OCR Physical EducationAS / A-Level BiomechanicsPowerPoint SummariesThis resource has been written by Claire Miller for PEfocus and has been designed to supportteaching and learning of the ‘new’ OCR AS and GCE/A-Level PE specification for teaching fromSeptember 2016.

All content mirrors the OCR biomechanics specification perfectly.The resource comprises:

ü59 full colour / fully animated teacher slidesüStudent slides as PDFs – with gaps to fillüTeacher slides as PDFs – with ‘answers’

This resource can be used to present new work, for summing up topic areas and for consolidationat the end of the course.

We really hope that you and your learners will find it both engaging and helpful.

Herearejustafewsampleslides– wehopeyoulove

them!Bothteacherandstudent

slidesareincluded(thelatterwillbesuppliedasPDFfilefor

photocopying)

Student slides

The aim of this resource is to build a bank of knowledge that can be used throughout the course as well as at the end for review.

A favoured layout is to print two slides per A3 sheet; many students find the large visual style manageable, engaging and valuable as a supplement to other notes and resources.

Onprint-outs, fill intheblanksasyouworkyourwaythrough theslides

Unauthorised sharing or duplication of PEfocus materials is strictly prohibited by the Terms and Conditions that have been agreed between PEfocus and the purchasing institution.

Planesofmovement,Functionalrolesofmuscles:AnOverview1.2

Planesofmovement

Youneedtoknow…

Functionalrolesofmuscles

Youneedtoknow…

Names Transverse Frontal

Position

Sagittal

Divides bodyright&left

Divides bodytop&bottom

Divides bodyfront&back

BodyMovement

Forwards&backwards.

Example:somersault.

Rotational.

Example:turn/spin.

Right&leftlateral.

Example:cartwheel.

JointMovement

Flexion&extension

Dorsi flexion&

plantarflexion

Rotation

Horizontalflexion&horizontalextension

Abduction&adduction

AgonistThemuscleresponsibleforthe

movementatajoint

Example Thebiceps brachiiduringflexionoftheelbow

Antagonist

Themuscle thatlengthensorrelaxesastheagonistcontracts.Ithasanactionoppositetothatoftheagonist.

Example Thetricepsbrachii duringflexionoftheelbow

Fixator

Themuscle(s) thatstabilises thejointwheretheoriginoftheagonistsits.Ithelps theagonistfunctionefficiently.

ExampleTherotatorcuffmuscles (guardiansofthe

shoulder joint), orthedeltoidduringflexionoftheelbow.

Planesofmovement,Functionalrolesofmuscles:AnOverview1.2

Planesofmovement

Youneedtoknow…3

Functionalrolesofmuscles

Youneedtoknow…3

Names ________ ________

Position

________

Divides body_____&_____

Divides body_____&_____

Divides body_____&_____

BodyMovement

Forwards&backwards.

Example:___________

Rotational.

Example:___________

Right&leftlateral.

Example:___________

JointMovement

________&__________

D______flexion&P______flexion

Rotation

H________flexion&H________extension

________&__________

AgonistThemuscleresponsibleforthe

__________atajoint

Example The____________________duringflexionoftheelbow

Antagonist

Themuscle that__________orrelaxesastheagonistcontracts.Ithasanactionoppositetothatofthe__________.

Example The____________________duringflexionoftheelbow

Fixator

Themuscle(s) that__________thejointwherethe__________oftheagonistsits.Ithelps theagonistfunction efficiently.

ExampleTherotatorcuffmuscles (guardiansofthe

shoulder joint), orthe__________duringflexionoftheelbow.

Fill inthegaps

Cardiovascularsystematrest5.2

TheconductionsystemBloodflowthroughtheheart

Righthandside Lefthandside

Venacava Pulmonary veins

Rightatrium

Tricuspid valve

Pulmonarysemilunar valve

Pulmonary artery

Lungs

Rightventricle

Leftatrium

Bicuspid valve

Leftventricle

Aorticsemilunarvalve

Aorta

Bodytissues

Specialised bundles oftissue thattransmittheelectricalimpulse throughtheheartcausingacoordinatedcontraction.

Consisting of4features:

Definition

1. SAnodeInwallofrightatrium.Sends impulseacrossbothatriacausingatrialsystole.

2. AVnodeInmiddlewallofheartbetweenatriaandventricles.Receivesimpulse fromSAnode, delaysitforamomenttoallowforatrialsystoletofinish andsends itdownthebundles ofHis.

3. BundlesofHisInmiddlewallofheart.Transmitimpulse tothebottomoftherightandleftsideofheart.

4. PurkinjefibresInwallsofventricles.Causeimpulse topenetrateintoventriclewallscausingventricularsystole.

PulmonaryCirculation

SystemicCirculation

Cardiovascularsystematrest5.2

TheconductionsystemBloodflowthroughtheheart

Righthandside Lefthandside

Venacava ______________

______________

Tricuspid valve

Pulmonarysemilunar valve

______________

Lungs

______________

Leftatrium

______________

Leftventricle

_____________________

Aorta

Bodytissues

Consistingof4features:

Definition

1. ______________Inwallofrightatrium.Sends impulseacrossbothatriacausingatrialsystole.

2. AVnodeInmiddlewallofheartbetween__________and__________.Receivesimpulse from_______________,delaysitforamomenttoallowforatrialsystoletofinishandsends itdownthe____________________.

3. ____________________.Inmiddlewallofheart.Transmitimpulse tothebottomoftherightandleftsideofheart.

4. PurkinjefibresInwallsofventricles.Causeimpulse topenetrateinto__________wallscausingventricular__________.P____________

CirculationS___________Circulation

Fill inthegaps

Fill inthegaps

Writeadefinition oftheconduction systeminthebox.

Inbetweenprocesses2&3,therespiratorysystemreliesonthecardiovascularsystemtotransportoxygenfromthelungstothemuscles,andCO2 fromthemusclestothelungs.

Respiratorysystematrest7.1

KEY WORDS

Definition

Respiration

theprocesses involved insupplying thebodywithO2

anddisposing ofCO2.

You need to know processes.

1.Mechanicsofbreathing.(slide7.2)themovementofairinto(inspiration) andoutof(expiration)thelungs.

2.Externalrespiration.(slide7.3)gaseousexchangeofO2 &CO2 thatoccursatthelungsbetweenthealveoliandtheblood.

3.Internalrespiration.(slide7.3)gaseousexchangeofO2 &CO2 thatoccursatthemuscles betweentheblood andthemuscles.

HowisO2 transportedintheblood?

HowisCO2 transportedintheblood?

1. combinedwithhaemoglobinasoxyhaemoglobin.

2. dissolvedinbloodplasma.

1. combinedwithhaemoglobinascarbaminohaemoglobin.

2. dissolvedinbloodplasma.3. dissolvedinwateras

carbonicacid.

Passageofairintothelungs

nose

pharynx

larynx

trachea

bronchi

alveoli

Inbetweenprocesses2&3,therespiratorysystemreliesonthecardiovascularsystemtotransport______fromthelungstothemuscles,and______ fromthemusclestothelungs.

Respiratorysystematrest7.1

KEY WORDS

Definition

Respiration

You need to know 3 processes.

1. (slide7.2)themovementofairinto(inspiration) andoutof(expiration)thelungs.

2. (slide7.3)gaseousexchangeofO2 &CO2 thatoccursatthelungsbetweenthealveoliandtheblood.

3. (slide7.3)gaseousexchangeofO2 &CO2 thatoccursatthemuscles betweentheblood andthemuscles.

HowisO2 transportedintheblood?

HowisCO2 transportedintheblood?

1. combinedwith__________2. as_____________.3. dissolvedin__________

__________.

1. combinedwith__________2. as____________________.3. dissolvedin____________.4. dissolvedinwateras

________________.

Passageofairintothelungs

nose

pharynx

larynx

trachea

bronchi

alveoli

Fill inthedefinition andthegaps

Drawlinelinking

Keywordtostructure

PADP

AdenosineTriphosphate(ATP)andenergytransfer9.1*GCE/A-levelonly

ATP

KEYWORDS

Definition

theenergycurrencyofthebody.

theonlyusableformofenergyformuscularcontraction.

Adenosine P P P

highenergybond

inthemusclecell.

Whereisitstored?

Whatenzymebreaksitdown?

ATPase

What’sleftwhenATPisbroken

down?

Energy usedformuscularcontraction.ADP P

Whattypeofreactionisthis?

Exothermic

Howisitresynthesised?

Whattypeofreactionisthis?

Whatisthedefinition?

Whatisitsstructure?

Energy

Endothermic

ATP

releasedfromthebreakdownoffuels.

e.g.PC,glycogen,fats.

Enzyme

Acatalystthatspeedsupthe

rateofachemicalreaction.

Adenosinediphosphate Exothermic Endothermic

ADPThecompoundformedwhentheterminalphosphatebondisremoved

fromATP.

Areactionthatgivesoutenergy.e.g.thebreakdown

ofATP.

Areactionthattakesinenergy.

e.g.theresynthesisofATP.

ThebreakdownandresynthesisofATPisareversiblereaction.

ThebodycanonlystoreaverylimitedsupplyofATP– enoughfor2-3secondsofmuscular

contraction.So,ithas3methodsofcontinuallyresynthesising ATPcalledtheenergysystems.

AdenosineTriphosphate(ATP)andenergytransfer9.1*GCE/A-levelonly

ATP

KEYWORDS

Definition

highenergybond

Whereisitstored?

Whatenzymebreaksitdown?What’sleftwhen

ATPisbrokendown?

usedform______c_________.

Whattypeofreactionisthis?

Howisitresynthesised?

Whattypeofreactionisthis?

Whatisthedefinition?

Whatisitsstructure?

releasedfromthebreakdownoffuels.

e.g.__,_______,______.

Acatalystthatspeedsupthe

rateofachemicalreaction.

Adenosinediphosphate Exothermic Endothermic

e.g.thebreakdownof________.

e.g.the_________ofATP.

ThebreakdownandresynthesisofATPisa

____________reaction.

Thebodycanonlystoreaverylimitedsupplyof

ATP– enoughfor______secondsofmuscular

contraction.So,ithas3methodsofcontinuallyresynthesising ATPcalledthe________ _______.

answerthequestions intheemptyboxes.

fill intheemptyboxesandgaps

Heatacclimatisation

theprocessinwhichthebodyadjusts

graduallytoachangeinenvironmentaltemperature.

*GCE/A-levelonly

11.4 Exerciseintheheat

KEYWORDS

Definition

Corebodytemperature

thenormaltemperature ofthehumanbodyatrest=37.0degreescelsius.

Thermoregulation

theprocessthatallowsthebodytomaintainitscorebodytemperature.

Hypothalamus

theregionofthebrainresponsible forcontrolling bodytemperature.

Thermoreceptors

sensoryreceptors thatdetect changesincorebodytemperature andsendtheinformation tothehypothalamus.

TheenergyneededformuscularcontractioncomesfromthebreakdownofATPinanexothermicreaction,whichgivesoutheatenergy.

ATPbreakdowninthehumanbody isveryinefficient.20%oftheenergyreleasedisusedformuscularcontractionand80%oftheenergyreleasedisheatenergy.

WhentherateofATPbreakdownincreasesduringexercise,theincreaseinheatproducedwillincreasecorebodytemperature.

Thisheatimbalanceisdetectedbythermoreceptorsthatinformthehypothalamus inthebrain.Aprocess calledthermoregulationoccursthatremovesheatfromthebodyuntilasteadystateisreachedwhereheatloss =heatproduction.

Evaporativetechniques(sweating)

thehypothalamusactivatestwo defensemechanisms.

Non-evaporativetechniques

(coolingofbloodattheskin)

theprocessinwhichthebodyadjusts

graduallytoachangeinenvironmentaltemperature.

*GCE/A-levelonly

11.4 Exerciseintheheat

KEYWORDS

Definition thenormaltemperature ofthehumanbodyatrest=______degreescelsius.

Thermoregulation

theregionofthebrainresponsible forcontrolling bodytemperature.

Thermoreceptors

Theenergyneededformuscularcontractioncomesfromthebreakdownof______inanexothermicreaction,whichgivesoutheatenergy.

______breakdowninthehumanbody isveryinefficient.20%oftheenergyreleasedisused form__________c__________and80%oftheenergyreleasedisheatenergy.

Whentherateof______breakdownincreases duringexercise,theincreaseinheatproducedwill__________corebody temperature.

Thisheatimbalanceisdetectedby___________thatinformthe____________inthebrain.Aprocess called____________occursthatremovesheatfromthebodyuntilasteadystateisreachedwhere________________=________________.

1._______________techniques(sweating)

thehypothalamusactivatestwo defensemechanisms.

2._________________techniques

(coolingofbloodattheskin)

Fill intheemptyboxes

Fill inthegaps.