Sanjeev Kumar OjhaSr. Scientist and consultant AyurvedaCSIR- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow.drsanjeevojha@yahoo.co.in

4000 yrs of Medicine2000 BC: Here eat this root1000 AD: That root is heathen! Here say this prayer.1865 AD: That prayer is superstition, Here drink this potion.1935 AD: That potion is snake oil; here swallow this pill.1975 AD : That pill is ineffective: here take this antibiotics.2000 AD: That antibiotics is poison, eat this root.

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Primary aim :-

a) Swasthasya Swathya Rakshanam Preservation of health of the healthy people (Preventive and Social medicine).b) Aturasya Vikar Prashamanam Relief from the misery of sufferings or treatment of diseased (Therapeutics).Ayurveda is science and art of life, longivity & living to achieve these objectives certain rules or principles of health care eg: exercise, behaviour, seasonal regimens, rejuvenation ('rasayan') therapy, Panchakarma therapy and so on have been extensively described.Ayurveda believes in yatha pinde thatha brahmande..So treatment is according to elements ('mahabhootas'), humours ('doshas') and individual constitutions ('prakrutis').Panultimate aim :- To attain Moksha (salvation)

ObjectiveOur aim is how? To utilize plant/tree or vegetation for the benefits of society to make individual happy.The vegetation has been grossly divided into two large groups: - VegetationVeerya pradhan with potency MedicineRasa pradhanwith taste FoodKashayaSnehOtherSandhan

we are concern with SOP of ayurvedic drugs. Preparations are two types:- 1. Primary preparations These are known as Panch Kashaya Kalpana .2. Derived preparations which includes Ghana-Sattva, Vati, Asava, Arisht, Avaleha etc. Some common preparations are Giloe sattva, Triphala Churna,& Rasana saptak kwatha, Dasmool kwatha, Dhatyarist, Chyavanprash, Suparipak.

Aim of formulation One must be very clear about aims of formulations , which are as follows:-Compatibility - To cures disease, and provides relief.Availability - in all season /regionPalatability - for all Age groupsConvenient fixed dose per unit, including various modes.To obtain more efficacious drug by synergistic properties (1+1=3)To remove various toxic or untoward effects

Expected to grow more than Rs 2,50,000 crore by the year 2012.

Natural Products as modern medicine

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Natural Product based synthetics9%

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10000 plant species are used by tribes of IndiaTotal 10000 species8000 Medicinal3500 Edible1000 Others550 FibrePesticidesGums, Resins & Dyes425325PLANTS USED BY TRIBALS

Ayurveda is the Knowledge that describes or indicates the four states of life, the appropriate and inappropriate, happy or sorrowful conditions along with what is good and bad for longevity as well as measurement of life itself.Charak - 600 Shushrut 700 Bhav Prakash -350Charaka says: ie: Nothing in this world is devoid of medicinal properties.Source: WHO/TRM/pg 24 ; Facts in US Million $

386 families and > 2,000 generaProfile of Indias Medicinal Plants India has one of the 12 mega biodiversities in the world and therefore has a tremendous potential to become a world leader in herbal products.

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Genera

Top Nine Medicinal Plant Families

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Asteraceae419

Euphorbiaceae214

Lamiaceae214

Fabaceae214

Rubiaceae208

Poaceae168

Acanthaceae141

Rosaceae129

Apiaceae118

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TRADE >700 plant species identified in all-India trade

ECONOMICSTurnover of Indian herbal industry today is approximately Rs. 4,000 crores

HEALTH > 40,000 herbal formulations are documented in Indian Medical HeritageProfile of Indias Medicinal Plants

ScienceThe Pharmaceutical IndustryEconomics

The Pharmaceutical Industry has Mediated the Countervailing ForcesPharmaceutical IndustryScientific InnovationEconomic Factors

The Successful Pharmaceutical Industry in the New MillenniumCore group of integrated pharmaceutical companiesHeterogeneous, fragmented companies

Our herbal and traditional products market research has to answer questions such as:What is the market size of herbal and traditional products?What are the major brands in herbal and traditional products?What are the major brands in herbal and traditional products?Are Ayurvedic or traditional Chinese medicine products available?Which traditional products, like charcoal, camphor, valerian, or menthol, are popular?

AYURVEDIC NORMS FOR STANDARD DRUG

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Tulsi Vrinda Ocimum sanctum

The most sacred plants for Hindus acts as a kind of "elixir of life" and believed to promote longevity.Act as an adaptogen & antioxidant by balancing different processes in the body and helpful for adapting to stress.Recent studies suggest that Tulsi may be a COX-2 inhibitor, like many modern painkillers, due to its high concentration of Eugenol.Significant reduction blood glucose levels and total cholesterol. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2005; 49 (2) : 125131Tulsi also shows some promise for protection from radiation poisoning and cataracts.

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Azadirachta indica

, / , Also known as "Nature's Drugstore," or "Village Pharmacy" and "Panacea for all diseases. Neem products have been prescribed mainly for skin disease.

CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 82, NO. 11, 10 JUNE 2002 pp 1339Part Medicinal useLeafLeprosy, eye problem, epistaxis, intestinal worms, anorexia, biliousness, skin ulcers.Bark Analgesic, alternative and curative of fever.Flower Bile suppression, elimination of intestinal worms and phlegm.Fruit Relieves piles, intestinal worms, urinary disorder, epistaxis, phlegm, eye problem, diabetes, wounds and leprosy.TwigRelieves cough, asthma, piles, phantom tumour, intestinal worms, spermatorrhoea, obstinate urinary disorder, diabetes.Gum Effective against skin diseases like ringworms, scabies, wounds and ulcers.Seed pulp & Oil Leprosy and intestinal worms.Root, bark, leaf, flower and fruitBlood morbidity, biliary afflictions, itching,skin ulcer, burning sensation and leprosy.

Curcuma longa Turmeric Principle constituent -CurcuminIn Ayurvedic practices, turmeric has many medicinal properties and many in South Asia use it as a readily available antiseptic for cuts, burns and bruises. It is also used as an antibacterial agent.

Evidences for turmeric

Blood clot prevention Cancer Cognitive function Dyspepsia (heartburn) Gallstone prevention/bile flow stimulant High cholesterol HIV/AIDS Inflammation Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

Liver protection Oral leukoplakia Osteoarthritis Peptic ulcer disease (stomach ulcer) Rheumatoid arthritis Scabies Uveitis (eye inflammation) Viral infection

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Ashwagandha in Sanskrit means "horse's smell," probably originating from the odour of its root which resembles that of sweaty horse. Withania somniferaSolanaceaeIndian ginseng , The main constituents of Ashwagandha are alkaloids and steroidal lactones, withanolides and somniferine.

Horsepower (HP) the unit of power= work/time = force X distance/time.

()Aloe vera, LiliaceaeGel a solid, jelly-like material

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FDA has approved it for the research of cancer treatment and AIDS. More and more research is going on to get the powerful healing agent.

Skin (Outer covering of the body)

Asparagus racemosus (Satavar, Shatavari, or Shatamull) The name Shatawari means "curer of a hundred diseases" (shat: "hundred"; vari: "curer")The roots are used as a main Ayurvedic rejuvenating female tonic for overall health and vitality esp uterine tonic and galactogogue (to improve breast milk), in hyperacidity, and as a general health tonic. It is also used as an anodyne and aphrodisiac. Shatavari is considered to be the reputed adaptogenic.The effects of Shatavari may be attributed to its concentrations of saponins, known as Shatavarins.

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Centella asiaticaBacopa monnieri

Piper longumPiperaceae , it is used a medicament rather than a spice , , The word pepper itself is derived from the Sanskrit word for long pepper, pippli. Other known Piper are Piper nigrum (black pepper) and Piper betle (pan)

Boerhaavia diffusa

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Phyllanthus amarus

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Catharanthus roseusApocynaceaeMadagascar periwinkle - Native to Madagascar , To treat numerous diseases eg : diabetes, malaria, and Hodgkin's disease. The substances Vinblastine (first discovered when it was crushed and consummed as tea led to a decreased number of white blood cells , therefore, it was hypothesized that vinblastine might be effective against cancers of the white blood cells such as lymphoma) and Vincristine extracted from the plant are used in the treatment of leukemia (type of blood cancer)

"nut grass" Cyperus rotundus, Cyperaceae The plant is mentioned in the ancient Indian Ayurvedic medicine Charaka Samhita (ca. 100 A.D.). It is used for treating fevers, digestive system disorders, dysmenorrhea and other maladies.

Tribulus terrestrisZygophyllaceae , , , (bladder) , It is also used as an aphrodisiac, diuretic and nervine in Ayurveda, and the extract is claimed to increase the body's natural testosterone levels and thereby improve power and help build muscle. Improves Renal functions. Improves Renal functions

Achyranthes aspera() The whole plant is used medicinally, but the roots are generally considered to be more effective. They contain triterpenoid saponins. The root is astringent, diuretic and antispasmodic. It is used in the treatment of dropsy, rheumatism, stomach problems, cholera, skin diseases

The ash from the burnt plant, often mixed with mustard oil and a pinch of salt, is used as a tooth powder for cleaning teeth. It is believed to relieve pyorrhea and toothache

Adhatoda vasicaAdulsa, Malabar Nut Several alkaloids are present in the leaves and the chief principle is a quinazoline alkaloid vasicine

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Zingiber officinale , Fresh ginger is one of the main spices used for making pulse and lentil curries and other vegetable preparations. It is used fresh to spice tea especially in winter. Ginger powder is also used in certain food preparations particularly for pregnant or nursing women, the most popular one being Katlu which is a mixture of gum resin, ghee, nuts, and sugar.

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Terminalia arjuna

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Emblica officinalis

, | , Primary ingredient of Chyavanprash & Triphala.It provides vitamin C/ 100g to prevent Scurvy - fresh fruit - 470 - 680mg-Dry fruits - 2428 - 3470mg Recommended Vit C as per WHO 45 mg/dNobel Prize for Medicine in 1937, Szent-Gyrgyi "for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid.Major Chemical Constituents are Tannins (gallic acid, elagic acid, phyllemblic acid and emblicol) and vitamin C along with major qualities of alkaloids Phyllantidine and phyllantine).

(Terminalia chebula) (Terminalia bellirica) (Emblica officinalis)

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Ficus glomerata

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Standardization & Quality Evaluation of Herbal drugs

extractPLANT MATERIALSOLVENTMANUFACTURING EQUIPMENTMANUFACTURING METHODtypetimeFlow velocitytemperaturepressurefilling heighthydrostatic pressurebatch sizenature of solventconcentration of solventpolarity of solventnature of plant materialorigindegree of processingmoisturesize

Pharmacological studiesExtraction and fractionationActivity guided isolation of active copounds

~Nursery rhyme quoted by Wayne Fields, What the River Knows, 1990The best six doctors anywhere no one can deny it are SUNSHINE, WATER, REST, AIR, EXERCISE AND DIET.These six will gladly you attendIf only you are willing Your mind they'll ease Your will they'll mend and charge you not a shilling.

Happinessis a mental or emotional state ofwell-beingcharacterized by positive orpleasant emotions ranging fromcontentmentto intense joy.Happiness is the symbolof Good health Health - TheWorld Health Organization(WHO) defined health in its broader sense as "a state of complete physical, mental, social and spiritual well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."

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These men disputedloud and long, each in their own opinionexceeding stiff and strong, though each was partly rightand all were wrong.Thus Life is like..story of The Blind Men and an elephantThe atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki immediately killed over 120,000 humans.

drsanjeevojha@yahoo.co.in

*5058-4 5058-5 5058-42 **** , ***