Herbs and herbs raw Herbs and herbs raw stuff that contain stuff that contain

triterpenoid saponinstriterpenoid saponins

Glycyrrhizae radices, EuPhGlycyrrhizae radices, EuPhLiquoritiae radices Liquoritiae radices Liquorice rootLiquorice root Glycyrrhiza glabra- Glycyrrhiza glabra-FabaceaeFabaceaeContent: minimum 4 % of glycyrrhizic acid IDENTIFICATIONA. The root has few branches. Its bark is brownish-grey or brown with longitudinal striations and bears traces of lateral roots. The cylindrical stolons are 1-2 cm in diameter; their external appearance is similar to that of the root but there are occasional small buds. The fracture of the root and the stolon is granular and fibrous. The cork layer is thin; the secondary phloem region is thick and light yellow with radial striations. The yellow xylem cylinder is compact, with a radiate structure. The stolon has a central pith, which is absent from the root. The external part of the bark is absent from the peeled root.

B. Fragments of yellow thick-walled fibres, 700-1200 μm long and 10-20 μm wide with a punctiform lumen, often accompanied by crystalsheaths containing prisms of calcium oxalate 10-35 μm, long and 2-5 μm wide. The walls of the large vesselsare yellow, 5-10 μm thick, lignified and have numerous bordered pits with a slit-shaped aperture; fragments of cork consisting of thin-walled cells and isolated prisms of calcium oxalate occur as well as fragments of parenchymatous tissue. Fragments of cork are absent from the peeled root. Simple, round or oval starch granules, 2-20 μm in diameter.

C. Thin-layer chromatographyReference solution. Dissolve 5.0 mg of glycyrrhetic acid R and 5.0 mg of thymol R in 5.0 ml of ether R.

TESTSLoss on drying (2.2.32) : maximum 10.0 per cent, determinedon 1.000 g of powdered drug (355) (2.9.12) by drying in anoven at 105 °C for 2 h.Total ash (2.4.16) : maximum 10.0 per cent for the unpeeleddrug and maximum 6.0 per cent for the peeled drug.Ash insoluble in hydrochloric acid (2.8.1) : maximum2.0 per cent for the unpeeled drug and maximum 0.5 percent for the peeled drug.

ASSAYLiquid chromatography (2.2.29)Monoammonium glycyrrhizate

Constituents. Constituents. 5 to 8% of glycyrrhizin, an intensely sweet, water-5 to 8% of glycyrrhizin, an intensely sweet, water-soluble principle consisting of the potassium and calcium salts of soluble principle consisting of the potassium and calcium salts of glycyrrhizinic acid; glycyramarin (a bitter principle) occurring mostly glycyrrhizinic acid; glycyramarin (a bitter principle) occurring mostly in the bark; mannite, volatile oil, resin, starch, sucrose, glucose, in the bark; mannite, volatile oil, resin, starch, sucrose, glucose, flavonoid glucosides, calcium oxalate, pectinic substances etc.flavonoid glucosides, calcium oxalate, pectinic substances etc.

Glycyrrhetic acid

At bronchial asthma, allergy dermatitis, other allergic condition

Uses. Demulcent, expectorant and flavouring agent. The powdered root is extensively employed as a pill excipient and the fluid extract to disquise the taste of nauseus preparations. Most of the licorice imported is used by the tobacco manufacturers in the flavouring of tobacco. Preparations: Glycyrrhiza extract, Glycyrrhiza syrup, elixir. Glycyrram is used for the treatment of bronchial asthma and kidney disorders. Glycyrrhinol used for trichomonadal colpitis.

Mineralcorticoid effects: Licorice inhibits the enzyme1l-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the kidney, which leads to decreased transformation of cortisol into cortisone.The mineralocorticoid action of Cortisol causes a decrease in serum potassium and an increase in serum sodium concentration resulting in retention of water, causingweight increase and hypertension. Glyclrrhetic acid, the hydrolpic metabolite of glycerrhizic acid causes the inhibition of peripheral metabolism of cortisol and produces a pseudo-aldosterone like effect.

Araliae mandshuricae Araliae mandshuricae radices radices Aralia mandshurica- Aralia mandshurica- Manchurian araliaManchurian araliaAraliaceaeAraliaceae Constituents. Constituents. Volatile oil Volatile oil (0.33%); a glycosidal (0.33%); a glycosidal saponin called aralin; resin saponin called aralin; resin (3%), starch, tannin, pectin, (3%), starch, tannin, pectin, sugar, etc.sugar, etc.

Uses. Uses. Stimulant and Stimulant and diaphoretic. Preparations: diaphoretic. Preparations: tincture tincture and and saparal saparal (tablets) are used to treat (tablets) are used to treat nervous disorders, nervous disorders, hypotension and hypotension and depression. It is a depression. It is a component of the component of the antidiabetic herbal antidiabetic herbal composition ‘Arfazetin’composition ‘Arfazetin’

Asthenic neurotic symptoms, physical fatigue

and mental fatigue, impotence, hypotension

Orthosiphonis folia, EuPh Orthosiphonis folia, EuPh Orthosiphon stamineus- Orthosiphon stamineus- Java teaJava teaLamiaceaeLamiaceae

Content : minimum 0.05 per cent of sinensetin (C20H20O7 ; Mr 372.4) (dried drug).

IDENTIFICATION

A. The leaves are friable, up to 7.5 cm in length and 2.5 cmin width. The petiole is short. The lamina is oval to lanceolate, the apex acuminate and the base cuneate. Theabaxial surface of the leaves is light greyish-green andthe adaxial surface is dark green to brownish-green. The venation is pinnate with few secondary veins. Examined under a lens (x 10), the secondary veins, after running parallel to the midrib, diverge at an acute angle. The margin is irregularly and roughly dentate, sometimes crenate and the abaxial surface is slightly curved. The petioles are thin, quadrangular, 4 mm to 8 mm long and, like the primary venation, usually violet-coloured. Occasionally, inflorescences in clusters of bluish-white to violet flowers, not yet opened, are found.

B. The powder shows fragments of epidermis, with cells with sinuous outlines bearing unicellular or bicellular conical covering trichomes and articulated uniseriate trichomes up to 450 μm long, consisting of 3 to 8 cells with thick pitted walls ; capitate trichomes with unicellular or bicellular heads; secretory trichomes with unicellular stalks and usually tetracellular heads; diacytic stomata (2.8.3), which are more numerous on the lower epidermis.

C. Thin-layer chromatography (2.2.27).Reference solution. Dissolve 1 mg of sinensetin R in methanol R and dilute to 20 ml with the same solventASSAYLiquid chromatography (2.2.29).

Constituents. Leaves contain triterpene spononins- α-amyrin derivatives, ursolic acid, flavonoids, ether oil, organic acids.

Diterpenes: numerous closely related pimarane-type diterpenes, including orthosiphonones A and B, orthosiphols A, B, E to I, M, N, P, R, S, T, stiminol A neo-orthosiphols A and B, neo-orthosiphone A;

Essential oils: 0.02-0.7 % of various compounds: including belemene, p-caryophyllene, o-humulene, palmitic acid.

Flavonoids: sinensetin, tetramethylscutellarein. eupatorin, salvigenin, trimethylapigenin. Phenylpropanoids: rosmarinic acid (major), caffeoyl tarlrate, dicaffeoyltartrate, four caffeic acid depsides.

Uses. Java Tea has been shown in human and animal tests to be a mild diuretic. The essential oil of the drug, which contains sesquiterpenes, is antimicrobial, antiphlogistic and possibly antitumoral. It is used for infections of the urinary tract, kidney and bladder stones

Ginseng radices - Ginseng Ginseng radices - Ginseng root, EuPhroot, EuPh Ginseng- Panax ginseng Ginseng- Panax ginsengAraliaceaeAraliaceae Five-fingers, Red berry, Five-fingers, Red berry, American ginseng, Chinese American ginseng, Chinese ginseng, Oriental ginsengginseng, Oriental ginseng

DefinitionWhole or cut dried root, designated white ginseng; treated with steam and then dried, designated red ginseng, of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer.Content : minimum 0.40 per cent for the sum ofginsenosides Rg1 (C42H72O14,2H2O; Mr 837) and Rb1 (C54H92O23,3H2O; Mr 1163) (dried drug).

IDENTIFICATION

A. The principal root is fusiform or cylindrical, sometimes branched, up to about 20 cm long and 2.5 cm in diameter, and may be curved or markedly re-curved. The surface is pale yellow to cream in white ginseng, brownish-red in red ginseng and shows longitudinal ridges. Stem scars may be seen at the crown. The fracture is short. The transversely-cut surface shows a wide outer zone with scattered orange-red resin canals and a finely radiate inner region. The rootlet, numerous in the lower part of white ginseng, are normally absent in red ginseng.

B. Reduce to a powder (355) (2.9.12). The powder shows the following characters : abundant fragments of thin-walled parenchymatous cells and fragments of large secretory canals containing yellowish-brown resin, non-lignified tracheids and partially-lignified vessels with spiral or reticulate thickening, isolated or in groups; scattered cluster crystals of calcium oxalate. The starch granules are very abundant, simple or 2 or 3 compound, and range from 1 μm to 10 μm in diameter. In red ginseng the starch granules are often deformed and destroyed by treating with steam, or may be absent.C. Thin-layer chromatography (2.2.27).Reference solution. Dissolve 5.0 mg of aescin R and 5.0 mg of arbutin R in 1 ml of methanol R.

TESTSPanax quinquefolium. Examine the chromatogramsobtained in the assay. The chromatogram obtained with the test solution shows a peak due to ginsenoside Rf (see Figure 1523.-1). In the case of a substitution by Panax quinquefolium no peak due to ginsenoside Rf is present.

Loss on drying (2.2.32) : maximum 10.0 per cent, determined on 1.000 g of the powdered drug (355) (2.9.12) by drying in an oven at 105 °C.

ASSAYLiquid chromatographyReference solution. Dissolve 3.0 mg of ginsenoside Rg1 R, 3.0 mg of ginsenoside Re R, 3.0 mg of ginsenoside Rf R and 3.0 mg of ginsenoside Rb1 R in methanol R and dilute to 10.0 ml with the same solvent.

Constituents. Ginseng contains a complex mixture of triterpenoid saponins, these glycosides have been categorised into 3 series- the panaxosides, the ginsenosides. One or more of these groups of glycosides appear to account for the biologic properties of ginseng. It also contains volatile oils, resin, a phytosterin, mucilage, sugar, starch, etc.

Uses. Ginseng is used by the laity as a stimulant and aromatic bitter. The Chinese also employ it as an aphrodisiac and heart tonic but without scientific justification. Ginseng is a favourite remedy in Chinese medicine and is considered to have tonic, stimulant, diuretic and carminative properties. It reportedly reduces the blood glucose concentration and acts favourably on metabolism, the central nervous system, and endocrine secretions. It is employed in the Orient in the treatment of anaemia, diabetes, insomnia, neurasthenia, gastritis and especially sexual impotence. Medicines- tincture, fluid extract, yokhimbe-extract and others.

Adaptogenic and tonic tool is used at hipotention, fatigue,

neurasthenia .

Erectile dysfunction and low libido

Panaxadiol

Astragali dasyanthi herba Astragali dasyanthi herba Astragalus dasyanthus- Astragalus dasyanthus- Milk vetchMilk vetchFabaceaeFabaceae

Constituents. Constituents. Herb Herb contains flavonoids contains flavonoids (mainly quercetin), (mainly quercetin), triterpenic glycosides triterpenic glycosides and tannins.and tannins.

Uses. Uses. Water infusion Water infusion is used for treatment is used for treatment of hypertension, of hypertension, cardiovascular cardiovascular insufficiency, chronic insufficiency, chronic nephritis.nephritis.

Echinopanacis rhizomata cum radicibus Echinopanacis rhizomata cum radicibus Oplopanax elatus- Devil’s club, wolfberryOplopanax elatus- Devil’s club, wolfberryAraliaceaeAraliaceae

Constituents. Constituents. Triterpenoid Triterpenoid saponins called saponins called echinoxosides (up echinoxosides (up to 7%), volatile to 7%), volatile oils, flavonoids, oils, flavonoids, alkaloids.alkaloids.

Uses. Uses. Analogically Analogically to radix Ginseng.to radix Ginseng.

Hippocastani semina Hippocastani foliaAesculus hippocastanumHippocastanaceaeHorse chestnut

Constituents. Seeds contain many triterpenoid saponins which come under the name aescin. General content of saponins is 3-13%. Also contain hydroxycoumarins; the chief component is aesculin, in adion fraxin and scopolin, scopoletin; flavonoids: including rutin, quercitrin, and isoquercitrin; tannins.

Uses. Traditionally, horse-chestnut has been used for the treatment of varicose veins, haemorrhoids, phlebitis, diarrhoea, fever and enlargement of the prostate gland. The German Commrssion E approved use for treatment of chronic venous insufficiency in the legs.

As found in different animal tests and preclincal investigations,the principal ingredient of Horse Chestnut seed extract, triterpene glycoside mixture (aescin) has an anti-exudative, vascular tighteningeffect, and reduction of vascular permeability, which result in an antieodemic effect. The yein-toning properties of the Horse Chestnut extract also demonstrated improvement ofvenous return flow. Treatment of symptoms found in pathological conditions ofthe veins ofthe legs (chronic venous insufficiency), for example, pain and a sensation of heaviness in the legs, nocturnal cramps in the calves, pruritis and welling of the legs. Drugs are Venostasin, Retardkapseln, Noricaven, Rexiluven, Aescusan, Hoevenol, etc.

Homoeopathic treatments include haemorrhoids, lumbar and lowback pain, venous back pressure.

Calendulae flores , EuPhCalendula officinalis L.Pot Marigold or Scotch MarigoldAsteraceae

Content : minimum 0.4 per cent of flavonoids, expressed as hyperoside (C21H20O12 ; Mr 464.4) (dried drug).

IDENTIFICATION

A. The ligulate florets consist of a yellow or orange-yellow ligule, about 3-5 mm wide and about 7 mm in the middle part, with a 3-toothed apex and a hairy, partly sickle-shaped, yellowish-brown or orange-brown tube with a projecting style and a bifid stigma occasionally with a partly bent yellowish-brown or orange-brown ovary. The tubular florets, about 5 mm long, are present and consist of the yellow, orange-red or reddish-violet 5-lobed corolla and the yellowish-brown or orange-brown tube, hairy in its lower part, mostly with a partly bent yellowish-brown or orange-brown ovary.

A and B. Epidermis of the corollaG. Fragment of the stigmaC. Epidermis at the apex of the corolla showing anomocytic stomataH. Covering trichome (usually only fragments observed)D. Fragments of vessel tissue attached to parenchyma cellscontaining cluster crystals of calcium oxalateJ. Cells from the base of the corolla and glandular trichomesE and F. Pollen grains K. Glandular trichome

B. Examine under a microscope using chloral hydrate solution R. The powder shows : fragments of the corollas containing light yellow oil droplets.

C. Thin-layer chromatography Reference solution. Dissolve 1.0mg of caffeic acid R, 1.0 mg of chlorogenic acid R and 2.5 mg of rutin R in 10 ml of methanol R.TESTSForeign matter (2.8.2) : maximum 5 per cent of bracts andmaximum 2 per cent of other foreign matter.Loss on drying (2.2.32) : maximum 12.0 per cent, etermined on 1.000 g of the powdered drug (500) (2.9.12) by drying in an oven at 105 °C for 2 h.Total ash (2.4.16) : maximum 10.0 per cent.

ASSAYCalculate the percentage content of flavonoids, expressed ashyperoside.

Chemical constituents. Flowers contain triterpenoids, flavonoids, carotenoids (up to 0.03%), ether oils, ascorbic acid, phenol acids, sterols and sesquiterpenoids lactones of bitter taste (calendine). Triterpenoid saponins belong to derivatives of oleanolic acid- calendulosides A and B. Medicines. Infusion, tincture, ointment “Calendula”. “Caleflon” (purified extract) used for treatment of mouth ulcers, “Carofilen” has anti-inflammation activity.

Application.Application. Marigold is used for the Marigold is used for the treatment of skin disorders and pain, also as treatment of skin disorders and pain, also as bactericide, antiseptic and anti-inflammatory bactericide, antiseptic and anti-inflammatory agent. The petals and pollen contain agent. The petals and pollen contain triterpenoid esters (anti-inflammatory action) triterpenoid esters (anti-inflammatory action) and the carotenoids (antioxidants and the and the carotenoids (antioxidants and the source of yellow-orange coloration). source of yellow-orange coloration). Calendulosides reduce cholesterol level in Calendulosides reduce cholesterol level in blood.blood.

Plant extracts are also widely used by cosmetics, Plant extracts are also widely used by cosmetics, presumably due to presence of compounds presumably due to presence of compounds such as saponins, resins and essential oils.such as saponins, resins and essential oils.