hebrew 1 review guide by karyn traphagen
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Hebrew Review Guide (version 080707) (please email [email protected] any corrections of suggestions)
Hebrew
Character
Hebrew
Character
namealephbetgimmeldalethe
or heyor heh
wawvav
zayinettetyodkaflamedmemnunsamekayinpetsade
orade
qofreshsinshintawtavname
translitera
tion
hwzylmnsp qrtransliterat
ion
sounds
likesilent
v
as in
vine
g
as in
garden
d
as in
dot
h
as in
help
v
as in
vine
z
as in
zebra
ch
as in
Bach
t
as in
tip
y
as in
yo-yo
ch
as in
Bach
l
as in
lovely
m
as in
mom
n
as in
now
s
as in
sitsilent
f
as in
photo
ts
as in
nets
k
as in
keep
r
as in
run
s
as in
sin
sh
as in
shin
t
as in
tipsounds
like
alternate
formalternate
form
translitera
tionbgdkpttransliterat
ion
sounds
like
b
as in
boy
g
as in
garden
d
as in
dot
k
as in
keep
p
as in
pop
t
as in
top
sounds
like
final formfinal form
U/O ClassI/E ClassA Class
Historic Long lem wawo as in row
req
u as in rule
ireq yd
i as in machine
ere yd
ey as in they
qame he
a as in car
Long
olem
o as in row
ere
ey as in they
qame
a as in car
uoeiaShort
qibb
u as in rule
qameatf
o as in row
segl
e as in met
ireq
i as in sit
pata
a as in car
Composite Shewa
atef-qame
o as in row
atef-segl
e as in met
atef-pata
a as in car
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Gutturals: resist doubling; prefer a-class vowels; take composite shewa
and sometimes acts like a guttural
Quiescent Letters:
Complete Simple Noun Paradigm:
PLDualSG
Masc Absolute
Masc Construct
Fem Absolute
Fem Construct
Common Irregular Nouns:
Singular Plural
absolute construct w/ suffix absolute construct w/ suffix
father ,Q ,
son ,Q , daughter ,Q ,
brother ,Q , wife , Q
house Q , name , ,Q ,
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More Irregular Nouns (pg 47 Weingreen):
Noun SG Abs SG Cons PL Abs PL Cons Remarks
horse Simple noun. The masc. pl. changes to inthe construct (general rule).
mare Simple noun. The fem sg. termination inthe construct- general rule.
son Pl. abs. irregular. Vowel shortened in cons.sg. Qames lost in cons. pl.
hand Same as "son." Note how dual serves also forpl. (irregular)
people Dagesh forte in of pl. Note: a vowel may beelide, but not a syllable; since pl. abs. is really
there is no loss of vowel.
prophet The Qames (under the first letter) of the sg.abs. is lost.
prophetess Same as "mare"
word, thing Sg. cons. loses first Qames and shortenssecond one. Both are lost in pl. cons., the first
shewa becoming hireq.
old (man),
elder
Second vowel of sg. abs. is Sere, butchanges in the same way as "word"
wise (man) Same as "word" except that the first letter is aguttural. In sg. cons. Qames is replaced by
composite shewa. In pl. cons. the composite
shewa becomes corresponding short vowel.
dust Sg. same as "wise (man)"
man Pl. abs. irregular. Pl. cons. same as "wise"
woman Note special form of sg. cons. The pl. hasmasc. termination. Pl. cons. same as "son"
eye Note special form of cons. sg., where thedipthong 'ai' becomes ''. In the pl. the full
vowel in the first syllable is not shortened, just
as in "horse"
star Full vowel does not change. Qames of sg.abs. is shortened in sg. cons. and disappears
in pl. cons.
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DEFINITE ARTICLE Normal: becomes Special Situations:
Problem Solution Remark
and resist doubling no dagesh
or guttural or virtual doubling-no dagesh
gutturalHet with Qames
vowel change to segol, no dagesh
orunaccented gutturalsUnaccented heh or ayin with Qames
, vowel change to segol, no dagesh
accented gutturals compensatory lengthening
,, gutturals ,, compensatory lengthening
INSEPARABLE PREPOSITIONS:
to, for with, by, in as, like, according to
Normal situation: affix preposition with shewa: W "with a king"
Before the Definite Article: takes the place of and takes its pointingW (the king) becomes W (with the king)
Before Nouns with a Shewa:
preposition takes a hireq, shewa becomes silent under the consonent
(Samuel) becomes (with Samuel) NOTE: Names (Proper Nouns) arealways Definite
Before a Composite Shewa: takes the vowel pointing of the composite shewa
(lion) becomes (with a lion)Before Names of God:
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(Lord, Adonai) becomes (in the Lord)- takes a patahX (God) becomes X (to God)- takes a sere
Before : the yod quiesces, the preposition takes a hireq (Judah) becomes (to Judah)
Before an accented syllable (accented syllable=tone syllable): Preposition takes a qamets
becomes
THE CONJUNCTION follows the same preposition rules AND ALSO:Before labials (BuMP letters ) and before a shewa initial word it becomes a SUREQ
ADJECTIVES - Adjective paradigm is same as noun (but no dual form).
Attributive Adjectives (agree in number, gender, and definiteness)
Atrributive adjectives usually come After the noun they modify
a good man
the good man (note the qamets in "the man"... preceding a guttural)
Substantive use of Adjective: functions independently as a noun.
a wise one (or a wise man) the wise one (note the pointing of the article due to the at the beginning of the word)
Predicative Adjectives (agree in gender and number but NEVER TAKE THE ARTICLE)Predicative adjectives usually Precede the noun they modify.
The man is good. W The king is evil
The wife is great.
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Demonstrative Adjectives:
Near Far
this (ms) that (ms) this (fs) that (fs)
these (cp)
those (mp)
those (fp)
VERBS
Complete Qal Paradigm (see following pages)
Strong Verb Synopsis (see following pages)
PRONOUNS
See Pronoun Chart for the following:
Independent subject pronouns
Suffixes on prepositions , (Recognize suffixes on and ( Suffixes on as a preposition (with...) and direct object marker.
See Noun Paradigm for suffixes added to ms, mp, fs, and fp noun forms.
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Perfec
t
Imperfe
ct
)
3p
(
Juss
ive
Impera
tive
(2p
)
Co
horta
tive
(1p
)
Infin
itive
Part
iciples
3ms
Ac
tive
Passive
3fs
InfConstruct:tokill
ms
2ms
fs
2fs
fs
1cs
InfAbsolute
mp
fp
3mp
3fp
Nega
tive
Comman
dsw
/Im
perfec
t
2mp
Don'task
2fp
NeverAsk
1cp
CompleteQalStrongVerb(page27)
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SYNOPSIS
OF
THE
STRONG
VERB
PERFECT
IMPERFECT
IMPERATIVE
INFINITIVE
CO
NSTRUCT
INFINITIVE
ABSOLUTE
PARTICIPLE
QAL
GA
ctive
lj
;q'
lojoq.yI
ljoq
.
ljoq
.
lAjq
'
lj
eqolWjq
'
NIFAL
GP
sv/Refl
Someonlyin
Nifalare
active
lj
;q.nI
ljeQ'yI
lj
eQ'hi
l
jeQ'hi
ljoQ
'hi
ljoq
.nI
lj
'q.nI
PIEL
DActiveSttv-
CstvorItrtv
(sometimes
intensive)
lJ
eqi
lJeq;y>
lJ
eq;
lJ
eq;
lJoq
;
lJ
eq;
lJ
eq;m.
PUAL
D
Passiveof
Pielverbs
lJ
;qu
lJ;quy>
lJ
;qu
lJ
;qu
lJoq
u
lJ
'qum.
HITPAEL
D
Reflexiveof
Piel
lJ
eq;t.hi
lJ
eq;t.yI
lJ
eq;t.hi
lJ
eq;t.hi
lJ
eq;t.hi
lJoq
;t.hi
lJ
eq;t.mi
HIFIL
HActiveCstv
Qal&Niphal.
OnlyHifil=not
cstv
lyj
iq.hi
lyjq.y
:
lj
eq.h;
lyj
iq.h;
lj
eq.h;
lyj
iq.m;
HOFAL
H
Passiveof
Hifilverbs
lj
;q.h'
lj;q.y"
lj
eq.h'
lj
;q.h'
lj
eq.h'
lj
'q.m'
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Complete Noun with Suffixes
masc singfem sing 3ms3ms
3fs 3fs ) 2ms ) 2ms+ 2fs + 2fs 1cs 1cs 3mp 3mp 3fp 3fp
2mp 2mp 2fp 2fp 1cp 1cp
masc plural fem plural 3ms 3ms 3fs
3fs
2ms( 2ms( 2fs+ 2fs+
1cs 1cs 3mp 3mp 3fp 3fp
2mp 2mp 2fp 2fp 1cp 1cp
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object
pronoun
subject
pronoun
Endings
forPL
Nouns
Endings
forSG
Nouns
inhim
tohim
fromhim
withhim
him
he
3ms
inher
toher
fromher
withher
her
she
3fs
inyou
toyou
fromyou
withthee
you
you
2ms
inyou
toyou
fromyou
withthee
you
you
2fs
inme
tome
fromme
withme
me
I
1cs
inthem
tothem
fromthem
with
them
them
they
3mp
inthem
tothem
fromthem
with
them
them
they
3fp
inyou
toyou
fromyou
withyou
you
you
2mp
inyou
toyou
fromyou
withyou
you
you
2fp
inus
tous
fromus
withus
us
we
1cp
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Definitions and Terms:
1. Dagesh Forte/ Lene
Dagesh Forte Dagesh Lene
Form
Function doubling stop, "hard" pronunciation
Occurence all non-gutturals ONLY BeGaDKePaT
Recognition Is it non-begadkephat?
If: Does it follow avowel?
Look at preceding consonant,
lene will NOT follow a vowel
Pronunciation no effect Stop, "hard" consonant for
Transliteration Repeat Consonant Note when absent
Dagesh lene occurs in a syllable initial begadkepat letter not preceded by a vowel.
Note: for dagesh forte, the doubled consonant closes one syllable and opens the following.
EXCEPTION!: when a dagesh is within a consonant AND a shewa is beneath the consonant
THEN the dagesh is forte and the shewa is vocal (even if the previous vowel is short!)
A previous word ending in a vowel will spirantize (soften) a begadkepat letter.
2. Open/Closed syllable
CVC= closed
CV=open
A CVC cannot have a vocal shewa
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3. Direct Object Marker : or (see section on pronouns also)
4. Waw Consecutive/Conjunctive
Kellys waw + Verb Quadrantsw + Perfect w + Imperfect
N
a
r
r
D
i
r
S
p
c
h
Form: l+aqfw:Occurrence: Clause initial (waw on verb
is always clause initial)waw type:waw conjunctive, coordinating
two verbal ideas; continues narrative
Translation: usuallypast tense
, 'and'
Form:l+aqfw:Occurrence: Clause initial
waw type:wawconsecutive
Translation: usually future, modal,
durative; log/temp sequence, present or
future idea, depends on context of
previous clauses
Form:l+oq;yI%wAOccurrence: Clause initialwaw type:waw consecutive. Temporal or
logical subordination of clauses; explanation
Translation:Matter of interpretation
Logical: so, thus, because, therefore
Temporal: then, when, afterOther: and, etc. PAST TENSE
Form:l+oq;yIw:
Occurrence: Clause initial, primarily
direct speech, prophecy, etc.
waw type:waw conjunctivecoordinating two
verbs
Translation:future, modal, durative;
sequential, usually 'and' except in specificcontexts (e.g. following command).
5. Furtive Patah:
Example: X
Patah occuring prior to the final guttural
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6. 3 M's
Mappiq: marks the as a consonantMetheg: occurs in distant open syllable, helpful for distinguishing qamets from qamets hatuf.
Maqqef: raised line between two words which pulls the accent from the first word, making"two words" functionally into "one"
Here's another opportunity to distinguish qamets from qamets hatuf-->
7. Silent/Vocal Shewa
Shewa preceded by a LONG vowel is VOCAL
Shewa preceded by Short vowel is Silent (keep your s's together)
CVC closed syllable cannot have a vocal shewa
Shewa under dagesh forte is vocal
If a shewa is followed by a dagesh--> the shewa is silent and the dagesh is lene
9. Vowel Letters
a class i/e class o/u class
10. Construct Chain
W The king of the land.Chain of "construct" form nouns "anchored" by an absolute noun at the end; can be
connected by maqqef(s).
Construct noun NEVER takes the article.
Nothing can come between the nouns in a construct chain.
If the absolute is definite, the entire construct chain is definite.
Construct noun will often experience vowel reduction. WG 24 has examples.
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Attributive adjectives cannot interrupt the construct chain, it must follow the ENTIRE chain.
Look for agreement.
The good word of the queen. The word of the good queen.
Predicate adjectives agree with the construct noun in gender and number and usually
PRECEDE the construct chain.
The hand of the man is large.
11. Stative Verb: expresses being or some state of being
12. Seven Verbal Stems and their meanings (see attached sheet)
13. Segolate Noun: unaccented final syllable with a segol-->except with gutturals
Accent is always on the penultimate syllable
W gutturals don't follow the pointing because they prefer A-class vowels
Instead: look for accent on penultimate AND short vowel in the ultimate of a bisyllabic noun
(here the patah under the ayin is because the resh also sometimes wants an a- classand the ayin gets its own a-class under the nun)
(here the ayin gets its a-class under the resh)When suffixes are added the nouns "remember" their archaic leading vowel.
14. How Negative Commands are formed (for 2nd Person)
("don't") or ("never") with the imperfect verb
15. Interrogative heh: simple questions, prefix the particle to the beginning of a clause
Have you kept the law?
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16. Cohortative and Jussive
See forms on Qal Strong Verb sheet
Cohortative - 1st person (on the IMPERFECT)
Jussive - 3rd person (on the IMPERFECT)
17. Qames and Qames Hatuf: a metheg will help distinguish
Qames Hatuf is a SHORT vowel, so look for short vowel indicators.
18. How possession is indicated in Hebrew: with suffixes "there is to me" translate as "Ihave a ......"
19. The syntax of the Infinitive Absolute
Infinitive Absolute is found with a finite verb that has the same root. Translate with emphasis.