herbicides. biological few with practical application xpo (xanthomonas bacteria) for annual...
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BIOLOGICAL
• Few with practical application• Xpo (Xanthomonas bacteria) for
Annual bluegrass control
SYNTHETIC
AMINE AND ESTER FORMULATIONS• Adding side group molecules to
active ingredient– Amine: Dimethylamine group to an
acid– Ester: isooctyl group to an acid
SYNTHETIC
Ester formulation• Penetrates leaf
easier • More volatile (vapor
drift)• Winter and early
spring: cooler temps and less leaves
ISOMERS• One very effective, the
other not at all• Isolate effective
isomer, get rid of ineffective one– Lower rates, same result
(Acclaim Extra)
SYNTHETIC
SYNTHETIC
SURFACTANTS• Formulation surfactants included
with product• Roundup Pro increased absorption
and rainfastness
FORMULATION
Granular• Less volatile• Won’t stick to leaves• Less phytotoxic effects• Cost more: mostly inert
ingredients, shipping costs• Public acceptance• Less staining and easier clean up
PREEMERGENT
Applied before seed germination– Kills the weed seed as it germinates
• Timing is critical, will not control established weeds
• Aeration does not effect control• A few herbicides have pre and post
activity– Dimension
• Most often a granular that requires water-in
POSTEMERGENCE
FACTORS AFFECTING MOVEMENT INTO LEAF
Foliar retention• Water carrier
– Surface tension of water– Reduced leaf contact
POSTEMERGENCE
FACTORS AFFECTING MOVEMENT INTO LEAF
Foliar retention • Spray volume
– Complete coverage for contact– Partial coverage for systemic
POSTEMERGENCE
Systemic herbicides• Move with plant food• Kill all parts of the plant• Rapid growth favorable for kill
POSTEMERGENCE
Contact herbicides• Kill tissue applied, no distribution
throughout plant• Membrane destruction in hours• Control of annuals• Perennials require repeat
application• FAST
MODE OF ACTION
BROADLEAF CONTROLPHENOXY HERBICIDES (after WWII)• 2,4-D, good on dandelion
– Many turfgrasses sensitive
• MCPP (Mecoprop), good on clover
MODE OF ACTION
Sulfonylurea family• Manor and Blade on broadleaf
and grassy• Certainty, Sedgehammer and
Monument control of sedge, kyllinga and poa
MODE OF ACTION
Pyridine family• Could replace 2,4-D• Turflon, Spotlight and Lontrel
– 10 times more potent than 2,4-D
• Confront found in compost clippings, limited to commercial use
MODE OF ACTION
Triazolinone family• Quicksilver (Carfentrazone)• Speed Zone
– 2,4-D, MCPP, Dicamba, and Carfentrazone
MODE OF ACTION
Triazine family• Atrazine soluble, non-target
damage• Research change frog sex and
lending to death– Centipede – St. Augustine
MODE OF ACTION
NON-SELECTIVE HERBICIDES• Kills most plants
– Glyphosate is systemic (slow)– Diquat is contact (fast)
• QuikPro (Round-up) combines for quick, systemic kill– Limits systemic effect
MODE OF ACTION
Fumigation• Methyl Bromide phasout due
to ozone-depleting potential• Dazomet is unclassified
granular fumigant
MOSS
• Low nitrogen and wet areasLow nitrogen and wet areas• Copper containing fungicides, Copper containing fungicides,
soapy solutionssoapy solutions
GENETICALLY MODIFIED TURF (GMO)• Genes isolated from other
plants, animals or microbes for herbicide and insect resistance
• Round-up Ready corn and soybeans
• http://grist.org/industrial-agriculture/a-growing-problem-notes-from-the-superweed-summit/
PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR
• Inhibit growth• Suppress seedheads• Reduce costs and maintenance• Enhance turf quality
– possibly increase roots– improve shade tolerance– improve roll
PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR
CELL-DIVISION INHIBITORS, TYPE 1
• Growth inhibition for 3 to 4 weeks
• Yellowing• Embark
PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR
GIBBERELLIN INHIBITORS, TYPE 2
• Suppress cell elongation, internodes shorter
• 3 to 6 weeks• Cutless
ORGANIC HERBICIDES
ESSENTIAL OILS• Clove and cinnamon oil
– Eugenol
• Disrupting cell membranes• Matran and EcoExempt
ORGANIC HERBICIDES
ESSENTIAL OILS• Citrus oil
– Limonene– hand cleaner and degreaser
• Nature’s Avenger
ORGANIC HERBICIDES
VINEGAR• Acetic acid
– Not household vinegar– >20%
• Not listed it as an herbicide• Avoid EPA registration• AllDown and Burnout II