hel-02 study questions for mc crum's story of english david f. maas

8/14/2019 HEL-02 Study Questions for Mc Crum's Story of English David F. Maas

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The Story of EnglishThe Story of EnglishChapter 02Chapter 02

Prepared by Dr. David F. MaasPrepared by Dr. David F. Maas


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The Story of English Chapter 02The Story of English Chapter 02

1. Identify the three invasions and cultural1. Identify the three invasions and cultural

revolutions which produced the Englishrevolutions which produced the English

language. 46:01language. 46:01

The JutesThe Jutes

The SaxonsThe Saxons

The AnglesThe Angles


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02 Identify some of the striking02 Identify some of the striking

correspondences Sir William Jones foundcorrespondences Sir William Jones found

connecting Sanskrit, Latin, andconnecting Sanskrit, Latin, and

Greek.46:04Greek.46:04

Sanskrit for Father PitarSanskrit for Father Pitar

Latin for Father PaterLatin for Father Pater

Sanskrit for Mother MatarSanskrit for Mother Matar

Latin for Mother MaterLatin for Mother Mater


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03 What was the keynote phrase of the03 What was the keynote phrase of the

Indo-European hypothesis? 47:04Indo-European hypothesis? 47:04

The Sanskrit language, he announced toThe Sanskrit language, he announced tothe Asiatick Society on that evening of 2the Asiatick Society on that evening of 2

February 1786, shared with the GreekFebruary 1786, shared with the Greek

Language a stronger affinity--- thanLanguage a stronger affinity--- than

could possibly have been produced bycould possibly have been produced byaccident.accident.


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4.How much of the human race traces its4.How much of the human race traces its

language from a common Indo-Europeanlanguage from a common Indo-European

source? 47:05source? 47:05

One third of the human race comes fromOne third of the human race comes from

this Indo-European common source.this Indo-European common source.


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5. From reconstructing the vocabularies,5. From reconstructing the vocabularies,

what can we learn from the culture ofwhat can we learn from the culture of

these Indo-European tribes? 47:06these Indo-European tribes? 47:06

Lived a half settled, half nomadicLived a half settled, half nomadic

existenceexistence

They had domestic animals oxen,pig, andThey had domestic animals oxen,pig, and

sheepsheep

Plowed the land / Planted grain.Plowed the land / Planted grain.


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6. According to linguistic and archeological6. According to linguistic and archeological

speculation, where is the alleged originalspeculation, where is the alleged original

home of the Indo-Europeans?48:07home of the Indo-Europeans?48:07

Must have lived inland somewhere justMust have lived inland somewhere just

north of the Black Sea.north of the Black Sea.


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7. What accounted for the migration or7. What accounted for the migration or

spread of the language? 48:08spread of the language? 48:08

Some traveled eastward into India andSome traveled eastward into India and

PakistanPakistan

Some drifted westward toward the gentlerSome drifted westward toward the gentler

climates of Europe- Greece, Italy,climates of Europe- Greece, Italy,

Germany, and the Baltic.Germany, and the Baltic.


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8. Provide evidence to substantiate that8. Provide evidence to substantiate that

the Welsh language is related to thethe Welsh language is related to the

Breton-French language of Brittany.48-Breton-French language of Brittany.48-

49:09-1049:09-10

Breton-French onion sellers who used toBreton-French onion sellers who used to

bicycle through the valleys of Wales everybicycle through the valleys of Wales every

summer were able to communicate withsummer were able to communicate withtheir Welsh-speaking customers.their Welsh-speaking customers.


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9. What percent of Wales claim Welsh as9. What percent of Wales claim Welsh as

their first language? 49:11their first language? 49:11

20% still claim to be Welsh speakers.20% still claim to be Welsh speakers.


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10. According to Eluned Philips, how can10. According to Eluned Philips, how can

Welsh-English speakers be identified?Welsh-English speakers be identified?

49:1249:12

Can be identified by the lilt of their speech.Can be identified by the lilt of their speech.


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11. Identify some Welsh characteristics in11. Identify some Welsh characteristics in

sentence construction. 52:13sentence construction. 52:13

Invert sentences adjective after the nounInvert sentences adjective after the noun

pity it was that he died so earlypity it was that he died so early


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12. Identify some Roman place names12. Identify some Roman place names

which crept into the Celtic language.52:14which crept into the Celtic language.52:14

Roman word Castra campRoman word Castra camp

ManchesterManchester

WinchesterWinchester

ChesterChester


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13. How did Tacitus characterize the13. How did Tacitus characterize the

ancestors of English, the Anglii?53:16ancestors of English, the Anglii?53:16

Worship the goddess Mother EaethWorship the goddess Mother Eaeth

Ceremony performed by slaves who wereCeremony performed by slaves who were

drowned in lake.drowned in lake.

One of the seven barbarous tribes AngliiOne of the seven barbarous tribes Angliihad inhabited that area known ashad inhabited that area known as

Schleswig-HolsteinSchleswig-Holstein


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14. Identify some Frisian words that gave14. Identify some Frisian words that gave

us a clue as to the sound of the Anglo-us a clue as to the sound of the Anglo-

Saxon pronunciation. 55:18Saxon pronunciation. 55:18

Cow, lamb,goose,boat, dung , and rainCow, lamb,goose,boat, dung , and rain

Ko,lam, goes,boat,dong,and reinKo,lam, goes,boat,dong,and rein

a cup of coffe is in kopke kofiea cup of coffe is in kopke kofie


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15. According to the editor, if the Norman15. According to the editor, if the Norman

Conquest of 1066 had not occurred, whatConquest of 1066 had not occurred, what

would the English language sound likewould the English language sound like

today? 55:19today? 55:19

Would sound like Modern Dutch.Would sound like Modern Dutch.


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16. Where did the Angles, Saxons, and16. Where did the Angles, Saxons, and

Jutes come from? 55:20Jutes come from? 55:20

North Sea from Denmark and the coastalNorth Sea from Denmark and the coastal

part of Germany, still known as Lowerpart of Germany, still known as Lower

Saxony.Saxony.


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17. Ironically, what did the conquering17. Ironically, what did the conquering

Angles, Saxons, and Jutes call theAngles, Saxons, and Jutes call the

dispossessed Britons? 56:21dispossessed Britons? 56:21

Wealas meaning foreignersWealas meaning foreigners


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18. Identify some Celtic geographical18. Identify some Celtic geographical

terms which survived the Saxon conquest.terms which survived the Saxon conquest.

56:2256:22

CragCrag

Tor High rockTor High rock

Combe a deep valleyCombe a deep valley


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19. Identify Celtic place-names throughout19. Identify Celtic place-names throughout

England. 56:23England. 56:23

Avon riverAvon river

Dubris waterDubris water

Cheet-wood wood/woodCheet-wood wood/wood

Bre-Hill hill/hillBre-Hill hill/hill


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20. Identify some English writers of Celtic20. Identify some English writers of Celticorigin. 57:24origin. 57:24

SwiftSwift

BurnsBurns ScottScott WildeWilde

ShawShaw Dylan ThomasDylan Thomas


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21. How did the term21. How did the term EnglishEnglish replace thereplace the

termterm SaxonSaxon ? 57:25? 57:25

In the vernacular, the people wereIn the vernacular, the people were

Angelcynn ( Angle-kin) and their languageAngelcynn ( Angle-kin) and their language

was Englisc.was Englisc.


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22.Identify some basic agricultural and22.Identify some basic agricultural and

festive words that have come down fromfestive words that have come down from

Anglo-Saxon times. 57:26Anglo-Saxon times. 57:26

Sheep, shepherd,ox,earth, plough,Sheep, shepherd,ox,earth, plough,

swine,dog,wood,fieldswine,dog,wood,field

glee,laughter, and mirth.glee,laughter, and mirth.


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23. What does computer analysis of the of23. What does computer analysis of the of

the English language reveal about our 100the English language reveal about our 100

most common words? 58:27most common words? 58:27

100 most common words in Englsh are all100 most common words in Englsh are all

of Anglo-Saxon origin.of Anglo-Saxon origin.


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24. In Winston Churchills famous rallying24. In Winston Churchills famous rallying

speech, how many words were of Normanspeech, how many words were of Norman

French origin? 58:27French origin? 58:27

Only surrender is foreign Norman FrenchOnly surrender is foreign Norman French


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25. Provide some evidence that current25. Provide some evidence that currentspeech patterns in the former Saxonspeech patterns in the former Saxoncolonies have throw-back pronunciationscolonies have throw-back pronunciations

to those earlier times, 58:28to those earlier times, 58:28 When a Geordie from NewcastleWhen a Geordie from Newcastle

pronounces path with a short a or a farmerpronounces path with a short a or a farmerin Dorchester burrs his rs, thein Dorchester burrs his rs, thepronunciation is a throwback to speech ofpronunciation is a throwback to speech ofAnglo-Saxon.Anglo-Saxon.


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26. Why did your editor suggest that the26. Why did your editor suggest that the

Anglo-Saxons had a certain deviousnessAnglo-Saxons had a certain deviousness

about them? 59:29about them? 59:29

Love of ambiguity, innuendo, and wordLove of ambiguity, innuendo, and word

play.play.


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27. What earlier document suggests that27. What earlier document suggests that

ambiguity, innuendo, and wordambiguity, innuendo, and word

play( distinguishing characteristics ofplay( distinguishing characteristics of

Modern English language) have a veryModern English language) have a veryearly origin? 59:29early origin? 59:29

Exeter Book of RiddlesExeter Book of Riddles


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28. Describe the anecdote between28. Describe the anecdote between

Augustine and Gregory which influencedAugustine and Gregory which influenced

the Missionary activity in England. 61:31the Missionary activity in England. 61:31

Angli for they have an Angelic faceAngli for they have an Angelic face

Pronvice called Deira Gods wrathPronvice called Deira Gods wrath

plucked from Gods wrathplucked from Gods wrath

Aella name of king AlleluiaAella name of king Alleluia


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29. What kind of reception did Augustine29. What kind of reception did Augustine

have in Kent from King Aethelbert?61:32have in Kent from King Aethelbert?61:32

HospitableHospitable

We will receive with hospitality and takeWe will receive with hospitality and take

care to supply you with all that you need;care to supply you with all that you need;

nor will we forbid you to preach and winnor will we forbid you to preach and win

any people you can to your religion.any people you can to your religion.


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30. Characterize the process of Englands30. Characterize the process of Englands

conversion to Christianity. 62:33conversion to Christianity. 62:33

The conversion of England to ChristianityThe conversion of England to Christianity

was a gradual process.was a gradual process.


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31. What kinds of subjects were taught in31. What kinds of subjects were taught in

the monasteries? 62:34the monasteries? 62:34

Poetry, astronomy, arithmetic, stone andPoetry, astronomy, arithmetic, stone and

glass work.glass work.


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32. What kinds of words did the cultural32. What kinds of words did the cultural

revolution ( introduced by the monks)revolution ( introduced by the monks)

bring into the language? 62-63:35bring into the language? 62-63:35

Disciple, litany, martyr,mass, relic, shrift,Disciple, litany, martyr,mass, relic, shrift,

shrine.shrine.


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33. In what three ways did the conversion33. In what three ways did the conversion

of England to Christianity change theof England to Christianity change the

English language? 63:35English language? 63:35

Gave us a large vocabularyGave us a large vocabulary

Introduced words and ideas as afar awayIntroduced words and ideas as afar away

as India and China.as India and China.

Stimulated Anglo-Saxons to apply existingStimulated Anglo-Saxons to apply existing

words to new concepts.words to new concepts.


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34. Give examples of church words that34. Give examples of church words that

filtered into the English language. 63:36filtered into the English language. 63:36

Disciple,preost, noone, munuc,apostle,Disciple,preost, noone, munuc,apostle,

psalter, angel,devil.psalter, angel,devil.


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35. Give examples of Oriental or far-East35. Give examples of Oriental or far-East

words which came through the religiouswords which came through the religious

cultural revolution. 63:37cultural revolution. 63:37

Camel, lion, cedar, myrrhCamel, lion, cedar, myrrh


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36. How did Old English words become36. How did Old English words become

rejuvenated by the religious culturalrejuvenated by the religious cultural

revolution? 63:38revolution? 63:38

Heaven, hell, Halig Gast (Holy Ghost)Heaven, hell, Halig Gast (Holy Ghost)


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37. Give the etymology of the term Viking.37. Give the etymology of the term Viking.

65:4065:40

Wic camp the formation of temporaryWic camp the formation of temporary

encampments.encampments.

Norse Vik bayNorse Vik bay


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38. What Saxon leader negotiated the38. What Saxon leader negotiated the

Treaty of Wedmore? 66:42Treaty of Wedmore? 66:42

King AlfredKing Alfred


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39. What were the boundaries drawn up in39. What were the boundaries drawn up in

the Treaty of Wedmore? 66:42the Treaty of Wedmore? 66:42

Watling Street north DanelawWatling Street north Danelaw


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40. How did Alfred retain political control40. How did Alfred retain political control

and a sense of identity? 66:43and a sense of identity? 66:43

Watling Street became the boundary.Watling Street became the boundary.


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41. What were Alfred the Greats41. What were Alfred the Greats

contributions to the English language?contributions to the English language?

67:4567:45

Arranged for the translation of theArranged for the translation of the

Venerable Bede Historia EclesiasticaVenerable Bede Historia Eclesiastica

Gentis Anglorum ( History of the EnglishGentis Anglorum ( History of the English

Church and People into English.Church and People into English.


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42. Summarize the story about Alfreds42. Summarize the story about Alfreds

youth which dramatized his love foryouth which dramatized his love for

learning. 67:46learning. 67:46

Story about Alfred enamored by the firstStory about Alfred enamored by the first

letter. Mother said she would give theletter. Mother said she would give the

book to whoever could learn the book andbook to whoever could learn the book and

repeat it to her. Alfred learned it.repeat it to her. Alfred learned it.


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43. What happened to the English43. What happened to the English

language as the Saxons and the Daneslanguage as the Saxons and the Danes

tried to understand each other? 69:47tried to understand each other? 69:47

Inflectional endings collapsed .Inflectional endings collapsed .

Saxons and the Danes found theSaxons and the Danes found the

competing sets of inflectional endings acompeting sets of inflectional endings a

nuisancenuisance


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44. Identify Saxon and Dane place names44. Identify Saxon and Dane place names

existing side by side. 70:49existing side by side. 70:49

Clap ham (settlement) SaxonClap ham (settlement) Saxon

NottinghamNottingham

(By) Grimsby Derby Danish origin(By) Grimsby Derby Danish origin

Wick Keswick Chiswick Viking origin.Wick Keswick Chiswick Viking origin.


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45. Identify words of Scandinavian origin45. Identify words of Scandinavian origin

in the English language. 71:53in the English language. 71:53

SkirtSkirt

ShirtShirt

Raise a child instead of rear a childRaise a child instead of rear a child


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46. How does Beowulf characterize the46. How does Beowulf characterize the

Scandinavian temperament? 71:53Scandinavian temperament? 71:53

It reveals a reflective and ruminativeIt reveals a reflective and ruminative

temper of mind, obsessed with thetemper of mind, obsessed with the

transience of life, with heroism, and withtransience of life, with heroism, and with

the keeping of dignity in the face of defeat.the keeping of dignity in the face of defeat.


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47. Who was the Scandinavian king who47. Who was the Scandinavian king who

ruled Britain around 1000? 72:53ruled Britain around 1000? 72:53

King CanuteKing Canute


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48. What historical document recorded the48. What historical document recorded the

landing of the Normans? 72:54landing of the Normans? 72:54

The Anglo-Saxon ChronicleThe Anglo-Saxon Chronicle


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49. Explain the assertion that from 1066,49. Explain the assertion that from 1066,

the majority of the English peoplethe majority of the English people

experienced the humiliation of a linguisticexperienced the humiliation of a linguistic

apartheid. 73:56apartheid. 73:56 Religion,law,science, literature were allReligion,law,science, literature were all

conducted in languages other thanconducted in languages other than

English, as words like felony, perjury,English, as words like felony, perjury,attorney, bailiff, and nobility testify.attorney, bailiff, and nobility testify.


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50. What remarkable capacity did the50. What remarkable capacity did the

English language possess after theEnglish language possess after the

Norman Conquest? 74:59Norman Conquest? 74:59

Survived as the common speechSurvived as the common speech


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51. Give two reasons why the English51. Give two reasons why the English

language survived the Normanlanguage survived the Norman

domination. 75:60,61domination. 75:60,61

Old English hardy because itsw fusionOld English hardy because itsw fusion

with the Scandinavian languageswith the Scandinavian languages

English survived because Saxons andEnglish survived because Saxons and

Normans intermarried.Normans intermarried.


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52. What evidence do we have that the52. What evidence do we have that the

law clerks substituted English terms forlaw clerks substituted English terms for

Latin terms? 76:64Latin terms? 76:64

Law Clerk trained in Latin used an englishLaw Clerk trained in Latin used an english

word nameless( pointless)word nameless( pointless)


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53. Describe Edward I attempts at stirring53. Describe Edward I attempts at stirring

up Patriotic fervor on behalf of the Englishup Patriotic fervor on behalf of the English

language. 77:66language. 77:66

Declared that it was the King of FrancesDeclared that it was the King of Frances

detestable purpose which God forbid, todetestable purpose which God forbid, to

wipe out the english tongue.wipe out the english tongue.


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54. Illustrate from Chaucers Canterbury54. Illustrate from Chaucers Canterbury

Tales how the French language had fallenTales how the French language had fallen

in prestige by the 1300s 78:77in prestige by the 1300s 78:77

Chaucers Prioress:Chaucers Prioress:

And Frensh she spak faire and fetshlyAnd Frensh she spak faire and fetshly

After the scole of Stratford atte Bowe,After the scole of Stratford atte Bowe,

For Frenssh of Parys was to hir unknoweFor Frenssh of Parys was to hir unknowe


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55. How did the Bubonic Plague or the55. How did the Bubonic Plague or the

Black Death help the English languageBlack Death help the English language

improve its status? 78:68improve its status? 78:68

After the plague, students at school beganAfter the plague, students at school began

to construe their French and Latin lessonsto construe their French and Latin lessons

in English not French.in English not French.


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56. What influential political gatherings in56. What influential political gatherings in

the 1300s ensured the rise in the status ofthe 1300s ensured the rise in the status of

the English language? 78:64the English language? 78:64


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57. Why did the editor suggest that the57. Why did the editor suggest that the

term Middle English appeared loargely asterm Middle English appeared loargely as

an artificial distinction? 78:65an artificial distinction? 78:65


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58. Characterize the spelling and58. Characterize the spelling and

pronunciation during the time framepronunciation during the time frame

historians describe as Middle English.historians describe as Middle English.

79:7179:71 The same word at the same period inThe same word at the same period in

Middle English was therefore speltMiddle English was therefore spelt

differently in different parts of the country.differently in different parts of the country.


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59. Which speech area became the basis59. Which speech area became the basis

for Standard English of the 20for Standard English of the 20 thth Century?Century?

89:7389:73

The triangle of London, Cambridge, andThe triangle of London, Cambridge, and

Oxford the East Midlands has becomeOxford the East Midlands has become

the basis for Standard Englishthe basis for Standard English


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60. Illustrate the technique of dialect work60. Illustrate the technique of dialect work

carried on by Stanley Ellis and his pupils.carried on by Stanley Ellis and his pupils.

80:7480:74

Stanley Ellis, armed with a recorderStanley Ellis, armed with a recorder

carries on a dialogue with an informant tocarries on a dialogue with an informant to

get all the nuances of pronunciation.get all the nuances of pronunciation.


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61. Why did the East Midland Dialect61. Why did the East Midland Dialect

become the prestige dialect? 80:73become the prestige dialect? 80:73

Nucleus of power, trade, and learning.Nucleus of power, trade, and learning.


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62. What social classes did Chaucer62. What social classes did Chaucer

concentrate upon in hisconcentrate upon in his CanterburyCanterbury

Tales?Tales? 82:7782:77

All classes of men and women from theAll classes of men and women from the

nobility to the lower classes.nobility to the lower classes.


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63. Illustrate the range of borrowing found63. Illustrate the range of borrowing found

in Chaucersin Chaucers Canterbury Tales.Canterbury Tales. 83:7783:77

Peace borrowed from French replacingPeace borrowed from French replacing

English grith.English grith.


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64. How did Dryden honor Chaucer?64. How did Dryden honor Chaucer?

83:7883:78

He must have been a man of a mostHe must have been a man of a most

wonderful comprehensive Nature,wonderful comprehensive Nature,

because , --- he has taken into thebecause , --- he has taken into the

compass of his Canterbury Tales thecompass of his Canterbury Tales the

manners of the whole English nation in hismanners of the whole English nation in hisage.age.


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65. Illustrate how surnames or family65. Illustrate how surnames or family

names emerged in Chaucers time. 84:74names emerged in Chaucers time. 84:74

Occupation: Driver, Butcher, HunterOccupation: Driver, Butcher, Hunter

Mc son of Mc Pherson, McRoryMc son of Mc Pherson, McRory


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66. What did Henry V do to encourage the66. What did Henry V do to encourage the

use of English? 84:79use of English? 84:79

Used English in official documentsUsed English in official documents

including his will.including his will.


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67. How did the resolution by the London67. How did the resolution by the London

Brewers in 1422 bolster the use of theBrewers in 1422 bolster the use of the

English language? 85: 80English language? 85: 80

The Brewers have decided to adoptThe Brewers have decided to adopt

English writing in their craft.English writing in their craft.


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68. What part did William Caxton play in68. What part did William Caxton play in

standardizing the spelling of the Englishstandardizing the spelling of the English

language? 86:81language? 86:81

Decided to reproduce the English ofDecided to reproduce the English ofLondon as the standard.London as the standard.


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69. Explain the difficulties Caxton69. Explain the difficulties Caxton

encountered when he tried to settle on aencountered when he tried to settle on a

standard dialect. 87: 83standard dialect. 87: 83

Right in London dialect pronounced Richt-Right in London dialect pronounced Richt-like in Modern German.like in Modern German.


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70. What does the anecdote about eggs70. What does the anecdote about eggs

illustrate about Caxtons difficulty atillustrate about Caxtons difficulty at

arriving at a standard lexical and spellingarriving at a standard lexical and spelling

choice? 86:82choice? 86:82 Egges eyren eggysEgges eyren eggys


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71. Why does the editor blame Caxton for71. Why does the editor blame Caxton for

some of the exasperating spellingsome of the exasperating spelling

conventions in the English language?conventions in the English language?

87:8387:83 The gh is still in the spelling.The gh is still in the spelling.


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72. Explain the resistance to the influx of72. Explain the resistance to the influx of

Latin words into the English vocabulary.Latin words into the English vocabulary.

87:8487:84

Bishop Peacock instead of impenetrableBishop Peacock instead of impenetrableungothroughsomeungothroughsome

Inconceivable-not-to-be-thought-upon-Inconceivable-not-to-be-thought-upon-

ableable


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73. What were some of the first dramatic73. What were some of the first dramatic

productions to emerge out of the newproductions to emerge out of the new

East-Midland standard? 88:86East-Midland standard? 88:86

Mankind- Morality playMankind- Morality play


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