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Soil Architecture and Preferential Flow across Scales
Penn State [email protected]
Henry Lin
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Anthropocene
• A new geological epoch in which humankind hasemerged as a globally significant, and potentiallyintelligent, force capable of reshaping the face ofthe planet (Clark et al., 2004).
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Architecture: Body Skeleton
From: http://www.innerbody.com/image/musfov.html
Flow: Blood and Oxygen
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(From: Hillel, 1998)
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Preferential Flow
Heterogeneity
Positive Feedbacks
Non-uniformFlow Drivers
MacroporeFlow
FingerFlow
FunnelFlow
Hydropho-bicity
ThroughFlow
…
Peds Horizons Roots Animals Microbes …
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Dual-Flow Regimes
Like a “hare and tortoise” race
• Macropores:Episodic, rapid spurts,gravity-driven
• Micropores:Slow, generallycontinuous (atvariable rates), drivenby hydraulic gradientsthat are variablydirected
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Piston Flow Preferential Flow
Two Flow Regimes
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Why Soil Architecture is Fundamental?
• Revolutionary understanding of natural systems allroots in fundamental structure: DNA for biology,atoms for physics, elements for chemistry.
• Studies of natural entities rely on fundamentalstructure: water molecular structure (polarity,intermolecular H bond), clay mineral structure (layersilicate, surface charge, diffuse double layer), humus(macro)molecular structure (despite extensive andimportant studies, the basic “backbone structure” ofSOM is still an enigma).
• My “bold” prediction: A new era of soil scienceresearch is to be “architecture-focused,” passing thestage of “texture-focused.”
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Components of Soil Architecture
• Pedality: grade, size, and shape of peds
• Porosity: size distribution, connectivity, tortuosity,density and morphology of pores
• Interfaces: macropore-matrix interface, variouscoatings on peds or pores, horizon interface, soil-root interface, microbe-aggregate interface, soil-bedrock interface, soil-water table interface, etc.
• Biology: root architecture, earthworm network,architecture of animal borrows, microbialdistribution, etc.
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Concept of Soil Architecture
• Broad (new) vs. narrow(classical) concepts:Soil Architecture (a building)– Soil structure in the broadest senseSoil Structure (a room)Soil Aggregation (a desk)
• Across scales: Pore → pedon→ hillslope → Catchment → …
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Preferential flow along various macropores- Pore-scale soil architecture
Root Channel
Worm Hole
Interpedal Pore
(Lin et al., Adv. Agro, 2005)
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A Vertisol in Texas
(Lin et al., Adv. Agro, 2005)
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Chemical Movement
An Alfisol in Pennsylvania Soil Pore Network
(Luo et al., SSSAJ, 2008)
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Calcite Coating (Calcan)
Clay Coating (Cutan)
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Macropore and tracer distribution over time in soil column
6 min 78 min0 min
Solute distribution estimated by equilibrium model
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 100 200 300 400 500 6
Flux Concentration
(Luo and Lin, VZJ, 2009)
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PastureCropland
H-C H-P
M-CM-P
Soil Type and Land Use Impacts
HagerstownGood structureFine texture
MorrisonWeak structureCoarse texture
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HagerstownGood structureFine texture
Pasture
MorrisonWeak structureCoarse texture
Soil Type and Land Use ImpactsCropland
More macropores
More macropores
2.8%(2.4-3.1%)
6.1%(5.6-7.4%)
2.4%(2.2-2.6%)
3.1%(3.1-3.2%)
(Luo et al., J Hydro, 2010)
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Pedotransfer function for Ksat: Issue of scale (sample size)
y = -3.9155x + 5.4523R2 = 0.7119
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Bulk density g/cm3
ln(K
sat)
cm
/min
y = 0.9892x - 1.1069R2 = 0.6704
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
-1 0 1 2 3
ln(OM) %
ln(K
sat)
cm
/min
y = 0.6571x - 2.9262R2 = 0.0234
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Bulk density g/cm3
ln(K
sat-
smal
l) c
m/m
in
Ksat---soil column
Ksat---small core
y = 0.019x + 0.1735R2 = 0.0128
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
-1 0 1 2 3
ln(OM) %
Ksa
t-sm
all
cm/m
in
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Stream Gauge
Dry (D1)
Moderately Dry (D2)
Wet (W1)
Moderately Wet (W2)
Subsoil Moisture Clusters of the
Monitoring Sites
100 m
NE
Study Area
(Lin, VZJ, 2006)
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July 28 Aug. 12 Aug. 15 Aug. 25
Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Soil Moisture at the Catchment Scale
(Lin et al.,Geoderma, 2006)
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Weikert
Berks
Rushtown
Weikert
Berks
Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) image of a subsurface (a swale) in the ShaleHills Catchment. The green curve indicates an interpreted depth to bedrock.The dash lines separate 3 soil series along the hillslope.
Soil Architecture at the Hillslope Scale
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Before Infiltration After Infiltration
GPR Transect along a Topographic Hollow
Time-lapse GPR Imaging for Detecting Subsurface Preferential Flow
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WeikertBerks
Rushtown
1
2
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Subsurface Soil Architecture
Water-restricting soil layer(heterogeneous, sloping)
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Critical Importance of Interfaces: Where actions and regulations occur!
Interface as a critical control: • Macropore-matrix interface: diffusion, water & ion
exchange • Soil horizon interface: impedance, perched water • Water-air interface: capillarity, entrapped air• Soil-root interface: nutrient uptake, root channel as
preferential flowpath• Microbe-aggregate interface: biogeochemical hot
spot, denitrification microenvironment• Ped interface: chemical reaction, sorption, coatings• Soil-bedrock interface: preferential flow pathway,
weathering front• Soil-atmosphere interface: evaporation, gas emission• Soil-water table interface: capillary fringe,
groundwater contamination
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Simulation of pipe flow in the Maimai hillslope. Black lines show the potential pipe network,whereas blue lines show the actual amount of pipe flow in the hillslope.
(Weiler and McDonnell, 2005)
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(Curtsey of Chris Graham, 2009)
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Upslope (Weikert)
Midslope (Berks)
Downslope (Ernest)
Bubbling outlet
Bubbling outletwhen saturated
A macropore when dry
Surface runoff at toeslope near the stream
Surface runoff at footslope near the stream
Flow at the interface between the Weikert soil and the fractured shale
Observed Preferential Flow Pathways along the Shale Hills Hillslope
(Lin, VZJ, 2006)
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1) Lateral flow through the interface between O and A horizons (and
between A and B horizons during storms or snow melts)
O
A
Bw
C
Bt
O
A
Bw
C/R
OA
Bw
C/R
Valley Flooror Swale Bottom
(Wet Site)
Hilltop(Dry Site)
4) Return flow at footslope and toeslope during snow
melts or large storms
3) Subsurface seepage through macropore networks in subsoils(mostly activated during storms
or snow melts)
2) Flow at the soil-bedrock interface
Backslope(Moderately Wet or
Moderately Dry Site)Stream
Main flow paths along the hillslope at the Shale Hills
~40 cm
(Lin et al., Geoderma, 2006)
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Hidden Networks Belowground
Observable Networks Aboveground
Root branching network Mycorrhizal fungi network Earthworm borrowing networkPreferential flow network
A B C D
E F G H
Leaf vein network Landscape drainage network Dry soil cracking networkLightning network
(Lin, J Hydro, 2010)
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Electrifying take-off?!
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Pay serious attention to:Soil Architecture & Preferential Flow!
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Super site
Satellite site
Key site
Transect
Soil Boundary
Crop Boundary
Legend
Corn
SoybeanWheat
Soybean
Corn
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(Zhu et al., SSSAJ, 2010)
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Soil Mn contents on and off water flow paths in an agricultural landscape
At clay layer interface At soil-bedrock interface
(Zhu et al., SSSAJ, 2010)