helminthes (worms). helminthes sub kingdom metazoa phylum nemathelminthes (round worms) class...
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Helminthes (worms)
Helminthes
sub kingdom metazoaPhylum Nemathelminthes
(round worms)
class Nematodae
(intestinal round worm)
class Filariea
(tissue round worm)
PhylumPlatyhelminthes
(flat-worms)
classCestodea
(tape worm)
classTrematodea
(Flukes)
Nematodes (round worm)
General characteristics• -bilaterally symmetrical, unsegmented and
elongated, • -The body is covered with a non cellular cuticle.• -The sex is separated ( bisexual the )female is longer
than the male.• -Size varies from less than one mm to several
centimeters. • -Digestive system is complete with mouth, gut &
anus. • -Nervous system is very simple.• -Reproductive system is well developed. • The fundamental stages in are the egg , larva & the
adult..
Enterobius vermicularisThreadworm, Pinworm, Seatworm, or Oxyuris vermicularis.
(entero = intestine, bius = live) , (oxy = sharp, uris = tail).
Epidemiology
• -It is cosmopolitan. • -It is more common in cold, temperate than in
tropical and subtropical climates.
• (decrease bathing and less change of the (underwear, so more chance to infection.
Morphology
Mode of transmission
1-Anus to mouth by: a-contaminated finger: (reinfection). b-contaminated night clothes, bed linen, etc.2-Airborne.3-Retroinfection.4-People sleeping in the same bed or bedroom, also contaminated toilet seat and wears.
Pathology and clinical manifestations • Majority of infections are asymptomatic.• -Pruritis ani is main clinical manifestation,
which results from:• 1-tickiling sensation from the emergence of
the adult female worm.• 2-biproduct of adult worms.• 3-sticky albumin material coated the eggs.• -Perianal excoriation, abdominal pain,
appendicitis and eosinophilia are other manifestations.
Behavioral changes
• -nail biting, • -nose picking, • -grinding of teeth during night, • -inattention and poor cooperation
• nervousness, night mare, insomnia, anorexia, loss of weight, tiredness and dark shadow under the eye.
Ectopic enteropiasis
•-Ectopic migration of worms may cause•-vaginitis ,•-omentiti ,•-cervisitis ,
•-peritonitis and •-recurrent UTI.
Diagnosis
1-History and clinical finding:2-Specific diagnosis by detection of: -Adult worms in a-stool (on the surface). b-peri-anal area -Eggs: by
• a-Scotch tape slide method: 95% of infected cases.
• b-Stool examination :• 5% of infected cases
Treatment
-Mebendazole (vermox) repeated after 7-10 days.
-All family must be treated.-All bed lines & towels washed in hot water &
the home must be cleaned.
Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm)
• -It occurs worldwide.• -most common in warm moist climates and
areas where sanitation is poor.
Trichiuris trichiura: adult worms (female and male)
Egg of Trichiuris trichiura
Pathogenesis and clinical features
• -Abdominal pain, weight loss, or epigastric pain.• -Rectal prolapsed (probably due to toxic
irritation of nerve endings).• -Anaemia due to heavy worm load.• -Malnutrition.• -Bloody diarrhea.• -Acute appendicitis due to mechanical blockage.• -Eosinophilia
Diagnosis
1-Stool examination a-typical barrel shaped eggs. b-occasionally an adult worm may appear in
stool.2-Sigmoidoscopy• In heavy infection, sigmoidoscopy may show
the white bodies of the worm hanging from the inflamed mucosa- the so called coconut cake rectum.