVERSITY ACTION PLAN4

MessagePawan Chamling

(Honoris Causa)Chief Minister of Sikkim

03592-202575 (O)03592-202304 (R)

E-mail : [email protected]

Gangtok - 737103Sikkim

'

I am glad to learn that the Forest, Environment and Wildlife Management Department of the State Government has formulated the Sikkim Biodiversity Action Plan with the objective of preserving the State’s natural and cultural heritage. The unique biodiversity of the State is well known throughout the world due to the long history of scientific inquiry pertaining to its biodiversity. Commencing from the monumental works of eminent British explorer J.D. Hooker in the nineteenth century many scientists have documented the rich biodiversity of this State.

Sikkim, which constitutes barely 0.2% of the area of the country, has a wide array of flora and fauna that exists within its boundaries since time immemorial. Many of these are indigenous and are intimately related to the livelihoods and lifestyles of the people of the State. All communities in Sikkim have their distinct cultural characteristics that incorporate sustainable utilization of the State’s biodiversity, both wild and domestic. Preservation of this rich biodiversity in the face of enormous challenges, such as those posed by climate change and needs of the State’s developing society, is an uphill task. The importance of modern scientific tools like ex-situ conservation in natural resource management cannot be overemphasized. However, a synergy between scientific and traditional knowledge streams is necessary to ensure successful conservation of exquisite plants and animals. Intellectual Property Rights as envisaged under the Convention on Biological Diversity must be honoured and ensured to local communities.

I congratulate the officials of the State’s Forest, Environment and Wildlife Management Department for formulating this plan of action for biodiversity conservation in Sikkim. I am grateful to Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) for assisting with the development of this plan, which I am sure, will provide guidance in the area of conserving Sikkim’s Biodiversity. My best wishes to all stakeholders for successful action in this respect.

Pawan Chamling Chief Minister, Sikkim

SIKKIM BIODIVERSITY ACTION PLAN 5

Bhim DhungelMiniStER

MessageI am delighted to know that the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) assisted Sikkim Biodiversity Conservation and Forest Management Project (SBFP) under the Department of Forest, Environment and Wildlife Management is bringing out a booklet “SIKKIM BIODIVERSITY ACTION PLAN.”

Sikkim with its tremendous biological diversity is blessed as a natural treasure house for the people of all fields from scholars to researchers and travellers alike. We are privileged to witness it at present and are committed to conserve it for future generations. Accordingly, the State Government has taken several measures to preserve this rich heritage.

This booklet reflects the action needed on the part of all stakeholders to conserve the biodiversity of Sikkim. It is also aimed to generate awareness about each one’s role to protect and conserve our natural resources. It is a road map to secure environmental conservation so that we can pursue our goal of a clean and green State, nation and the world at large.

I am sure that this booklet will serve the objective of inculcating responsibility in every individual to participate in the Government’s mission to conserve our natural heritage. I congratulate the Project under the department of Forest, Environment, and Wildlife Management for bringing out this booklet.

With best wishes.

(Bhim Dhungel)MINISTER

Forest, Environment and Wildlife Management DepartmentTourism & Civil Aviation

Government of Sikkim


Spread over only 7,096 km2 geographic area, supporting a little over half a million population, the Sikkim state has an altitudinal range varying from 300m to 8586m above sea level, representing tropical, sub-tropical, temperate and alpine regions and a small portion of cold desert. The annual rainfall ranges from less than 5 mm to nearly 4000 mm. The state has about 80% of its geographical area under forest cover, with an estimated over 4500 species of flowering plants. The rich floral diversity of Sikkim has fascinated a wide range of scholars from all over the world. Besides 39% area occupied by alpine pastures and snow, the state supports an immensely rich reservoir of biological diversity as tremendously useful genetic resource pool. The vegetation ranges from Sal (Shorea rubusta) and its associates in the low elevations, and gradually transitions to oaks, low altitude pines, firs, and finally the high altitude alpine grasslands and meadows.

Out of approximately 1200 orchid species found in India, Sikkim is repository of over 523 species and emerged out as one of the richest hot-spots for orchid diversity in Indian Himalaya. Further the state is estimated to have about 50% of India’s Pteridophytes. Sikkim jointly with Darjeeling hills has been blessed with rich diversity of medicinal plants of over 700 medicinal plant species. The rhododendrons are a great indicator of forest health and ecological stability and out of nearly 72 rhododendron species in North-East India, Sikkim is known to have 36 species. Considering the ecotourism potential of rhododendrons, the Government of Sikkim, in its “Year of Tourism 2010”, organized an International Festival supplemented with an International Conference on Rhododendrons.

Sikkim’s fauna is diverse, including 150 species of mammals, 550 species of birds, and 48 species of fishes, in addition to many

1. Background Typical Rhododendron-Silver Fir Forests of SikkimTypical Rhododendron-Silver Fir Forests of Sikkim


reptiles, amphibians and insects. Amongst endangered or rare mammal species are , Red Panda, Snow Leopard Musk Deer, Tibetan wolf, Red fox, Indian wild dog, Hog Badger, Tibetan Sheep, Serow, Goral, Tibetan wild Ass, etc. For the richness of avian diversity, Sikkim has been placed within the Eastern Himalaya Endemic Bird Area. The faunal components are further enriched by the presence of over 627 species of butterflies and insects.

Agro-biodiversity in the form of domesticated animals and cultivated plants is also very diverse in Sikkim. Over 80% people living in rural areas, constituting several ethnic groups; like Nepalese, Bhutia, Lepcha, Limbu and Sherpas represent diverse cultures. These

community people have been maintaining great indigenous knowledge on bioresources including ethno-medicinal plants. Food preservation and handicrafts are the areas where different ethnic communities of Sikkim are enriched with traditional knowledge and practices, which need to be conserved for the posterity.

In 2001 Sikkim was included in a nationwide initiative launched by the Government of India and the NGO Kalpavriksha to formulate strategies and develop action plans for conserving biological diversity. As part of this initiative, an elaborate consultation took place in Sikkim in the form of meetings and interactions with different stakeholders to produce the 2003 Sikkim Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan. This process highlighted the potential and availability of biological diversity, both wild and cultivated/domesticated, found in the different eco-regions of the state, and outlined strategies and an action plan for their conservation.

After nearly a decade, as the scientific knowledge accumulated, stakeholders attained greater awareness and needs of improved conservation and management strategies on biological diversity realized, and the issues and concerns emerged more rapidly than ever before, it was felt by the Government of Sikkim for a thorough revision and updating of the 2003 Biodiversity Action plan. Fortunately, at the same time, under the recently launched Sikkim Biodiversity Conservation and Forest Management Project (SFBP), assisted by the Japan International Cooperation Agency in 2010, there is a mandate of revising and updating the previous document in view of recent data and experience. Since a thorough grass-root consultative process was followed in developing the 2003 SBSAP, it was decided to update the 2003 document using necessary inputs from various biodiversity specialists in the government, R&D and academic institutions and other non-government organizations. Also, it was decided to have inputs from different grassroot level stakeholders.

Elevation plays a very important role in determining the vegetation types of any mountainous landscape like the state of Sikkim. The state represents five major altitudinal zones of vegetation, which do not have distinct boundaries in general, but these overlap depending upon the aspect and other ecological factors.

The Tropical eco-region ranges in elevation from approximately 300m to 1200m. It includes valleys and gorges flanked by steep slopes. Characteristic species include Sal (Shorea robusta), Chir Pine (Pinus roxburghii) orchids, Pandanus nepalensis, giant bamboo, (Bambusa gigantia), wild banana, Rhapidophora and nettles. The Rangit Valley in this region shows a unique association of Sal with Chir pine, which also represent rich array of ethno-medicinal plants. Tropical forests of Sikkim

2. Biodiversity of Sikkim

are inhabited by several endangered species of birds, including the Rufous-necked Hornbill (Aceros nipalensis), Great Indian Hornbill (Buceros bicornis), Chestnut-breasted Partridge, Black-breasted Parrot bill, Grey-crowned Prinia and Ward’s Trogon. Other tropical fauna includes the introduced Peafowl, Python, Geckos, Porcupine, Assamese Macaque and Barking deer, as well as many butterflies and other invertebrates, fish, frogs and toads. The river systems are used by several species of migratory water birds during transit to wintering wetlands. Lantana (Lantana camara) is a major exotic invasive species in this area. Forest fires are common in this zone, and there is an occasional problem of illicit felling of Sal and Teak trees. The Kitam Bird Sanctuary, covering an area of around 6 sq Km, is the only PA in this eco-region. A number of new

hydroelectric projects are being developed in this eco-region.

The Sub Tropical eco-region ranges in elevation from approximately 1200m to 3000m. There is heavy rainfall in this zone with high humidity during most of the year. In the lower part of the ecoregion, the characteristic tree species include Castanopsis hystrix, Machilus spp, Rhododendron spp, Symplocos spicata, Symplocos theifolia, Michelia excelsa, Quercus lamellosa, Quercus lineata, Leucoseptrum canum, Quercus pachyphylla, Betula alnoides, Nyssa javanica and Bucklandia populnea. The understory is dominated by Engelhardtia spicata, Eurya japonica, Rhododendron arboreum, and Viburnum spp. This region is the potential habitat niches for the globally critically endangered herb, Swertia chirayita having viable populations.


In the higher parts of the region, the dominant tree species include Quercus lamellosa, Q. lineata, Machilus spp. Cinnamomum spp., Michelia excelsa, Quercus lancaefolia, Acer campbelli, Magnolia campbelli , Q. pachyphylla, Castanopsis hystrix, Elaeocarpus lancaefolius, Symplocos theifolia and Litsea spp., Rhododendron arboretum, Bucklandia populnea (Pipli). Dense evergreen forests with oak and Rhododendron are common. The undergrowth consists of Arundinaria maling, dwarf Rhododendron, ferns, epiphytic mosses and orchids. Birds include the Rusty-bellied and Lesser Short wing, Kalij and Satyr Tragopan. Other fauna include Japalura lizards, Cobra, Krait and Himalayan Pit Viper, Himalayan Bullfrog and many species of butterflies.

Fambong Lho Wildlife Sanctuary in the East Sikkim and Maenam Wildlife Sanctuary in South Sikkim are the two PAs in this eco-region. Plantations of Cryptomeria japonica, an exotic species are common in this eco-region. Eupatorium odoratum is a major weed that competes with Artemesia and other secondary growth

Most of the human population of Sikkim is concentrated in this eco-region. Commercial agriculture focuses on rice, ginger, orange, cardamom, while Guava, banana, squash, vegetables and herbs are produced in homestead gardens. Soybean, millet and cruciferous vegetables are locally processed into local products such as Kinema, a specialty of the Subba community; ‘Gundruk and alcoholic drinks such as Chang. Exotic oyster mushroom cultivation is being promoted by the Agriculture Department, along with trial commercial cultivation of flowers such as hybrid orchids and gladioli. Forest produce like bamboo shoots, ferns and nettles are also seasonally collected. The marketed vegetable fern, Diplazium esculentum offers a significant part in socio-economic mileau of the poor villagers. Hybrid stall-fed livestock is common in villages, whereas the local breed of ‘Siri’ Cow is grazed in the forests. Sericulture and apiculture are promoted by the government through extension services, along with pisciculture of Common and Grass Carp.

The Temperate eco-region ranges in elevation from 3,000m to 4,500m. Mixed coniferous forests of Hemlock, Spruce, Pine, Fir and Junipers with shrubby undergrowth of Rhododendron and Arundinaria are found up to 4000m. This eco-region includes wildlife species such as the Red Panda, Common Langur, Himalayan Black Bear, Lesser cats, Goral, Serow, Monal Pheasant, Fire-tailed Sunbird, Blue Magpie and various species of reptiles and amphibians. Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) has been introduced in many high altitude lake and river systems. Potato and cabbage are grown as cash crops, along with wheat, barley and maize. Beans, peas, some apple, peach and pear are grown on homesteads. A cattle rearing is sometimes practiced with stall fed hybrid cows, while most cattle graze in forest areas. Wool from sheep grazing at higher altitudes is used for making blankets, rugs and carpets. Wild Seabuckthorn (Hippophae spp.) is collected for medicinal properties and as a dye.


Between 4,000m and 4,5000m elevation, small crooked trees and large shrubs interspersed with fir and pine are common. The fauna of this region includes Musk Deer, Himalayan Tahr, Blue Sheep, Blood Pheasant, and Ibis bill. This region has a sparse population. Bhutias, the main residents, are pastoral and manage herds of livestock like yak, dzo (cow-yak hybrid) and domestic cattle. The forest provides many edible plant parts like in Arisaema sp. Tubers, ‘Khendu’ and mushrooms. Trout (Salmo trutta) has been introduced in some high elevation rivers. Dwarf rhododendron (R. anthopogon) leaves are used for burning as incense.

The Temperate and Alpine eco-regions include four wildlife sanctuaries, including Shingba (North), Kyongnosla (East), Pangolakha (East) and Barsey (West) and one national park: the Khangchendzonga National Park (North and West). The Shingba Rhododendron Sanctuary is home to the rare and endemic Rhododendron niveum, which has been designated as the State Tree. However,

recently, two new populations of R. niveum are discovered from Khangchendzonga national park in north Sikkim, which need priority conservation measures. Yet another exploration of a massive and gregarious population of one of the, hitherto, said to be endangered and rare species, Rhododendron maddenii in the boundary of Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve in north suggest that the state need further explorations. The Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary provides habitat for the Takin (Budorcas taxicolor), which is endemic to the eastern Himalayas and also occurs in Bhutan. The 104 Km2 Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary with its pure stands of Rhododendron is contiguous with the Singalila National Park in West Bengal.

The Trans-Himalayan eco-region ranges in elevation from 4,500m to 5,500m with characteristic cold desert vegetation, and is confined to the northern Sikkim. This eco-region represented by Kanchendzonga National Park has not yet been included in the protected

A shallow River Tista meanders in the cold desert in North SikkimA shallow River Tista meanders in the cold desert in North Sikkim


area network of the state and is perhaps the most sensitive as it contains many endangered species, including the Tibetan Gazelle, Snow Leopard, Tibetan Wolf, Tibetan Snow cock, Lammergeier, Raven, Golden Eagle and Ruddy Shelduck. The region has a short four-month growing season, during which grasses, hedges and medicinal herbs grow abundantly supporting a host of insect fauna as well as wild and domestic herbivores, larks and finches.

There are no permanent human settlements in this eco-region; the human population consists of a small number of nomadic Tibetan graziers or ‘Dokpas’ who herd yak, sheep and pasmina-type goats. Closure of the international border over the last three decades has led to intense grazing pressure by both the domestic and wild herbivores. The prevalence of feral dogs is a major hazard in this region. This eco region has not yet been represented in the P.A. network.

A profile of Sikkim biodiversity Category Approx. Number of SpeciesFlowering Plants 4500Orchids 527Rhododendrons 36Bamboos 20Ferns and Fern allies 480Tree Ferns 6Primulas 30Oaks 11Mammals 144Birds 550Butterflies 600 +Fishes 48

A family of Blue Sheep Pseudois nayaurA family of Blue Sheep Pseudois nayaur


Protected Areas of Sikkim Name District Area in sq. km.Khangchendzonga National Park North & West 1784Shingba Rhododendron Sanctuary North 43Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary West 104Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary East 31Fambong Lho Wildlife Sanctuary East 51.76Maenam Wildlife Sanctuary South 35.34Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary East 124Ketam Wildlife Sanctuary South 6.0

Large percentage of the state’s land area is under protected areas .In addition Reserved Forests and other forestlands in the form of Khasmahal and Gorucharan constitute forest cover. There is one Biosphere Reserve (Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve), spread over the North and West districts of Sikkim, covering a spatial area of 2931.12 Km2 (including four buffer and one transition zone). The government, in collaboration with

GBPIHED (Sikkim unit), is currently in the process of getting this biosphere reserve listed among the “World Network of Biosphere Reserves” of UNESCO. The process is also underway for its inscription as a World Heritage Site. Sikkim contains many wetlands, which provide critical water bird habitat, and the process of applying for Ramsar site status for three wetland complexes has been initiated.


The Biodiversity of Sikkim faces a number of threats due to biotic as well as abiotic factors. It is essential to identify these factors so that the remedial measures can be taken to strengthen the conservation and management of biological diversity in the state. The Sikkim Biodiversity Action Plan 2003 deliberated upon these issues and identified a number of threats, which need be addressed under the present situation, in order to conserve the state’s biodiversity. The current and anticipated threats are summarized below:

Soil erosion: Sikkim being a hill State with unstable soil conditions often suffers from soil erosion due to biotic factors as well as natural factors. The very high rainfall, span over a large part of the year, compounds this. The main causes of such erosion and landslides, which also destroy biodiversity of the area, are unplanned roads, hydroelectric projects and other development. The recent earthquake has also triggered lot of new landslides and soil erosion.

Deforestation: Despite the high percentage of forest of the State, deforestation and loss of habitats emerge as constant threats, which are mainly due to need of forest resources by the urban and semi urban population, development projects and power projects.

Air pollution: There are very few polluting agencies in the State. But due to rapid expansion of domestic tourism, a large number of vehicles move every day consuming tons and tons of fossil fuel and causing air pollution as well as noise pollution, which in long term can affect fauna and their propagation, especially along fringe of protected areas and reserve forests.

Waste management: There is lack of appropriate and systematic approaches and means for handling solid wastes in many parts of the state, including both residential areas and development areas. As a result, the solid waste is generally allowed to enter the natural streams thereby causing pollution and creating problem for the living organisms.

Poaching of animals and removal of plants and their parts: Evidences suggest involvement of some local people as well as visitors from other parts of the country many a times engaged in poaching of animals and removing different plants such as of orchids and ferns, thus threatening many sensitive species. This is caused mostly due to lack of awareness and inadequate law enforcement.

Law enforcement: Enforcement agencies like Forest and Police etc do not have adequate manpower, training, mobility and requisite equipments to prevent or take cognizance of offences involving biodiversity.

Introduction of exotic species: Many exotic plants and animals have been introduced into the State purposefully or inadvertently without following any protocol, which threatens the indigenous species.

3. Perceived threats to Biodiversity


Unplanned tourism: The state has emerged as a very popular tourist destination in recent years. Inappropriate planning and limited implementations have gone into regulating their movement, mode of transport, life style including generation of garbage, construction for the accommodation, road development or environment friendly responsible behavior, etc. The tourism industry and the rural people need to be sensitized to handling ecotourism in a responsible manner.

Climate change: Due to increase in green house gases in the atmosphere and consequent rise in temperature number of living organisms will be affected in the future, though the impacts have not yet been properly studied or documented.

Introduction and popularization of hybrids: Many varieties of hybrids both plants and animals are gradually becoming very popular, thereby replacing the indigenous varieties of livestock and horticultural species.

Loss of traditional knowledge: The local communities sustain a rich reservoir of traditional knowledge and indigenous practices. But they are gradually depleted as people have been adopting modern lifestyles and modern medicines.

Awareness: We cannot protect our biodiversity without awareness among the general public, students and teachers, and other stakeholders. Particularly the younger generation should have an understanding regarding the need for biodiversity conservation. Knowledge and understanding of biological diversity and conservation is also necessary for schools and colleges and government departments and all sectors of society including politicians and policy makers.

Medicinal plants: Majority of state host plants with great medicinal value. The conservation approaches, both in-situ and ex-situ mechanisms need further strengthening with strong scientific support and guidelines. It would be essential that the medicinal plant diversity is identified and documented and species tending to become endangered should be prioritized for immediate conservation.

Biomedical wastes: The hospitals, nursing homes and other medical establishments in the State generate biomedical wastes, which contaminate soil, water and endanger human as well as animal health.

Alien invasive species: Many species like Lantana, Eupatorium, Ipomaea and Polygonum, etc. has already spread over different parts of the state, within the boundaries of protected areas. Others may make inroads if not checked.

Forest fire: Forest fires, particularly in the tropical, sub-tropical, and temperate forests, if not promptly attended to, causes lot of damage to the biodiversity, particularly the ground flora, fauna, and micro-organisms.

Diseases and pests: Diseases of both flora and fauna and pest attacks, particularly when they take epidemic forms may result in loss of wild as well as agro-biodiversity and need monitoring and control.

Development projects and change in land use pattern: Different unplanned development projects like hydro-electric projects, road development and widening besides change of land use pattern to put wild landscape in to agriculture, commercial uses, habitation etc may have pronounced impact on biological diversity and may be irreversible.


This Chapter describes strategies and actions to overcome the current threats to biodiversity through various measures involving different government departments of the state and different stakeholders.

4.1 Develop Biodiversity database

Lack of data on different aspects of biodiversity in the state severely impedes the effort to conserve the same, though much useful information is available with some organizations and individuals. This is of immediate concern for a biodiversity rich state like Sikkim as we should know well what we want to protect and conserve. The JICA assisted Sikkim Biodiversity conservation and Forest Management Project (SBFP) is initiating several new biodiversity studies, which will provide some comprehensive data. These studies include (i) Study on flagship species, (ii) Study on impact of grazing on Himalayan eco-system, (iii) Rapid biodiversity survey, (iv) Survey of hot spots, (v) Establishment of GIS networking, etc. In addition, some state based national R&D institutions have been engaged in investigating various aspects of biodiversity

in Sikkim. Still, many additional studies involving different government departments, research institutions, universities and voluntary organizations will be required for building up comprehensive database to support biodiversity conservation in Sikkim.

Recommended Actionsa) Establish a state biodiversity information

system with facilities for easy storage, retrieval and distribution in an interactive manner.

b) Conduct intensive biodiversity surveys and inventories utilizing expertise of local institutions and individual experts, particularly in unexplored tracts, including assessments on quantum availability of economically important and threatened plant in natural habitats, and providing GPS coordinates for all sampling areas.

4. The Way Forward


c) Conduct regular surveys to monitor changes in targeted species of wild and cultivated, domesticated plants and animals using the latest technologies and tools.

d) Update the list of endangered flora and fauna based on national, international criteria.

e) Assess populations and monitor species, which are declining and formulate effective species recovery plans.

f) Document and develop a database on traditional knowledge.

g) Study and document microbial diversity, including both beneficial and harmful microbes in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.

h) Build the capacity of law enforcing officials for recognizing rare and threatened species of plants and animals and provide necessary reference materials. R&D organizations in the state may offer great services.

Sikkim has one National Park (Khangchendzonga), which is also a Biosphere Reserve, and seven wildlife sanctuaries. The geographical area of the entire PA network represents 32% of the State’s area of 7,096 sq kms. This is perhaps the highest percentage of protected areas of any state in India. The Khangchendzonga National Park has also been proposed for inscription as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Though there are 227

lakes in the state, many of which important for migratory birds, none of them has been notified as a Ramsar Site so far. Substantial biodiversity also exists outside the PAs in the reserved forests and private land. Although the PA area percentage is quite high in the state there is possibility of adding few small areas to the Protected Area Network, which are unique habitats for endangered spp. of flora or fauna. The 2003 amendment of Wildlife

4. 2 In Situ Conservation

STATE ANIMAL Red Panda Ailurus fulgensSTATE ANIMAL Red Panda Ailurus fulgens


(Protection) Act, 1972 provides for formation of Conservation and Community Reserves with active community participation. Establishment of such reserves is a possibility. While Red Panda has been named as State animal, other flagship species include snow leopard and musk deer. The Department is also keen to preserve its high altitude pheasants, rhododendrons and orchids. There have been several initiatives that are under way to conserve medicinal plants.

Recommended Actionsa) Explore the scope for further expansion

of the PA network with stakeholders, identifying, prioritizing biodiversity rich areas, e.g. Dombang Gymnosperm Reserve, Nimphu Wildlife Sanctuary.

b) Strengthen biodiversity monitoring systems in the PA network and reserve forests.

c) Strengthen the capability of the DFEWM, Directorate of Research to coordinate biodiversity monitoring systems in the PA network and reserve forests.

d) Evaluate the experience of ongoing programs to address human animal conflict and identify effective approaches to strengthen programs to prevent human-animal conflict.

e) Initiate well-planned eco-development programmes in the fringes of PAs to improve the livelihood of dependent communities, in order to reduce their dependence on protected areas and forest for fuel wood and NTFP.

f) Establish and notify permanent preservation plots for monitoring biodiversity along different altitudinal zones and in different habitats.

g) Develop a mechanism to identify and conserve sacred groves and other religious landscapes, e.g. Devithan around springs.

h) Conduct research on different aspects of species biology and ecosystem functioning in PAs and reserve forests.

i) Promote reintroduction and recovery of threatened plant and animal species in their ecological niches and habitats in targeted protected areas.

j) Strengthen the capability of DFEWM and other agencies to prevent poaching and illegal trade of wild animals, plants and their parts.

k) Identify habitat for key wildlife species outside of PAs and encourage conservation outside the PA network on government and private property.

l) Strengthen forest fire-fighting program.

m) Conduct surveys of economically important native bio-resources.

n) Develop strategies for conservation of unique wetlands and potential Ramsar sites with the support of local communities and other stakeholders. The process of their notification should be expedited.

o) Identify and recognize large and old trees and declare them as heritage trees.

p) Link major butterfly habitats through strategic corridor development by planting indigenous larval and nectar food plants (native) through the involvement of various stakeholders

q) Develop approaches to conserve identified Important Bird Areas (IBA)

r) Complete proposal for inscription of KNP as World Heritage site


4.3 Ex-situ Conservation The state has only one zoo, the Himalayan Zoological Park near Gangtok, which houses many Schedule-I species occurring in this region. It plans to take up conservation breeding of some endangered species to replenish the wild stock in their natural habitat after following the appropriate protocol provided by the Central Zoo Authority. A rescue center is being set up to house the rescued animals which can be released to their natural habitat after treatment and stabilization. Though no systematic effort has been made to set up a formal botanical garden, many places like the ‘State Biodiversity Park’, campus of Raj Bhavan and highly established functional Arboretum of GBPIHED (Sikkim) at Pangthang have good collections of rare and endangered species. DFEWM and GBPIHED had jointly established a rare and threatened plant conservation park within Himalayan Zoo. Such initiative can be replicated elsewhere. Biotechnological interventions also may be quite helpful to support ex-situ conservation. On useful and high value marketed wild plant species, entrepreneurship using ex-situ approaches are moderately initiated in the state. At the same time, prioritization of threatened and rare plant species for immediate ex-situ conservation is an immediate need.

Recommended Actionsa) Develop and standardize the propagation

and mass multiplication protocols for the rare, endangered and endemic plant species.

b) Develop and standardize the conservation breeding protocols for the rare, endangered and endemic faunal species and dove-tail it with a reintroduction programme.

c) Implement programs to conserve the genetic diversity of native land races of cultivated plants, domesticated animals and their wild relatives.

d) Identify the seed viability and develop storage technologies for targeted species.

e) Encourage propagation and cultivation of wild economic plants.

f) Create new botanical gardens and parks with sections for different communities, focusing on native species.

g) Improve labeling in existing and new gardens, ex-situ conservation-arboretums, herbal gardens, etc.

h) Develop new ex-situ conservation facilities, e.g. butterfly park, Bird Park, etc.

Himalayan Wolf Canis lupus in Himalayan Zoological Park, GangtokHimalayan Wolf Canis lupus in Himalayan Zoological Park, Gangtok


4.4 Agro-biodiversity ConservationMany local varieties of agricultural crops and local breeds of livestock are still maintained in rural areas. However, these valuable sources of germplasm are in danger of being lost as people adopt modern lifestyles and modern agriculture. Collection of agricultural crop genetic resources can be a great tool to preserve this germplasm; however, improved policies and scientific interventions for agro-biodiversity conservation may offer better opportunities for local level entrepreneurships.

Recommended Actions a) Register local varieties under the

Farmers Rights Act.

b) Ensure direct access to market for organically farmed local crop varieties though appropriate certification to fetch more remunerative price to the farmer.

c) Preserve local germ-plasm of field and horticultural crops by screening germ-plasm for desirable characters.

d) Identify hotspots of agro-biodiversity and cropping systems and promote on-farm conservation through training programs and use of appropriate incentives.


Recommended Actions a) Identify the vulnerability of

different sectors of the state, such as forest, agriculture, livestock, and microbial diversity and Himalayan ecosystem towards climatic change.

b) Identify priority habitats for species and ecosystems, which are at risk due to climate change through appropriate ecological criteria.

c) Use plant phenology as an indicator of climate change and establish permanent phenology monitoring stations along different altitude zones.

d) Undertake other multidisciplinary research for developing appropriate technology for monitoring changes on biodiversity and assess the adaptive mechanisms for biodiversity components.

e) Develop adaptive management approaches for relevant activities like change in forestry management and watershed management for soil and moisture conservation and enhance green cover.

f) Identify activities, which help hasten climate change both globally, and local and develop ways to minimize or eliminate such activities.

4.5 Impact of climate change

The majority of the population in Sikkim still depends on various forms of agriculture, although tourism is also gradually emerging as an important livelihood source in the rural areas. Both these sectors are likely to be adversely impacted by climate change unless adaptive measures are initiated. Agricultural productivity is likely to decline and cropping patterns will change. Similarly grasslands and timberline, which form a part of natural ecosystem in the higher reaches of the state, may be adversely affected along with pattern of snowfall and rains. The expected rise in the ambient temperature, influencing biodiversity pattern and ecosystem functioning, would impact consequent changes in the forest dependent communities.

Many initiatives have started in the state and other parts of the country to assess vulnerability due to climate change on natural ecosystems, plant productivity and socio-economic sectors. Several institutes have been engaged in the study of climate change, and the JICA assisted SBFP has a component to study impacts of climate change and suggest different mitigating measures. It is worth noting that an ‘Expert Committee on the Impacts of Climate Change’ has been set up by the Central Government in 2007 to study the impacts of anthropogenic climate change and identify measures to be taken for addressing the impacts of vulnerability. The National Action Plan on Climate Change has also been released in 2008. The Department of Space under ISRO-Geosphere Biosphere Program is implementing a project to estimate the vegetation carbon pool assessment in India, of which Sikkim is also part of the study. There are many other ongoing projects in the country and the state which directly or indirectly contribute to mitigate adverse impacts of climate change.

Domesticated Sheep Ovis sp.Domesticated Sheep Ovis sp.


4.6 Biodiversity conservation and development

Policies and laws have been framed to integrate social and economic development with biodiversity conservation. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 prohibits all activity, which adversely affects the biodiversity. Equity studies in community forests have been proved effective in combating adverse practices on existing forest resources, and in upholding socio-economic fabric. In the Environment Impact Assessment of any project biodiversity elements are identified and their protection recommended. Eco-sensitive areas are also notified under the act. There are guidelines for handling of hazardous wastes, solid wastes and chemicals and prevent other unplanned or haphazard development. But suitable actions are required to make effective implementation of such policies and legislations in the interest of biodiversity conservation.

Recommended Actionsa) Involve local agencies and R&D

institutions in impact assessments (EIA) of development projects in order to limit the impact on surrounding biodiversity and habitats.

b) Enforce the guidelines so that all EIAs of major developmental projects should be properly authenticated with herbarium specimens and other records from project area. All RET species falling in those area should be properly documented and action taken for ex-situ multiplication thereof.

c) Monitor the preparation and implementation of Environmental Management Plans (EMPs). Prepare rehabilitation plan in case of displacement of local people due to any project considering their social, cultural, economic and other livelihood needs.

d) Build capacity of the related departments to carry out mid-term assessment.

e) Avoid the development projects affecting wetlands and other biodiversity rich and sensitive area.

Herd of grazing Yaks above meandering River Tista in Sikkim’s cold desertHerd of grazing Yaks above meandering River Tista in Sikkim’s cold desert

4.7 Adverse impacts of pollutionRealizing that air, water and soil pollution

affects the human population and particularly the low income groups, the Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986 and other legislations like Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981 and water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974 have been enacted to check this menace. Soil pollution, pollution due to industrial and municipal wastes is difficult to handle. All these affect the biodiversity adversely, directly or indirectly. It is always better, easier and cost effective to prevent pollution or minimize it rather than handle it after it occurs.

Recommended Actionsa) Conduct research to study the impacts of

different types of pollution on biodiversity and develop prevention measures.

b) Manage industrial effluents so that neither terrestrial nor aquatic biological resources are adversely affected.

c) Promote the use of organic manures, bio-fertilizers, bio-insecticides or biological control and discourage excessive use of chemical fertilizers and biocides.

Red-rumped Swallow Cecropis daurica at pakyong, East SikkimRed-rumped Swallow Cecropis daurica at pakyong, East Sikkim


4.8 Biodiversity conservation and use of research training and extension

Over the years capacity has been built at various levels for environmental management of which biodiversity conservation is a part in Sikkim and the rest of India. National institutes like the Indian Council of Forest Research & Education, G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment & Development, Wildlife Institute of India, Indian Institute of Forest Management and many other universities, particularly agricultural universities have taken up training in biodiversity conservation, forest, and wildlife management and related fields. Other universities have also imparted courses in environmental management. UGC and Ministry of Human Resources have also taken up with universities and state governments to introduce environment education in their curriculum. The state takes advantage of these institutions and sends officers and field staff for training to these institutes or centers affiliated to them. Center for Environment Education and National Museum of Natural History have taken up creation of awareness on environment and biodiversity issues.

In Sikkim a Regional Museum of Natural History is planned near Gangtok. Many publications on different aspects of biodiversity of Sikkim have been published by the state government. The state is also planning a number of interpretation centers for creating awareness about biodiversity of Sikkim under SBFP. The DFEWM and Departments of Agriculture, Animal Resources, Fisheries and Tribal Affairs are sensitive to conservation of biodiversity in their respective fields. GBPIHED (Sikkim), as an expert institution, has taken many initiatives and accomplished many tasks in conservation of endangered and rare plant species in Sikkim, using both conventional and other biotechnological technologies. The Sikkim Pollution Control Board is engaged in controlling pollution due to different major activities like industries, river valley projects etc. Still there are a number of gaps which need be addressed, particularly

to take care of relatively new and emerging issues. For this, along with use of technologies, all forms of awareness programmes like print and electronic media, street plays etc should be attempted. Field and supervisory personnel should also be exposed to refresher courses and orientation exercises.

Recommended Actionsa) Use of conventional and biotechnological

tools on a pilot basis for conserving endangered species.

b) Encourage value added production from the local bio-resources using innovative technologies as a tool for sustainable use of biodiversity for livelihood.

c) Develop and propagate technology based awareness programmes in Sikkim specialized through extension wings.

d) Strengthen Training and Research activities on various aspects of biodiversity conservation


4.9 Sustainable utilization and enhancement of natural resources

Sustainable utilization of natural resource is the most important tool for protection of biological diversity of the state. This is particularly true in case of non timber forest produces. The micro plans prepared to manage areas under JFMCS and EDCS etc also undertake their decision making on this principle. But human pressures in certain areas are likely to affect sustainability of natural or biological resources if they are the only livelihood options. Various means of employment generation or development projects like NREGA, afforestation, water conservation, water harvesting, communication can effectively reduce pressure on natural resources exerted by the dependent communities. Measures like increasing green cover in case of Sikkim and improving the quality of green cover shall to some extent minimize pressure on limited resources. But other initiatives like introduction of eco-friendly substitutes, fuel efficient devices and ease of their availability etc can reduce consumption. Propagation and cultivation packages of high value and in demand

wild resources need to be developed and standardized; for example economic viability of cultivation of targeted species need assessed and demonstrated in Sikkim context. Of course awareness promotion shall be the key to their acceptance by the communities.

Sikkim has already banned grazing in the forest areas which has salubrious effect. JFMCs/EDCs have started playing very positive role in the effort of sustainable utilization. Their capacity is being enhanced through trainings and they are also supported through Community Organizers appointed by SBFP.

Recommended Actionsa) Identify and document ethno-biological

knowledge, including the safety and efficacy of traditional medicinal practices.

b) Identify alternate income generating activities to divert the people from livelihoods which negatively impact biodiversity, e.g. grazing, harvesting bio-resources, etc.

c) Promote the management of bamboos and canes and other NTFPs, sustainably with the participation of local communities and other stakeholders and make a data base.

d) Promote agro-forestry on private lands.

e) Promote bee keeping for improving pollination and providing livelihood to local communities.

f) Document, disseminate and promote best practices of traditional use of bio-resources through proper study of traditional methods of utilization.

g) Promote ex-situ cultivation of high value trade taxa, including medicinal plants to support livelihood of communities and ensure that wild stock is not depleted.

h) Extend traditional sustainable land use practices which have been validated through research.


4.10 Management of alien invasive species

Invasive species menace has not been felt in alarming scale so far, though species like Lantana camara, Rumex nepalensis, Eupatoricum odoratum, Mikenia sp., Polygonm spp and aquatic weeds have caused problem at many places inhibiting the regeneration and growth of indigenous species or choking water bodies. They sometime create problem for agriculture, forestry, fishery, health and tourism. It is necessary to have scientifically guided surveys and quantification of the damages caused by invasive species and prevent introduction of any new invasive species in the state without proper study.

Recommended Actionsa) Conduct research on ecological assessment

of invasive species and related habitat change, and maintain a database.

b) Strengthen measures to contain and manage any spread of invasive species. Develop inter-sectoral approach for the same.

c) Develop system for early warning on new sightings of invasive species in the state.

d) Support capacity building particularly at field level to control spread of invasive species.

e) Support restoration of area affected by invasive species, including occupied butterfly habitat, by planting or regeneration of native species.

f) Establish procedures to ensure that invasive species do not enter Sikkim through international borders of three neighboring countries. Establish a quarantine cell in the state.

Morning Glory Ipomoea sp.


4.11 Valuation of biodiversity We often do not take the depletion of biodiversity or bio-

resources due to any development process seriously as we consider it free and can be exploited without any thought about the goods and services it provides to the human society in the form of goods directly or services which are not easily quantified. It is absolutely necessary in the present day scenario or in future to account for the losses or quantify the gains of adding to biological resources though definite intervention. This will help us in decision making involving sectoral policies as without such calculation of cost and benefits of any activity cannot be worked out correctly or comprehensively.

Recommended Actions a) Develop a system of natural resource accounting for

Sikkim reflecting both ecological and economic values of biodiversity, using UN guidelines, wherever necessary.

b) Support studies to validate the valuation process.

Silver Fir Abies densa with coneSilver Fir Abies densa with cone


4.12 Awareness Promotion

No action plan can be effectively implemented unless the local communities, other stakeholders, law enforcing personnel are educated aere made aware of the benefit of the natural resources available in their area and on understanding the need for their conservation. This is more relevant in case of bio-resources. Hence different methodologies should be adopted and publicity options utilized for promoting awareness. Elsewhere in the document different approaches have been indicated. But it is felt that this should be specifically highlighted as this can bring about a sea change in our efforts.

Recommended Actionsa) Provide training to government and non-

government agencies to strengthen their role in biodiversity conservation.

b) Make available literature based on research and documents on best practices to relevant functionaries and stakeholders, also using electronic media.

c) Increase the awareness of law enforcement staff on biodiversity and identification or endangered flora and fauna by providing training and relevant materials.

d) Strengthen the capacity of state and local institutions for effective enforcement of the Biological Diversity Act, including ensuring Traditional Knowledge and Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) mechanisms.

GULMOHUR Delonix regia


The Biological Diversity Act, 2002 is a comprehensive legislation enacted in pursuance of the CBD and rules have been framed under the said act in 2004 and National Biodiversity Authority has been formed. Other national laws which have profound influence on conservation of biodiversity are Indian Forest Act, 1927, Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 and Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. Besides there are provisions in our constitution to protect our environment that includes biodiversity and many other legislations like Indian Penal Code can also take cognigence of different offences committed to harm our environment. National Forest Policy 1988 and National Environment Policy also provides some policy framework for conserving our biodiversity.

A frame work of administrative arrangement exists in Sikkim to implement relevant provisions of these acts relating to biodiversity conservation. Though Patents Act, 1970 has provision for mandatory disclosure of source and place of origin of concerned biological material and traditional knowledge

associated with the invention, the issues relating to benefit sharing and protection of traditional knowledge, is rather hazy. Effective implementation of Biological Diversity Act is very important for the state and its people. However, state specific conditions and geographical setting need to be taken in to consideration and any legal framework can be recommended for further debate at state and national level.

Recommended Actionsa) Review the policies and laws for

conservation and management of sacred landscapes, grasslands and other areas of importance for biodiversity conservation.

b) Prepare Peoples Biodiversity Registers and strengthen mechanisms with the support of technical institutions. JFMCs, EDCs and PSSs.

c) Include the evaluation of biodiversity as an integral part of any development project, and ensure that the design of the project includes measures to minimize any loss of biodiversity and is vetted by experts.

4.13 Policy, legislation and administrative measures and their improved implementation

Male Kalij Pheasant Lophura leucomelanosMale Kalij Pheasant Lophura leucomelanos


4.14 Regional, national and international coordination and cooperation

Cooperation with international agencies and other countries is generally required at the level of Government of India. But Sikkim can access such support through the Government of India in the interest of biodiversity conservation. The present example is a support from JICA for the 10 year SFBP which will have many components for strengthening conservation of biodiversity. Similarly Sikkim need support of UNESCO for inscription of Khangchendzonga National Park as World Heritage Site and place Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve in the World Network (UNESCO) of Biosphere Reserves. State may need technology and support for different aspects of biodiversity conservation like re-introduction. Cooperation with national institutions like GBPIHED (Sikkim), ICFRE, WII, BSI, CZA, ZSI and others is required in order to assess biodiversity and develop methods for their conservation. Universities and institutions in other neighboring states both private and government may be of great help for this purpose.

Recommended Actionsa) Establish contact with UN bodies like UNESCO,

UNEP, Ramsar secretariat, IUCN and donor agencies through GoI regarding collaboration or obtaining technical support for biodiversity conservation.

b) Seek the cooperation of other research institutions and universities within the state and in neighboring states for assisting in different aspects of biodiversity conservation including surveys and scientific studies.

c) Maintain a database of scientific and technical persons in Sikkim with expertise in flora and fauna to facilitate collaborative work among the organizations in Sikkim.

d) Annual brainstorming workshops to share and document the work areas of different public sector and private institutions working in the field of biodiversity conservation so that work is not duplicated, but may be supplemented, and experience and lessons learned further documented through annual newsletter.

e) Outsource research or establish joint ventures amongst research agencies in Sikkim.


The broad actions to be taken and activities under each major action have been outlined in the last chapter. But all these issues need the involvement of various departments of government, organizations and individuals both within the state and outside. Sometimes more than one organization may have to be involved in the process for effective implementation of an identified component. Unless they are clearly identified and a broad time frame is given for their implementation this document may not serve any useful purpose for the state. Hence, this chapter attempts to indicate the responsibility of different organizations/departments and tentative broad time frames for different organizations which are required to carry out different functions according to national and state policies, laws and administrative arrangements is indicated. The attached table outlines in fairly exhaustive details such responsibility and time frame.

5. Responsibility and Time Frame


Section 5. Responsibility and timeframe for Sikkim Biodiversity Action Plan and strategies

Sl. No. Category Recommended Actions Lead Agency Partner Agencies Time

frame Remarks

1. Biodiversity database

a) Establish a state biodiversity information system with facilities for easy storage, retrieval and distribution in an interactive manner.

DFEWM (SBFP, WP)

GBPIHED (Sikkim) S

b) Conduct biodiversity surveys and prepare inventories utilizing services of local institutions, particularly in unexplored tracts, including an assessment of quantum availability of economically important and threatened plant in natural habitats, and providing GPS coordinates for all sampling areas.

DFEWM (SBFP, WP, SBB),

GBPIHED (Sikkim), BSI, ZSI, Sikkim University, etc.

M

c) Conduct regular surveys to monitor changes in targeted species of wild and cultivated, domesticated plants and animals using the latest technologies and tools.

DFEWM (WP, SBB)

Dept. of Agriculture, A.H., Fishery, GBPIHED (Sikkim), BSI

L

d) Update the list of endangered flora and fauna based on national, international criteria.

DFEWM (WL, SBB)

DFEWM (T, NTFP), Horticulture Department, GBPIHED (Sikkim), BSI

S

e) Assess populations and monitor species which are declining and plan how these species should be recovered.

DFEWM DFEWM (T, WL, SBFP, DREE), GBPIHED (sikkim), BSI, ZSI, universities, etc.

L

f) Develop a database on traditional knowledge. SBB, BMCs DFEWM, Tribal Welfare Dept., GBPIHED (Sikkim)

M

g) Study and document microbial diversity, including both beneficial and harmful microbes in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.

DFEWM, Health Department Agriculture Department

ICAR, Animal Husbandry (Fisheries and Livestock), Sikkim Govt College, Sikkim University

M

h) Build the capacity of law enforcing officials for recognizing rare and threatened species of plants and animals and provide necessary reference materials.

DFEWM WII, BSI, ZSI, etc., law enforcement agencies, GBPIHED (Sikkim)

S



frame Remarks

2. In-situ biodiversity conservation

a) Explore the scope for further expansion of the PA network with stakeholders, identifying, prioritizing biodiversity rich areas, e.g. Dombang Gymnosperm Reserve.

DFEWM (WL) GBPIHED (Sikkim) (BCM), BSI

M

b) Strengthen biodiversity monitoring systems in the PA network and reserve forests.

DFEWM (WL, T)

GBPIHED (Sikkim) (BCM), BSI, WII, FSI

M

c) Strengthen the capability of the DFEWM to coordinate biodiversity monitoring systems in the PA network and reserve forests.

DFEWM(WP, WL, Training cell)

GBPIHED (Sikkim) (BCM), BSI, WII, FSI, ZSI

M

d) Evaluate the experience of ongoing programs to address human animal conflict and identify effective approaches to strengthen programs to prevent human-animal conflict.

DFEWM (WL), Animal Husbandry, Health Dept. Revenue and police

NGOs, WII, S

e) Initiate well-planned eco-development programmes in the fringes of PAs to improve the livelihood of dependant community.

DFEWM (FDA)

RMDD, Agriculture, AHLF&VS, Tourism, TDCs, NGOs.

M

f) Establish and notify permanent preservation plots for monitoring biodiversity along different altitudinal zones and in different habitats.

DFEWM (WP, DREE)

GBPIHED (Sikkim) S

g) Develop a mechanism to identify and conserve sacred groves and other religious landscapes, e.g. Devithan around springs.

DFEWM, Ecclesiastical Dept

GBPIHED (Sikkim), BSI, RMDD

M

h) Conduct research on different aspects of species biology and ecosystem function in PAs and reserve forests.

DFEWM (DREE), GBPIHED (Sikkim)

Universities, WII M Involve local universities

i) Promote reintroduction and recovery of threatened plant and animal species.

DFEWM (HZP, P&G), GBPIHED (Sikkim) (BCM)

Dept. of Agriculture, Dept of AH

L

j) Strengthen the capability of DFEWM and other agencies to prevent poaching and illegal trade of wild animals, plants and their parts.

DFEWM (T, WL)

Police, NGOs, FDA, L Community mobilization

k) Identify habitat for key wildlife species outside of PAs and encourage conservation outside the PA network on government and private property.

DFEWM (WL) Dept. of Public Relation, Media, GBPIHED (Sikkim)

M

l) Strengthen forest fire-fighting program. DFEWM (T, WL)

NGOs, FDA L Community mobilization

m) Conduct surveys of economically-important native bio-resources.

DFEWM (SBB, NTFP), GBPIHED (Sikkim)

BSI M

n) Develop strategies for conservation of unique wetlands and potential Ramsar sites with the support of local communities and other stakeholders.

DFEWM (Land Use & Env., SBFP)

RMDD, PSS, BNHS, WWF, Tourism Dept.

S

o) Identify and recognize large and old trees and declare as heritage trees (for Hornbills, Flying Squirrels, Fruit bats, etc).

DFEWM (T, WL)

DST, HRDD, IITM S

p) Link major butterfly habitats through strategic corridor development by planting indigenous larval and nectar food plants (native) through the involvement of various stakeholders

DFEWM (WL) Nurseries, tourist entrepreneurs, FDAs

M

q) Develop approach to conserve identified Important Bird Areas (IBA)

DFEWM (WL) NGOs, FDAs S

r) Complete proposal for inscription of KBR, KNP as World Heritage site

DFEWM (WL, SBFP), GBPIHED (Sikkim)

M



frame Remarks

3 Ex-situ biodiversity conservation

a) Develop and standardize the propagation and mass multiplication protocols for the rare, endangered and endemic plant species

DFEWM (SBFP, NTFP, SMPB) GBPIHED (Sikkim)

Horticulture Department

L

b) Develop and standardize the conservation breeding protocols for the rare, endangered and endemic faunal species and dove-tail it with a reintroduction programme.

DFEWM (HZP)

CZA M

c) Implement programs to conserve the genetic diversity of native land races of cultivated plants, domesticated animals and their wild relatives.

Dept. of Agriculture, AHLF&VS

SBB, BMCs L

d) Identify the seed viability and develop storage technologies for targeted species.

GBPIHED (Sikkim)

DFEWM, Dept. of Agriculture, and scientific Institutions

M Link to national gene bank

e) Encourage propagation and cultivation of wild economic plants.

DFEWM (Parks and Gardens)

GBPIHED (Sikkim) , FDAs, BMCs, Agriculture Dept.

M

f) Create new botanical gardens and parks with sections for different communities, focusing on native species.


DFEWM (NTFP, T, WL, FCA), SPCB, SBFP, GBPIHED (Sikkim) , BSI, Ayurveda)

M

g) Improve labeling in existing and new gardens, ex-situ conservation-arboretums, herbal gardens, etc.


DFEWM (NTFP, T, WL, FCA), SBFP, GBPIHED (Sikkim) , BSI, Ayurveda)

M

h) Develop new ex-situ conservation facilities, e.g. butterfly park, bird park, etc.

DFEWM (SBFP, WL, HZP)

M

4 Agro-biodiversity Conservation

a) Register local varieties under the Farmers Rights Act.

Agriculture Dept., AHLFVS, SBB

NBAGR,NBPGR, ICAR, DARE, NBA

M link to different gene banks, clonal preservation centers and collections with different universities and research institutes

b) Ensure direct access to market for organically farmed local crop varieties though appropriate certification to fetch more remunerative price to the farmer.

Agriculture Department

DST, funding agencies. NABARD

M

c) Preserve local germ-plasm of field and horticultural crops by screening germ-plasm for desirable characters



L

d) Identify hotspots of agro-biodiversity and cropping systems and promote on-farm conservation through training programs and use of appropriate incentives.



M



frame Remarks

5. Impact of climate change

a) Identify the vulnerability of different sectors of the state, such as forest, agriculture, livestock, and microbial diversity and Himalayan ecosystem towards climatic change.

DST DFEWM, Dept. of Agriculture, RMDD, Animal Resources

L Included in 2011 State Climate Change Action Plan

b) Identify priority habitats for species and ecosystems which are at risk due to climate change through appropriate ecological criteria.

GBPIHED (Sikkim) (BCM), BSI

DFEWM, Sikkim University

S

c) Use plant phenology as an indicator of climate change and establish permanent phenology monitoring stations along different altitude zones.

DFEWM (WP), GBPIHED (Sikkim)

L

d) Undertake other multidisciplinary research for developing appropriate technology for monitoring changes on biodiversity and assess the adaptive mechanisms for biodiversity components.

Universities and Research Centers

DFEWM. DST, GBPIHED (Sikkim), WII

M Need better linkages to ensure that research results are shared.

e) Develop adaptive management approaches for relevant activities like change in forestry management and watershed management for soil and moisture conservation and enhance green cover.

DFEWM (T, Land Use & E, WL), RMDD

Dept. of Agriculture, Animal Resources, DST, ICFRE

M

f) Help retard climate change both globally and locally and develop ways to minimize or eliminate such activities which enhances climate change.

DFEWMState Pollution Control Board (SPCB)

6. State Development Activities and Biodiversity Conservation

a) Involve local agencies in impact assessments (EIA) of development projects in order to limit the impact on surrounding biodiversity and habitats.

DFEWM (T, WL, SBFP, Land Use & Env), State Pollution Control Board

CWC; GBPIHED (Sikkim) , BSI, GSI, ZSI

L Guidelines from MoEF

b) Enforce the guidelines so that all EIAs of major developmental projects should be properly authenticated with herbarium specimens and other records from project area. All RET species falling in those area should be properly documented.


CWC; GBPIHED (Sikkim) , BSI, GSI, DST

L Guidelines from MoEF

c) Evaluate Environmental Management Plans (EMPs) and monitor its implementation. Prepare rehabilitation plan in case of displacement of local people due to any project considering their social, cultural, economic and other livelihood needs.


DFEWM (T, WL, SBFP, Land Use & Env), CWC; GBPIHED (Sikkim), BSI, GSI, DST, Revenue Department

L Guidelines from MoEF, Govt of India

d) Build capacity of the department to carry out mid-term assessment

DFEWM L

e) Avoid the development projects affecting wetlands and other biodiversity rich area.

DFEWM (FCA, T, WL)

Development agencies, Tourism Dept & other Line Deptts.

7. Impact of pollution

a) Conduct research to study the impacts of different types of pollution on biodiversity and develop preventive measures.

DFEWM (SPCB), Fisheries Dept.

Research institutions and universities

L

b) Monitor and regulate industrial effluents so that neither terrestrial nor aquatic biological resources are adversely affected.

DFEWM (SPCB)

Industries, PCB L

c) Promote the use of organic manures, bio-fertilizers, bio-insecticides or biological control and discourage excessive use of chemical fertilizers and biocides.

Agriculture Department

NGOs L



frame Remarks

8. Biodiversity conservation with use of technological interventions

a) Use of conventional and biotechnological tools on a pilot basis for conserving endangered species.

GBPIHED (Sikkim), DFEWM (SBFP), DST

Sikkim university M

b) Encourage value added production from the local bio-resources using innovative technologies as a tool for sustainable use of biodiversity for livelihood.

RMDD, DFEWM (FDA)

Agriculture Department, Animal Husbandry, DST, Dept. of Small , Cottage Industries, Tribal Welfare, DFEWM, NGOs

M

9. Sustainable utilization of biodiversity resources

a) Identify and document ethno-biological knowledge, including the safety and efficacy of traditional medicinal practices.

GBPIHED (Sikkim) , DFEWM (NTFP)

DFEWM (T, SBFP), Ayurveda, BSI

S

b) Identify alternate income generating activities to divert the people from livelihoods which negatively impact biodiversity, e.g. grazing, overexploitation bioresources, etc.

RMDD, DFEWM

DFEWM (T, WL, SBFP), Tourism Department, NGOs

M

c) Promote the management of bamboos and canes and other NTFPs, sustainably with the participation of local communities and other stakeholders and make a data base.

Agriculture Dept., DFEWM (NTFP)

Industries Dept., RMDD, DHH, Tourism, DST

M

d) Promote agro-forestry on private lands. Agriculture Dept/DFEWM.

RMDD, NGOs M

e) Promote bee keeping for improving pollination and providing livelihood to local communities.

RMDD, Khadi & Gramodyog

DFEWM, Dept. of Agriculture, Industries and Tribal Welfare, GBPIHED (Sikkim), HRDD

M

f) Document, disseminate and promote best practices of traditional method of bio-resources through proper study on traditional methods of utilization.

RMDD, DFEWM (SBFP)

Dept. of Tribal Welfare, Agriculture Dept, Ayurveda Dept, GBPIHED (Sikkim)

M

g) Promote ex-situ cultivation of high value trade taxa, including medicinal plants to support livelihood of communities and ensure that wild stock is not depleted.

GBPIHED (Sikkim) , DFEWM

DFEWM (T, Wildlife, NTFP), RMDD, Ayurveda, Men-Tse-Khang, Agriculture Dept.

M

h) Extend traditional sustainable land use practices which have been validated through research.

Agriculture Dept

RMDD, DFEWM (social forestry)

M

10. Management of invasive species

a) Conduct research on ecological assessment of invasive species and related habitat changes, and maintain a database.

GBPIHED (Sikkim) , DFEWM (T, WL, SBFP),

BSI, Agriculture Dept., NCBS, IBSD, Animal Husbandry Dept.

L

b) Strengthen measures to contain and manage any spread of invasive species. Develop inter-sectoral approach for the same.

DFEWM (T, WL)

Fishery , Agriculture, Animal Husbandry

L

c) Develop system for early warning on new sightings of invasive species in the state.

DFEWM (T, WL)/Agriculture

Fishery , Agriculture, RMDD, GBPIHED (Sikkim)

M

d) Support capacity building particularly at field level to control spread of invasive species.

DFEWM (T, WL)

Agriculture , Fishery Dept., Animal Husbandry Dept.

S

e) Support restoration of area affected by invasive species, including occupied butterfly habitat, by planting or regeneration native species.

DFEWM Agriculture , Fishery Dept., BSI, other developmental agencies, GBPIHED (Sikkim)

M

g) Strengthen existing quarantine arrangement to ensure that invasive species do not enter Sikkim through international borders of three neighboring countries. Establish a quarantine cell in the state.

DFEWM (SBB)Agriculture Dept, ICAR

Fishery Dept. Animal Husbandry Dept.

L



frame Remarks

11. Valuation of Biodiversity Resources

a) Develop a system of natural resource accounting for Sikkim reflecting both ecological and economic values of biodiversity, using UN guidelines, wherever necessary.

GBPIHED (Sikkim) DFEWM( WP)

DST, IIFM, ICFRE and related organizations

M

b) Support studies to validate the valuation process.

DFEWM (SBFP)

DFEWM with support of GBPIHED (Sikkim) and related organizations and experts

M

12. Promotion of Awareness on Biodiversity

a) Provide training to government and non-government agencies to strengthen their role in biodiversity conservation. Increase the awareness of law enforcement staff on biodiversity and identification or endangered flora and fauna by providing training and relevant materials.

DFEWM, (HR wing, trainers will be identified)

GBPIHED (Sikkim) , BSI DIET, AATI, RMDD, SIRD, Tourism Dept., security forces, NGOs and related organizations and experts

M

b) Produce and disseminate literature based on research and documents on best practices to relevant functionaries and stakeholders, also using electronic media.

DFEWM (Extension wing, SBFP), IPR

RMDD, NGOs, GBPIHED (Sikkim), HRDD, ICAR, NCBS

S

13 Policy, legislation and administrative measures

a) Strengthen the capacity of state and local institutions for effective enforcement of the Biodiversity Acts, including ensuring TK and ABS mechanisms.

DFEWM (SBB) State Biodiversity Board, Home (Police)

M

b) Review the policies and laws for conservation and management of sacred landscapes, grasslands and other areas of importance for biodiversity conservation.

DFEWM (T, WL, SBB)

GBPIHED (Sikkim) , BSI, DST, Ecclesiastical and Cultural Dept., law Dept., Home Dept., etc

M

c) Prepare Peoples Biodiversity Registers and strengthen mechanisms with the support of technical institutions, JFMCs, EDCs and PSSs.

DFEWM (SBB, BMC, ENVIS)

State Biodiversity Board S

d) Include the evaluation of biodiversity as an integral part of any development project, and ensure that the design of the project includes measures to minimize any loss of biodiversity and is vetted by experts on biodiversity.

DFEWM (FCA, T, WL), project proponents

Line Departments, GBPIHED (Sikkim), BSI

L

14. Regional, national and international coordination

a) Establish contact with UN bodies like UNESCO, UNEP, Ramsar secretariat, IUCN, ICIMOD and donor agencies through GoI regarding collaboration or obtaining technical support for biodiversity conservation.

DFEWM (Land Use & E., T, WL) (with MoEF, Govt of India)

R&D institutes like GBPIHED (Sikkim)

S-L

b) Seek the cooperation of other research institutions and universities in neighboring states for assisting in different aspects of biodiversity conservation including surveys and studies.

DFEWM (DREE)

R&D organizations and relevant universities

S

c) Maintain a database of scientific and technical persons in Sikkim with expertise in flora and fauna to facilitate collaborative work among the organizations in Sikkim.

DFEWM (ENVIS, SBB, Research wing), DST

S

d) Annual brainstorming workshops to share and document the work areas of different public sector and private institutions working in the field of conservation so that work is not duplicated and experience and lessons learned further documented through annual newsletter.

DFEWM (SBFP, SBB), GBPIHED (Sikkim) and other Research Institutions

M

e) Outsource research or establish joint ventures with research agencies.

DFEWM Other research organizations

S


BSI Botanical Survey of India

CO Commanding Officer

CZA Central Zoo Authority

EDC Eco-development Committee

FCA Forest Conservation Act

GBPIHED G. B. Pant Institute for Himalayan Environment and Development

GIS Geographical Information System

GO Government Officers

GOI Government of India

GOS Government of Sikkim

ICAR Indian Council for Agriculture Research

IPM Integrated Pest Management

IWDP Integrated Wasteland Development Project

ICFRE Indian Council of Forest Research and Education

IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature

JFMC Joint Forest Management Committee

KCC Khangchendzonga Conservation Committee

KBR Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve

KNP Khangchendzonga National Park

LMOs Living Modified Organisms

MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forests

NGOs Non Government Organizations

NTFPs Non-Timber Forest Products

PA’s Protected Areas

PSS Pokhri Sanrakshan Samiti

PWD Public Works Department

SAP Strategy and Action Plan

UGC University Grant Commission

UN United Nations

UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

UNEP United Nations Environment Programme

ZSI Zoological Survey of India

WII Wildlife Institute of India

WPA Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972

WLS Wildlife Sanctuary

WB West Bengal

BIS Bureau of Indian Standards

CBD Convention on Biological Diversity

6. Abbreviations


Acharya, B., Vijayan, L. and Chettri, B. 2010. The bird community of Shingba Rhododendron wildlife sanctuary, Sikkim, Eastern Himalaya, India. Tropical Ecology 51(2): 149-159

Ali, S. 1962. The Birds of Sikkim. Oxford University Press. New Delhi.

Badola, H.K. and Butola, J.S. 2005. Effect of Ploughing Depth on the Growth and Yield of Heracleum candicans: a Threatened Medicinal Herb and a Less-explored Potential Crop of the Himalayan Region. Journal of Mountain Science 2 (2): 173-180.

Badola, H.K. 2010b. A vegetable fern, Diplazium esculentum - potential to food security and socio-economic development in Himalaya. Non-wood News (Rome) 20: 10-11.

Badola, H.K. and Pradhan, B.K. 2010a. Discovery of new populations of a rare species Rhododendron niveum in Khangchendzonga National Park, Sikkim. The Rhododendron (Off. Jour Australian Rhodo. Soc) 50: 41-49.

Badola, H.K, and Pradhan, BK. 2010b. Population exploration of Rhododendron maddenii in Sikkim, bordering Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve - questioning rarity and endangerment. NeBIO 1(1): 1-9.

Badola, H.K. and Pradhan, B.K. 2011. Economic viability of cultivation of Swertia chirayita, a high value endangered medicinal herb in Himalaya (J. Medicinal & Spice Plants, Germany) 16(3):118-124. [+ cover photograph].

Badola, H.K., Singh, K.K., Lepcha, G, Kumar, S and Pradhan, B. 2006. Plants Conservation Park in Gangtok-Sikkim Zoo. Hima-Paryavaran 18(2): 15-16.

Buffum, B., Lawrence, A. and Temphel, K. J. 2010. Equity in Community Forests in Bhutan. Int. Forestry Review 12(3): 187-199.

Chettri, N., Jackson, R. and Sharma, E. 2005. Birds of Khecheopalri and Yuksom-Dzongri trekking corridor West Sikkim. Journal of Hill Research 18: 16-25.

Ganguli-Lachungpa, U.1996: Avifauna of trans-Himalayan and alpine grasslands in Sikkim, India. Proceedings of the Salim Ali Centenary Seminar, 1976. pp 196-207

Gurung, B. 2002. The Medicinal Plants of the Sikkim Himalayas. Sikkim, India

Haribal, M. 1992. The Butterflies of Sikkim Himalaya and their Natural History.Sikkim Nature Conservation Foundation (SNCF), Gangtok, Sikkim

Hooker, J. D. 1855. Himalayan Journals. Today & Tomorrow’s Printers & Publishers, 24B/5 Original Road, New Delhi. (4th Indian Reprint 1987).

Idrisi, M.S., Badola, H.K. and Singh, R. 2010. Indigenous knowledge and use of medicinal plants by local communities in Rangit Valley, South Sikkim, India. NeBIO 1(2): 34-45.

Islam, Z.M. and A. R. Rahmani (2004) Important Bird areas in India: priority site for conservation. Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai, 989-931 pp.

Lucksom, S.Z. 2007. The Orchids of Sikkim and north east Himalaya. Concept, Siliguri, India.

Kholia, B.S. 2010. Ferns and Fern-allies of Sikkim. Sikkim State Biodiversity Borard, DFEWMD, Govt of Sikkim, Gangtok, Sikkim.

7. References


Sharma, T. R. and Lachungpa, U. 2002. Status, Distribution and Management of Mountain Ungulates in Sikkim. Envis Bulletin 1(1): 38-43.

Sikkim Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2003. Government of Sikkim, DFEWM, Sikkim..

Singh P. and Chauhan AS. 1997. Plant diversity in Sikkim Himalaya. In: Hajra PK, Mudgal V, editors. Plant Diversity Hotspots in India: An Overview. Calcutta, India: BSI, pp 137–162.

Singh, H.B and Sundriyal, R.C. 2005. Composition, economic use and nutrient contents of alpine vegetation in the Kanchendzonga Biosphere Rserve, Sikkim Himalaya India. Artic, Antarctic and Alpine Research 37: 591-601.

Tambe, S. and Rawat, G.S. 2010. The Alpine Vegetation of the Khangchendzonga Landscape, Sikkim Himalaya. Mountn. Res. Dev. 30:266-274.

Mainra, A., H.K. Badola and B. Mohanty (Eds.) 2010. Proc., International Conference, Rhododendrons:Conservation and Sustainable Use, FEWMD, Government of Sikkim, Gangtok-Sikkim. Printed at CONCEPT, Siliguri, India. p. 100.

MoEF, 2008. National Biodiversity Action Plan.

Myers, N., Mittermier, R.A., Mittermier, C.G., da Fonseca, G.A.B. and Kent, J.2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 40: 853–858.

Pradhan, B.K. and Badola, H.K. 2008a. Ethnomedicinal plant use by Lepcha tribe of Dzongu valley, bordering Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve, in North Sikkim, India. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 4:22 doi:10.1186/1746-4269-4-22.

Pradhan, B.K. and Badola, H.K. 2008b. Seed germination response of populations of Swertia chirayita following periodical storage. Seed Technology Vol. 30: 63-69.

Pradhan, U.C. and S.T. Lachungpa, 1990. Sikkim Himalayan Rhododendrons, Primulaceae Books, Kalimpong, West Bengal, p. 130.

Leopard (HZP)


Dr. Hemant K. Badola

Scientist ‘E’ (Conservation of Biodiversity), GB Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment & Development, Sikkim Unit, Gangtok (Campus: Pangthang), Sikkim, India (E-mail: [email protected], [email protected])

Dr. B. S. Kholia

Scientist ‘C’, Botanical Survey of India, Gangtok, Sikkim (E-mail: [email protected])

Ms. Usha Lachungpa

Principal Research officer, Forest Environment & Wildlife Management Department, Govt of Sikkim, Gangtok, Sikkim, India (E-mail: [email protected])

Dr. Bill Buffum

Team Leader/Participatory Forest Management Specialist, The Louis Berger Group, Inc., Sikkim Biodiversity Conservation and Forest Management Project (E-mail: [email protected])

Dr. Jiro Iguchi

Biodiversity Conservation Consultant, Project Management Consultant, Sikkim Biodiversity Conservation and Forest Management Project, (E-mail: [email protected])

Mr. Saroj K. Patnaik

Protected Area Management Consultant, Project Management Consultant, Sikkim Biodiversity Conservation and Forest Management Project, 81, Fishery Lane, Budheswari Colony, Bhubaneswar - 751006. India (Email: [email protected]

Contacts of working group members


AcknowledgementVarious stakeholders inclusive of

representatives from other government departments, representatives of R & D Institutes of Sikkim, representatives of JFMCs, EDCs, local communities, NGOs, local tourism bodies, tour and hotel operators, power developers, and national and international consultants from Project Management Consultants of SBFP. Forest department acknowledges the Working Committee for analysis and editorial works. Dechen Lachungpa, Dr. Sandeep Tambe (Sikkim Biodiversity Book), Kusal Gurung and Khangri Tours and Treks for providing photographs.


Sikkim is rich in biodiversity compared to its size in the world. This is because of the enormous altitudinal gradient creating a range of climatic zones making a marvelous diversity of flora and fauna. Hence, our state gifted with abundant natural resources needs conservation, preservation and protection.

Rapid decline in biodiversity has been happening worldwide and this poses a serious threat to mankind. An analysis of the current trends and future scenarios shows that this loss is likely to continue in the foreseeable times. Human activities have enhanced the rate of loss of biodiversity and the ecosystem services they provide. Factors such as growth in population, development imperatives, habitat fragmentation, introduction of invasive alien species and more recently, global warming in the last few decades have resulted in pressure on biodiversity world over.

On 15th September 2011, Forests, Environment and Wildlife Management Department (FEWMD) organized a workshop at Forest Conference Hall, Deorali to review and formulate Sikkim Biodiversity Action Plan (SBAP) previously called as Sikkim Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (SBSAP).

This workshop was to review the SBSAP that was prepared in 2003, in consultations with various stakeholders all over Sikkim. Representatives from various government agencies, representatives of many R & D Institutes of Sikkim, representatives of JFMCs, EDCs, local communities, NGOs, local tourism bodies, tour and hotel operators, power

developers, and national and international consultants from Project Management Consultants of SBFP also attended the workshop.

At present new environmental issues have come up which has their effects on the biodiversity of the state. SBAP contains identification and analysis of problems related with biodiversity conservation in the state, as well as detailed action plans for the government and communities. In this workshop, group discussions were held on developing strategies for conservation of diversity of flora, fauna, agro biodiversity, traditional ecological knowledge and microbial diversity. The outcome of the group discussions, analysed by a committee, gave draft for the Sikkim Biodiversity Action Plan and uploaded in the departmental and project websites inviting comments from the public in general.

A final workshop held on 29th June 2012 at Forest Conference Hall, Deorali, the revision was finalized. Many stakeholders and officials from various line departments provided inputs, which gave shape the revision as per the need of the present issues concerning conservation of biodiversity.

The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) assisted Sikkim Biodiversity Conservation and Forest Management Project (SBFP) organized these workshops along with the specialists in the Project Management Consultant.

8. Process Involved in the Formulation of The Sikkim Biodiversity Action Plan


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