heredity. gregor mendel (1822) grew up on a farm studied trees and flowers at 21 joined the...
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Heredity
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• Gregor Mendel (1822)• Grew up on a farm• Studied trees and flowers• At 21 joined the monastery• The monks taught him science• Conducted scientific experiments
• Went to Vienna to the University to receive training in teaching• Did well in classes• Could not pass the final tests
• Returned to the monastery
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• Mendel’s Peas• Mendel noticed patterns in the appearance of
plants from generation to generation• Some traits appeared and disappeared each
generation• He noticed the same in other living things
also• Mendel decided to investigate
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• Mendel decided to investigate• He chose pea plants• He was familiar with peas• They grew quickly• There were different varieties• They were able to self-pollinate
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• They were able to self-pollinate• Self pollinating plants pollinate
themselves• Able to produce true breeding plants
• Could also be cross-pollinated•Cross pollinating plants need pollen from a second plant
• Mendel could then study the traits of different characteristic
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• Mendel’s first experiment• Mendel crossed plants with seven different
characteristics• The first group of offspring are called first-
generation plants
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• Mendel first crossed a purple flowered plant with a white flowered plant
• In the first generation all the plants had purple flowers????????
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• Mendel discovered that one trait is always present in the first generation and the other trait disappeared.
• Mendel called the trait that appeared the dominant trait.
• Because the other trait seemed to fade into the background, Mendel called it the recessive trait.
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• Mendel’s second experiment• Mendel allowed the first generation plants
to self-pollinate
• The recessive trait reappeared
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• Mendel discovered that one trait is always present in the first generation and the other trait disappeared.
• Mendel called the trait that appeared the dominant trait
• Mendel determined that peas had some traits that were dominate while others were recessive
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Characteristics Ratio
Flower Color 705 Purple 224 White 3.15 : 1
Seed Color 6,002 Yellow 2,001 Green
Seed Shape 5,474 Round 1,850 Wrinkled
Pod Color 428 Green 152 Yellow
Pod Shape 882 Smooth 299 Bumpy
Flower Position 651 Axial Stem 207 Terminal
Plant Height 787 Tall 277 Short
Dominant Trait Recessive Trait
3 : 1
2.8 : 1
3 : 1
3.1 : 1
2.8 : 1
3 : 1
3 : 1
3 : 1
3 : 1
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Traits and Inheritance
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• What did Mendel discover?• Dominant and recessive traits• Dominant traits over power the recessive
traits• Recessive traits stay hidden until the
second generation in which they reappear• In the second generation the ratio of
dominant to recessive traits is 3:1
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• The organism’s appearance is known as its phenotype• The different genes of the appearances is
known as the genotype
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• What did Mendel discover?• There are two sets of instructions for each
characteristic• Scientists now call these instructions genes• Each parent gives one set of genes to the
offspring• The offspring then has two forms of the
same gene for every characteristic• Each of the different form is known as an
allele
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T = tallt = short
T
T
T
T
T
T
T T
T T
T T
Results
Tall = Short =
4 /4 or 100%0 /4 or 0%
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T = tallt = short
t
T
t
T
T
T
T t
t T
t t
Results
Tall = Short =
3 /4 or 75%1 /4 or 25%
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B = Brown Eyesb = Blue Eyes
B
B
B
B
B
B
B B
B B
B B
Results
Brown = Blue =
4 /4 or 100%0 /4 or 0%
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B = Brown Eyesb = Blue Eyes
b
B
b
B
B
B
B b
b B
b b
Results
Brown = Blue =
3 /4 or 75%1 /4 or 25%
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B = Brown Eyesb = Blue Eyes
b
b
b
B
B
b
B b
b b
b b
Results
Brown = Blue =
2 /4 or 50%2 /4 or 50%
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Could you get 75% of the recessive and only 25% of the dominant?
No
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F = Full Lipsf = Thin Lips
f
F
f
F
F
F
F f
f F
f f
Results
Full = Thin =
3 /4 or 75%1 /4 or 25%
QUIZ
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R = Tongue rollingr = Non rolling
R
r
r
R
R
r
R r
R r
R r
Results
Full = Thin =
4 /4 or 100%0 /4 or 0%
QUIZ
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D = Dwarfismd = Normal growth
D
d
d
D
D
d
D d
D d
D d
Results
Dwarf = Normal =
4 /4 or 100%0 /4 or 0%
QUIZ
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U = Unattached earlobeu = Attached earlobe
U
u
u
U
U
u
U u
U u
U u
Results
Unattached = Attached =
4 /4 or 100%0 /4 or 0%
QUIZ
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U = Unattached earlobeu = Attached earlobe
u
U
u
U
U
U
U u
u U
u u
Results
Unattached = Attached =
3 /4 or 75%1 /4 or 25%
QUIZ
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S = Second longers = Big toe longer
s
S
s
s
s
S
s s
s S
s s
Results
2nd longer = Big toe =
2 /4 or 50%2 /4 or 50%
QUIZ
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S = Second longers = Big toe longer
s
s
s
s
s
s
s s
s s
s s
Results
2nd longer = Big toe =
0 /4 or 0%4 /4 or 100%
QUIZ