heidinger 1983 aquacultural-engineering

7/28/2019 Heidinger 1983 Aquacultural-Engineering

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A q u a c u l t u r a l E n g i n e e ri n g 2 (1983) 153-162

Ap p l i ca t io n s o f Wa te r R e u se Te c h n o lo g y fo rO v e r win te r in g Th r e a d f in S h a d D o r o som a pet en en se atNo r th e r n La t i tu d e sR o y C . H e i d i n g e r , L a r r y J . W a w r o n o w i c z a n d B r u c e L . T e t z l a f f

Fisheries Research L abora tory and Depar tm ent of Zoo logy,Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, USA

A B S T R A C TT w o i n d o o r w a t e r r e u s e s y s t e m s w h i c h i n c o r p o r a t e d b i o f i l t r a t i o n w e r eu s e d t o o v e r w i n t e r t h r e a d fi n s h a d Dorosoma pe tenense in southern I l l ino is( l a t it u d e 3 7 N ) d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r s o f 1 9 8 0 - 8 1 a n d 1 9 8 1 - 8 2 . I n i ti a ll y ,2 6 9 6 4 a n d 1 1 5 0 0 t h r e a d fi n s h a d w e r e s t o c k e d i n t o t h e t w o s y s t e m s ,r e spec ti v e ly . Surv i va l ra te s w ere 33% fo r t he f i r s t ove rwin t e r ing pe r iod and63% ]'o r the s econd . G roun d T e t ra -SM8 0 , S i l v e r Cup Sa lm on S ta r t e r andS i l ve r Cup Sa lm on N o . 1 were r ead i ly accep t ed by t he f i sh . No d i s easep r o b l e m w a s e n c o u n t e r e d f o r e i t h e r o v e r w i n t e r i n g p e r io d , b u t a n u t r i e n td e f i ci e n c y w a s s u s p ec t e d a m o n g s o m e o f t h e 1 9 8 1 - 8 2 o v e r w i n t e r ed f is h .

I N T R O D U C T I O NT h e t h r e a d f i n s h ad D o r o s o r n a p e t e n e n s e h a s p o t e n t i a l a s f o r a g e f o rs p o r t f i sh e s s u c h a s w h i t e c r a p p i e P o r n o x i s a n n u l a r i s , w h i t e b a s s M o r o n ec h r y s o p s a n d w a l l e y e S t i z o s t e d i o n v i t r e u m ( G o o d s o n , 1 9 6 6: M y h r ,1 9 7 1" R a n g e , 1 9 7 3 ; H e i d i n g e r , 1 9 7 7 ) ; h o w e v e r , t h e t h r e a d f i n s h a d w i l ln o t s u rv i v e l on g p e r i o d s o f w a t e r t e m p e r a t u re s , b e l o w 1 0 C , a n d m u s tb e r e s t o c k e d e a c h s p ri n g in re s e rv o i rs w h e r e t h e a m b i e n t w a t e r t e m p e r a -t u r e f a ll s b e l o w 1 0 C d u r in g t h e w i n t e r m o n t h s ( H e i d i n g e r a n dI m b o d e n , 1 9 7 4 ) .

A t t h e l a t i t u d e o f s o u t h e r n I ll in o is , t h r e a d f i n s h a d p o p u l a t i o n s a ree x t r e m e l y p r o l if i c b e c a u s e t h e y o u n g - o f - t h e - y e a r w il l s p a w n ( H e i d i n g e r153Aquacu l tu ra l Eng ineer ing 0144-8609/83/$03.00 Applied Science Publishers Ltd .England, 1983. Printed in Great Britain


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154 R. C. Heidinger, L. J. Wawronowicz, B. L. TetzlaJfa n d I m b o d e n , 1 9 7 4 ) . T h u s a n n u a l s p ri n g r e s t o c k i n g is p r a c t ic a l , si n c eo n l y t h r e e o r f o u r a d u l t f is h p e r h e c t a r e a r e r e q u i r e d t o p r o d u c e a na b u n d a n c e o f y o u n g - o f - t h e - y e a r fi sh . F o r s pr in g s to c k i n g , t h r e a d f i ns h a d f r o m t h e w i l d m a y b e t a k e n o n t h e i r s p a w n i n g r u n b e l o w r e s e rv o i rd a m s i n s o u t h e r n s t a te s , a n d , i n s o m e c a se s , f r o m p o w e r c o o l i n g r es e r-v o ir s. I t is n e c e s s a r y t o a c c u r a t e l y p r e d i c t t h e t i m e o f t h e s p a w n i n g r u nw h e n a t t e m p t i n g t o o b t a i n t h r e a d f in s h ad b e l o w d a m s , w h il e in p o w e rc o o l i n g r e s e r vo i r s t h e f is h m u s t b e ta k e n i n t h e w a r m w a t e r d i sc h a r ge i nt h e e a r l y s pr in g b e f o r e t h e y d i s p e rs e t h r o u g h o u t t h e l a ke . I n e i t h e r c a se ,t h e f is h m a y o n l y b e r e a d i l y a v a i l a b le w h i l e t h e w a t e r i n t h e la k e t o b es t o c k e d is t o o c o l d t o p e r m i t s u rv iv a l, o r a f t e r m a n y o f t h e sh a d a res p e n t .

A n a l t e rn a t i v e a p p r o a c h t o p r o v i d in g t h r e a d f i n s h ad f o r s p ri ngs t o c k i n g is t o o v e r w i n t e r t h e f is h i n d o o r s . S i n c e it w o u l d n o t b e e c o n o -m i c a l l y f e a s i b l e t o h e a t w a t e r i n a s i ng l e -p a s s s y s t e m , t h e o b j e c t i v e o ft h e p r e s e n t s t u d y w a s t o o v e r w i n t e r t h r e a d f i n s h a d i n d o o r s o n c o m -m e r c i a l l y a v a il a bl e d i e t s in w a t e r r e u s e s y s t e m s w h i c h i n c o r p o r a t eb i o f i l t r a t i o n .

M A T E R I A L S A N D M E T H O D ST w o i n d o o r w a t e r r e u s e s y s t e m s ( o n e 1 2 6 5 0 l i te r a n d o n e 1 6 0 0 0 l i te r )w h i c h i n c o r p o r a t e d b i o f i l t r a t i o n w e r e u s e d to o v e r w i n t e r th r e a d f i n s h a dd u r in g t h e w i n t e r s o f 1 9 8 0 - 8 1 a n d 1 9 8 1 - 8 2 , r e s p e c ti v e ly . E a c h s y s t e mc o n t a i n e d t h e f o l lo w i n g b a s ic c o m p o n e n t s : c i rc u l a r fi sh h o l d i n g t a n k s ,b i o f il t e rs , w a t e r v o l u m e e q u a l iz i n g a n d b a c k f l u s h i n g t a n k s , a n a e r a t i o n /h e a d t a n k , r e li ft a n d b a c k f l u s h i n g p u m p s , a s p i ra t o rs ( B u r r o w s an dC o m b s , 1 9 6 8 ) a n d e m e r g e n c y b a c k u p s y s t e m s ( T a b l e 1). A f l o wd i a g r a m o f t h e s y s t e m s u s e d i s g i v e n i n F i g . 1. T h e t u r n o v e r r a t e s in th e8 7 0 l i t e r f is h t a n k s u s e d in 1 9 8 0 - 8 1 w e r e 1 . 7 - 2 . 0 t i m e s p e r h o u r , a n d1 . 0 - 1 . 4 t i m e s p e r h o u r i n t h e 1 7 3 0 li t er t a n k . I n 1 9 8 1 - 8 2 , a t u r n o v e rr a t e o f t h r e e t i m e s p e r h o u r w a s u s e d i n t h e 1 2 0 5 l i te r h o l d in g t a n k s .

T h e 1 9 8 0 - 8 1 w a t e r r e u s e s y s t e m w a s f il le d a n d m a i n t a i n e d w i t h w e llw a t e r . C h a r c o a l - f i l t e re d c i t y w a t e r w a s u s e d in 1 9 8 1 - 8 2 . D u r i n g b o t ho v e r w i n t e r i n g p e r i o d s 1 3% o f t h e w a t e r w a s r e p l a c e d d a il y. F o r c e d - a i rf u r n a c e s w e r e u s e d b o t h w i n t e r s to r e g u la t e t h e w a t e r t e m p e r a t u r e .

B o t h s y s t e m s w e r e a c t i v a t e d f o r 1 6 d a y s p ri o r t o s t o c k i n g t h e t h re a d -f in s h a d. I n 1 9 8 0 - 8 1 t h e b i o f i l te r s w e r e s e e d e d w i t h s u b s t r a t e fr o m a na c t i v a te d b i o fi l t e r , a n d l i q ui d a m m o n i u m h y d o x i d e w a s a d d e d t o m a in -


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Water reuse t echn olog y ) ;or overw inter ing threadf in shad 155T A B L E 1

Components of the Two Water Reuse Systems Incorporating Biofiltration Used toOverwinter Threadfin Shad

S y s t e m c o m p o n e n t s 1 9 8 0 - 8 1 s y s t e m 1 9 8 1 - 8 2 s y s t emN u m b e r V o lu m e N u m b e r V o lu m e

(l i ters) ( l i ters)Circular holding tanks 8 870

1 1 73O 8 1 205Downflow biofilters a 2 1 730 2 1 730Water volume equalizing and

backflushing tank 1 1 730 2 1 730Aeration/head tank 1 1 730 1 1 730Relifi pumps 2 300 b 2 450 eBackflusb pumps 1 3000 1 450 cTotal volume l 3 890 a 18 300 a

a The biofitters used in 1980-81 contained 2-5 cm volcanic rock as substratum,with a combined surface area of 362 m 2. The biofilters used in 198 1-82 contained4-5 cm limestone rock as substratum, with a combined surface area of 633 m 2.b Each 1 hp centrifugal pump had a maximum pumping capacity of 300 liters perrain per pump.e Each 1 hp centrifugal pump had a maximum pumping capacity of 450 liters perrain per pump.a Actual total water volumes of the systems were 12 650 and 16000 liters, respec-tively. The 10% and 13% difference in total volume and actual volume isaccounted for by freeboard in the fish holding tanks and space occupied bybiofilter substrate.

ta in am mon ia- ni t r oge n levels a t 3 ppm. The fol lowing year , the bio-fil ters were seeded with substrate from an activated biofilter, soil and14 g of Silver Cup fish feed. Ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4) was addedto ra ise and mainta in ammonia-ni t rogen concentra t ions a t approxi-mat ely 3.0 mg liter -1.

Threadfi n shad were s tocked in to bo th s ystems when ambient watertemp erat ures in the holding ponds ranged from 10-12C. Fish wereseined wit h a 0.6 -cm -me sh net and hauled ill 0.6-1-1 mg liter -1 quinal -


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1 5 6Ae r ~ l O n l h e a d t a n k

R . C . H e i d i n g e r , L . J . W a w r o n o w i c z , B . L . T e t z l a f f

H o l d | r ~ I, n k l

I : ~ e m r v o l r

F i g . 1 . A flo w diagram of the wa ter reuse system s used to overwinter threadfinshad for 22 and 26 weeks.

d i n e a n d 0 . 2 % s a lt . W a t e r f r o m t h e h o l d i n g f a c i l it y w a s s l o w l y p u m p e di n t o t h e h a u l in g t a n k in o r d e r t o a c c l i m a t e t h e s h a d f r o m t h e 1 0 - 1 2 Cp o n d w a t e r t o t h e 1 7 - 1 8 C w a t e r i n t h e r e u s e s y s t e m . I n t h e f al l o f1 9 8 0 , a s in gl e s t o c k i n g o f 2 6 9 6 4 t h r e a d f i n s h a d (5 3 k g ) l o a d e d t h es y s t e m a t a r a t e o f 2 .1 s h a d l i t e r-1 . I n t h e f a l l o f 1 9 8 1 , 11 5 0 0 s h ad( 4 4 k g ) w e r e s t o c k e d a t a r a t e o f 0 .7 s h a d l i t er -1. A p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 /3 o ft h e s e f i s h w e r e s t o c k e d a t t w o - d a y i n t e r v a l s .

T h e t h r e a d f i n s h a d w e r e f e d t h e fo l l o w i n g s e q u e n c e o f c o m m e r c i a ld i e ts : g r o u n d T e t r a - S M 8 0 , S i lv e r C u p S a l m o n S t a r t e r, a n d S il ve r C u pS a l m o n N o . 1. D u r i n g 1 9 8 0 - 8 1 , t h e f e e d w a s d i sp e n s e d b y h a n d 1 -3t i m e s p e r d a y b e t w e e n 1 0 0 0 a n d 1 4 0 0 h a n d 4 t i m e s p e r d a y (0 4 0 0 ,1 2 0 0 , 1 6 0 0 a n d 2 4 0 0 h ) b y a u g e r f e e d e r s ( W e h r an d L e w i s , 1 9 7 4 ) .O n l y a u g e r f e e d e r s w e r e u s e d in 1 9 8 1 - 8 2 a n d t h e f is h w e r e f e d a t 2 -hi n te r v a ls 1 2 t i m e s p e r d a y . F e e d i n g c o m m e n c e d 1 d a y a f t e r s t o c k i n g ata r a t e o f 2 - 5 % b o d y w e i g h t p e r d a y .

W a t e r t e m p e r a t u r e , d i ss o lv e d o x y g e n , a m m o n i a - n i t r o g e n ( N H 3 - N ) ,n i t r i t e - n i t r o g e n ( N O 2 - N ) , n i t r a t e - n i t r o g e n ( N O 3 - N ) , a l k a l in i t y a n dm o r t a l i t y w e r e m o n i t o r e d o n a r e gu l ar b as is . T e m p e r a t u r e w a s m e a s u r e dw i t h a W e l as le r t h e r m o m e t e r , d i s so l v e d o x y g e n w i t h a Y e l l o w S p ri n g sm o d e l 5 4 o x y g e n m e t e r a n d N H 3 - N , N O 2 - N an d N O 3 - N w i th a H a c hD R - A c o l o r im e t e r . W a t e r s a m p l e s w e r e ta k e n b e t w e e n 1 0 0 0 an d 1 4 0 0 hd a i ly .


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Water reuse technology for o verwintering threadfin shad 15 7Genera l main te nance o f the sys tem consis ted o f backf lush ing the

biof i l ters and s i phoning the f ish tanks. One biof i l ter was backflu shedonce per day and al l of the f ish tanks were s iphoned 3-7 t imes per week.

R E S U L T SO f 2 6 9 6 4 t h r e a d f i n s h ad i n i ti a ll y s t o c k e d d u r in g 1 9 8 0 , 33 % o r 8 9 3 5s h a d w e i g h i n g 3 6 k g w e r e h a r v e s t e d a f t e r 2 2 W e e k s ( T a b l e 2 ) . 2 9 % o f

T A B L E 2Mortality Rates and Mean Weekly Water Quality Parameters in the Fish HoldingTanks During the 1980-81 Overwintering of 26 96 4 Threadfin Shad in a Recycle

SystemWeek Weekly Chmu- NH 3-N NO 2-N NO 3-N pHmo rtality lative (m g (m g (rag(%) m orta lity lite r-') liter -1) liter -1}(~)

Tempera- Oxygenture {mg{C) liter -l}

1 3 . 8 3 . 8 3 . 6 0 . 5 1 . 5 a2 10'5 13.9 0.9 2.8 2-9 8.83 8.8 21.8 0.7 1-1 5.3 9-04 9.2 28"6 1.0 0.6 10-7 9.05 2.1 30.1 0.6 0.3 16-0 7.26 1.5 31.1 0'8 0-4 17.5 7.27 1-3 32.0 1-2 0.4 16-7 7.28 0.8 32.5 0.6 0.3 14.9 7.79 0.8 33-1 1.1 0-3 12.9 7.2

10 0.7 33.5 0.9 0.2 17.5 7.211 1-4 34.5 1.2 0.2 19-5 7.212 2.0 35-8 1-6 0.3 14-8 7-21 3 1 -2 3 6 - 6 1 - 2 0 - 2 2 1 . 0 6 . 614 44.2 64-7 1.4 0.3 12.0 a15 1.5 65.2 1.2 0"2 15.8 7-21 6 1 . 2 6 5 - 6 1 . 0 0 . 2 1 5 . 5 7 . 017 1-0 66.0 1.0 0.2 15.5 7.218 0.6 66.3 0-6 0.1 7.2 7-519 0.7 66.5 0.6 0.2 10-5 7-020 0.7 66.7 0.7 0-3 12.2 7.221 0.3 66.8 0.8 0.1 6-6 a22 0.3 66-9 0.7 0-1 7-1 a

18 8.018 8.819 8.219 7.518 7.518 5.918 6.617 7.217 7-618 6.517 7.117 7.317 6.620 6.219 6.518 7.018 7.617 8.219 6-521 6.820 7.120 7.5

a Missing data.


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158 R. C. Heidinger, L. J. Wawronowicz, B. L. Tetzlaffthe cumulat ive mort a l i t y occurre d during the f irst 4 weeks of theholding per iod. An addit ional 28% of the cumulat ive mort a l i ty wascaused by a length y power outage in week 14 (Feb ruar y 1981) . Theremaining 13% of the cumulat ive morta l i ty occurred ra ther evenly

T A B L E 3Mortality Rates and Mean Weekly Water Quality Parameters in the Fish HoldingTanks During the 1981-82 Overwintering of 11 500 Threadfin Shad in a Recycle

SystemWeek Weekly C u mu- N H3 -N N O 2 -N N O 3 -N p H Tem p er a - Oxyg enmortal i ty lat ive (mg (mg (mg ture (mg(%) m orta lity liter -1) liter -a) liter-a) (C) liter -a)

1 24.6 24.6 1-4 1.4 3.1 7.7 20 8-52 1.7 25-9 0.6 0.9 9.4 7.4 25 7.53 0.2 26.0 0.5 0.1 17.1 7.5 24 7.44 1.5 27.1 0.6 0.1 20.0 7.3 23 7.05 1.2 28-0 0.8 0-2 25.7 7.2 23 7-56 1.0 28-7 1.0 0-4 25-8 6.9 23 6.27 1.8 30.1 1.0 0.4 22.7 7.0 23 6-18 0.4 30.3 3.0 1-3 22.1 7.1 21 6.79 0-3 30.6 1-1 0.2 a 7-0 21 6.4

10 0.2 30.7 7.4 0.2 a 6-8 21 6.91 1 0 . 3 3 1 . 0 1 . 3 0 . 2 a 7 . 0 2 0 6 . 612 0.6 31.4 0.8 0-1 a 7.0 19 7.11 3 0 . 3 3 1 . 6 1 .0 a a 7 . 0 2 0 7 - 414 0.2 31-7 1.0 0.3 20.6 7.2 20 7.415 0.4 32-0 0-6 0.1 20.7 7.1 20 7.816 0.2 32-2 0.6 a 18-8 7.1 20 7.917 0.3 32.4 1.1 a 25.0 7.0 21 7.618 0-6 33.2 0.8 a 20-0 7.1 19 7-919 0-3 33.4 1.3 0.2 20.1 7.0 20 6.720 0-8 34.0 1.2 0.1 19.2 6.9 21 6.621 1.3 34-8 1.7 0-2 24.9 6.6 21 6.622 0.7 35.2 1.5 0.1 28.3 6-8 18 7.323 0-1 35.3 1.4 0.4 28-8 6.8 19 7.824 0.4 35.6 1.5 0-2 24.7 6.9 18 6.825 0.8 36-0 1.1 0.2 27.4 7.0 20 7-526 1.8 36-7 1-2 0-1 21.8 7.0 17 7.9

a Missing data.


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W a t e r r e u s e t e c h n o l o g y ] 'o r o v e r w i n t e r i n g t h r e a d i n s h a d 159t h r o u g h o u t t h e h o l d in g p e r i o d a n d c o u l d n o t b e a s c r ib e d t o a n yp a r t i c u l a r c a u s e .

T h e s u rv iv a l r a te f o r th r e a d f i n s h a d o v e r w i n t e r e d f o r 2 6 w e e k s d u r in gt h e w i n t e r o f 1 9 8 1 - 8 2 w a s 6 3 . 4 % ( T a b l e 3 ). A t o t a l o f 7 2 7 5 sh a dw e i g h i n g 5 7 k g w e r e h a r v e s t e d f r o m t h e i n it ia l s t o c k i n g o f 1 1 5 0 0 f is h .2 7 % o f t h e c u m u l a t i v e m o r t a l i t y o c c u r r e d d u r in g t h e f ir st 4 w e e k s o fo p e r a t i o n , m o s t o f i t d u ri n g t h e f ir s t w e e k . T h e r e m a i n i n g 8 % o f t h ec u m u l a t i v e m o r t a l i t y o c c u r r e d r a t h e r e v e nl y , f r o m t h e s e c o n d w e e k th ef is h w e r e i n t h e s y s t e m u n t i l t h e y w e r e h a r v e s t e d i n A p r i l 1 9 8 2 .

W a t e r q u a l i ty m e a s u r e m e n t s i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e s y s t e m s w e r e f a ir lys t a b l e a f t e r t h e f is h w e r e s t o c k e d f o r 2 w e e k s ( T a b l e s 2 a n d 3 ) . I n1 9 8 0 - 8 1 , t o t a l a m m o n i a - n i t r o g e n ( N ) a v e r a g e d 3 . 6 m g l i te r -~ d u r in g t h e1 st w e e k ; t h e h i g h e s t a v e r a g e w e e k l y v a l u e i n 1 9 8 1 - 8 2 w a s 7 . 4 m g l it e r -~d u r in g t h e 1 0 t h w e e k . M e a n h o ld i n g t a n k t o t a l a m m o n i a - n i t r o g e n .m o l e c u l a r a m m o n i a - n i t r o g e n , n i t r it e - n i tr o g e n , n i t r a te - n i t r o g e n a n dd i ss o lv e d o x y g e n c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o v e r t h e 1 9 8 0 - 8 1 2 2 w e e k o ve r-w i n t e r i n g p e r i o d w e r e 1 . 1 4 m g l i te r - 1, 0 . 0 5 m g l i t e r - 1 , 0 . 6 2 m g l i t e r - 1,1 1 . 6 m g l i t e r - 1 , a n d 7 . 2 m g l i t e r - ~, r e s p e c t i v e l y . M e a n h o l d i n g t a n k t o t a la m m o n i a - n i t r o g e n , m o l e c u l a r a m m o n i a - n i t r o g e n , n i t r it e - n i t r o g e n ,n i t r a t e -n i t r o g e n , a n d d is s ol v ed o x y g e n c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o v e r t h e 1 9 8 1 - 8 22 6 w e e k o v e r w i n t e r i n g p e r i o d w e r e 1 . 16 m g l it e r- 1 , 0 . 0 1 m g l i t e r - ~, 0 . 3 4m g l i t e r - a , 2 1 - 6 m g l i t e r -~ a n d 7 . 2 m g l i t e r -~ , r e s p e c t i v e l y . M e a n w a t e rt e m p e r a t u r e s w e r e 1 8 . 3 C in 1 9 8 0 - 8 1 a n d 2 0 . 7 C in 1 9 8 1 - 8 2 .

D I S C U S S I O Ni t i s b i o l o g i c a l l y f e a s i b l e t o o v e r w i n t e r t h r e a d f i n s h a d i n a w a t e r r e u s es y s t e m i n c o r p o ra t i n g b i o f il t ra t i o n . W i t h o u t t h e l e n g th y p o w e r o u ta g e ,a m u c h b e t t e r s u r v iv a l r a t e w o u l d h a v e b e e n o b t a i n e d d u r in g t h e 1 9 8 0 -8 1 o v e r w i n t e r i n g p e r i o d . A d d i n g t h e 7 3 3 8 s h a d l o st d u r i n g th e p o w e ro u t a g e t o t h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f f is h h a r v e s t e d w o u l d g iv e a s u rv i va l r a t eo f 6 1 - 3 % . T h i s s u r v i v a l r a t e w o u l d h a v e b e e n s i m i l a r t o t h e 6 3 -4 %s u rv i va l r a te o b t a i n e d d u r i n g t h e 1 9 8 1 - 8 2 o v e r w i n t e r i n g p e r i o d .

T h e i ni ti al p u l s e o f a m m o n i a - n i t r o g e n in 1 9 8 0 - 8 1 w a s d u e t o s t o c k -i ng a ll o f t h e s h a d a t o n e t i m e . I n 1 9 8 1 - 8 2 , t h is i n i ti a l p u l se o fa m m o n i a - n i t r o g e n d id n o t o c c u r b e c a u s e l ar ge r b io f i l t er s w e r e u s e d,t h e d e n s i t y o f f i s h w a s l es s a n d t h e f i sh w e r e s t o c k e d i n 3 e q u a l l o t so v e r a 1 w e e k p e r i o d . D u r i n g t h e 1 0 t h w e e k o f t h e o v e r w i n t e r i n g p e r i o din 1 9 8 1 - 8 2 a m m o n i a - n i t r o g e n r e a c h e d 7 - 4 m g l it e r --1. T h i s a p p e a r e d t o


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160 R. C. Heidinger, L. J. Wawronowicz, B. L. Tetzlaffb e d u e t o a b u i l d u p o f o r g a n ic m a t e r i a l i n t h e b i o f i l t e rs a n d t h e s i t u a-t i o n w a s c o r r e c t e d b y v i g o r o u s l y b a c k f l u s h i n g t h e b i o f il t e rs .

D u r i n g t h e f i rs t 4 w e e k s o f o p e r a t i o n i n 1 9 8 0 - 8 1 t h e w e e k l y m o r t a l i t yr a t e s a v e r a g e d 8 % . T h i s m o r t a l i t y w a s a s s o c i a t e d p r i m a r i ly w i t h s tr e ssd u e t o h a n d l i n g t h e f is h , r e l a t i v e l y h ig h a m m o n i a l e ve l s a n d t h e f a c tt h a t s o m e o f t h e f is h n e v e r s e e m e d t o l e ar n t o t a k e t h e a r ti f i c ia l f o o d .I n 1 9 8 1 - 8 2 a t t e m p t s w e r e m a d e t o i m p r o v e t h e s e in in g a n d t r a n s p o r t a -t i o n t e c h n i q u e s . T h u s 0 . 6 - 1 . 1 m g l i te r -1 q u i n a l d i n e a n d 0 - 2 % sa l t w e r ea d d e d t o t h e b u c k e t s a n d h a u l in g t a n k t h a t w e r e u s e d to m o v e t h e fi sh .E v e n w i t h t h e a d d i t i o n o f a n a n e s t h e t i c a n d s a lt , a n d l o w a m m o n i al e v el s a t s t o c k i n g , m o r t a l i t y d u r i n g t h e 1s t w e e k a p p r o a c h e d 2 5% , a n d,b y t h e e n d o f t h e 4 t h w e e k , c u m u l a t i v e m o r t a l i t y w a s 2 7 % , w h i c hc l os e ly a p p r o x i m a t e d t h e 2 9 % c u m u l a t i v e m o r t a l i t y t h a t o c c u r r e d i n1 9 8 0 - 8 1 . W e a re c u r r e n t l y ( 1 9 8 2 - 8 3 ) o v e r w i n t e r i n g t h r e a d f i n s h ad i na si m i la r r e c y c l e s y s t e m a n d c u m u l a t i v e m o r t a l i t y r a t es d u r i n g t h e fi rs t4 w e e k s h a v e b e e n o n l y 5 % . T h e o n l y d if f e r e n c e in p r o c e d u r e w a s t h a ti n s t e a d o f u s i n g a t a r r e d , k n o t t e d - m e s h t y p e o f s e in e , w e u s e d a n o n -t a r r e d , b r a i d e d - m e s h s e in e t o h a r v e s t th e f is h f r o m t h e p o n d . T h r e a d f i ns h a d s c al e v e r y e a s i ly d u r i n g s e i n in g , a n d i t is p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e b r a i d e d -m e s h , n o n - t a r r e d s e i n e is m u c h l es s a b r a s iv e , t h u s s c a l i n g is l es s a n d s u b -s e q u e n t o s m o t i c p r o b l e m s a r e a v o i d e d .

T h e g r o u n d T e t r a - S M 8 0 a n d S i lv e r C u p d i e t s w e r e r e a d il y a c c e p t e db y t h e t h r e a d f i n s h a d. T h e f i sh a c c e p t e d t h e f e e d 1 -3 d a y s a f te r fe e d i n gc o m m e n c e d . A n u t r i e n t d e f i c i e n c y w a s s u s p e c t e d a m o n g s o m e o f t h e1 9 8 1 - 8 2 o v e r w i n t e r e d f is h. T h e a f f e c t e d f is h w e r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d b yl o rd o s is , r e a b s o r p t i o n o f t h e o p e r c u l u m , l a ck o f p i g m e n t a t i o n o f t h ed o r s a l s i d e, s w i m m i n g i n c i r cl e s a n d , i n s o m e c a s es , c l u b b e d gi ll s. T h e s ec h a r a c t e r is t i c s c a n b e c a u s e d b y a v i t a m i n C o r p a n t o t h e n i c a c idd e f ic i e nc y . A p p r o x i m a t e l y 4 0 % o f t h e s h a d t h a t d i e d e x h i b i t e d t h e s es y m p t o m s . U n d e r e x p e r i m e n t a l c o n d i t i o n s , s p in a c h b l e n d e d t o a p u r6 ew a s o f f e r e d t o t h r e a d f i n s h a d i n 4 t a n k s a t a r a te o f 2 5 0 g r a m s p e r t a n kp e r w e e k , a l o n g w i t h t h e r e g u l a r d i e t . T h e s p i n a c h d i e t f e d a t t h i s r a t ed id n o t e l i m i n at e t h e p r o b l e m , b u t i t d i d re d u c e t h e n u m b e r o f a f f e c t e df is h . A f t e r 1 m o n t h o f s u p p l e m e n t a r y f e e d in g , 3 t a n k s w h e r e t h es p i n a c h w a s n o t u s e d h a d 3 ti m e s a s m a n y a f f e c t e d f i sh as t h e 4 e x p e r i-m e n t a l t a n k s .

G r o w t h o f t h r e a d f i n s h a d o n t h e a r ti f i c ia l d i e t w a s e x c e l l e n t , c o n -s id e ri n g t h e r e l a t iv e l y l o w t e m p e r a t u r e a t w h i c h t h e f is h w e r e h e l d . I n1980-81, t h e a v e r a g e w e i g h t o f s h a d a t s t o c k i n g w a s 2 g a n d a t h a r v e s t


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Water r euse t e chno logy f o r ove rwin t e r ing t h read i n shad 1613 . 8 g . L a r g e r f is h (3 - 8 g ) w e r e s t o c k e d i n 1 9 8 1 - 8 2 a n d t h e i r a v e r a g ew e i g h t a t h a r v e s t w a s 7 . 8 g .

T h e c a r r y in g c a p a c i t i e s o f th e t w o w a t e r r e u s e s y s t e m s w e r e n o tr e a c h e d a n d s t o c k i n g r a t e s c o u l d b e in c r e a s e d. T h e b i o f i l te r s o f t h e1 2 6 5 0 l i te r a n d t h e 1 6 0 0 0 l i te r w a t e r r e u s e s y s t e m s h a d s u r f a c e a r e a so f 3 6 2 m 2 a n d 6 3 3 m 2, r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e o r e t i c a l l y , b a s e d o n a f e e d i n gr a te o f 2 -5 % b o d y w e i g h t p e r d a y , 0 . 0 2 7 k g a m m o n i a p r o d u c e d p e rl k g f o o d , a n d 2 0 0 m g a m m o n i a o x i d i z e d b y l m 2 b i o f i l t e r m e d i u m ,1 0 7 k g f is h c o u l d b e h e l d i n t h e 1 2 6 5 0 l i t e r s y s t e m a n d 1 8 8 k g in t h e1 6 0 0 0 l it er s y s te m ( L e w i s e t a l . , 1 9 8 1 ) . I n i t i a l l y , 5 3 k g o f t h r e a d f i ns h ad w e r e s t o c k e d a n d 3 6 k g h a rv e s t e d i n t h e 1 2 6 5 0 - l i te r s y s t e m t h a tw a s u s e d i n 1 9 8 0 - 8 1 . I n 1 9 8 1 - 8 2 , 4 4 k g o f s h a d w e r e s t o c k e d a n d5 7 k g h a r v e s t e d i n t h e 1 6 0 0 0 l i te r s y s t e m .

T h e e x p e n s e o f o p e r a t i n g a t h r e a d f i n s h a d o v e r w i n t e r i n g s y s t e m c a nb e b r o k e n d o w n i n t o h e a t i n g , p u m p i n g a n d f o o d c o s t. T h e s e c o s t sd e p e n d u p o n m a n y f a c t o rs s u c h as o u t s i d e t e m p e r a t u r e , i n su l a ti o n ,p o w e r c o s t a n d d u r a t i o n o f t h e h o l d in g p e r i o d . O u r f o o d c o st w a s$ 1 8 5 . A b u i l d in g w i t h 6 5 m 2 f l o o r s p a c e w o u l d b e r e q u i r e d . S i n c eh e a t i n g c o s t s w o u l d b e s o v a r ia b l e , n o a t t e m p t w a s m a d e t o p r o j e c tt h e m . O u r e l ec t ri c al p u m p i n g c o s t w a s a p p r o x i m a t e l y $ 4 5 0 f o r 2 2 w e e k s .

A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T ST h i s w o r k w a s s u p p o r t e d b y t h e I l l in o is D e p a r t m e n t o f C o n s e r v a t io n( D i n g e l l- J o h n s o n P r o j e c t F - 3 8 - R ) a n d b y t h e O f f ic e o f R e s e a r c h a n dD e v e l o p m e n t A d m i n i s t ra t i o n , S o u t h e r n I ll in o is U n i v e r s i t y , C a r b o n d a l e .

T h e a u t h o r s a c c e p t f u ll r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h e f o r m a n d c o n t e n t o ft h e d a t a p r e s e n t e d h e r e .

R E F E R E N C E SBurrow s, R. E. & C om bs, B. D. (1968 ) . Contro l led environments for salmon propa-gation. Prog. Fish -Cu l t . , 30 (3 ), 12 3-36 .Goodson, L. F . , J r . (1966) . Crappie. In : I n l a n d F i s h e r ie s M a n a g e m e n t , ed. A. Cal-houn, Calif . Dep. Fish Game, pp . 312-22.Heidinger, R. C. and Im bod en, F . (1974) . Rep roductive poten t ial of young-of-the-year threadf in shad D o r o s o m a p e t e n e n s e in southern Illinois lakes. Trans. 17l.

Acad . Sc i . , 6 7 ( 4 ), 3 9 7 - 4 0 1 .


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162 R. C. Heid inger , L . J . Wa wron owicz , B. L . Te t z la f fHeiding er , R. C. (1977 ) . P oten t i a l o f the th read f in shad as a forage f i sh in mid-

wes t e r n pow er coo l i ng re se rvo i r s. Trans. I l l . Acad. Sci . , 7 0 ( 1 ) , 1 5 - 2 5 .Lewis , W. M., 1-Ieidinger, R. C. an d T etz la f f , B. L. (198 1) . Ta nk cul ture o f s t r ipedbas s p r oduc t i on m anua l . I ll ino i s S t r i ped Bass Pro j ec t I D C F- 2 6- R , Fish . Research

Lab . , S ou t he r n I ll ino i s Un i ve r s i ty , Ca r bonda l e .Myhr , A . I . ( 1971) . A s t udy o f t he wh i t e ba s s , M o r o n e c h r y s o p s Raf i ne sque , i n

Da l e Ho l l ow Rese r vo i r , Tennes see , Ken t ucky . M S T h e si s, Tennes see Tec h . Un i v .Range , J . D . ( 19 73) . G r ow t h o f five spec i es o f gam e f i she s be f o r e and a f t e r in t r o -

duc t i on o f t h r ead f i n shad i n t o Da l e Ho l l ow Rese r vo i r . 2 6 t h A n n u . C o n f. S . E .A s s o c ., G a m e F is h C o m m . , 2 6 , 5 1 0 - 1 8 .

Wehr, L . W. and Lewi s , W. M. ( 197 4) . A n e l ec t r ic a l l y ope r a t ed au t om a t i c f eede r .Prog. Fish-Cult . , 3 6 ( 2 ) , 1 1 7 - 1 8 .

heidinger 1983 aquacultural-engineering

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