heating systems - spaces

8/13/2019 Heating systems - spaces

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VITUS BERING, CENTRE FOR HIGHER EDUCATION

JENS BERTELSEN & JENS PEDER PEDERSEN


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The space required to accommodate services

Translation into English:

Jens Bertelsen & Jens Peder Pedersen

Vitus BeringCentre for higher education


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To the architect and the plumber

This guidance is prepared by Teknologisk Institut, Energi in corporationwith Arkitekthjlpen and Forsikring & Pension. The aim is to ensure thequality of technical installations of the house; this includes function, aes-thetics and security for water damage and also a reasonable cost of con-struction.

Before 1990 a normal single-family house contained about 240 hiddenpipe joints, where the risk for water damages was very big. Since then anew generation of codes for services has been published. The codes arean excellent basis for technical installations, if the intensions are fulfilled.Unfortunately, experience shows that in many cases the intensions of thecodes are not fulfilled. This means, that too often technical installationsare made without required space, and these can subsequently not bemaintained.

We would like to call for you as architect, that you also include the techni-cal installations of the building in the superior arrangements of the build-ing, and call for you as plumber, that you make optimal use of the archi-tects planning for the placing of the installations.

The following section marked with red is important for you as architect.

The section marked with blue is special aimed for the plumber.

Leon S Buhl

Teknologisk Institut, Energi

Translation into EnglishJens Bertelsen and Jens Peder PedersenVitus Bering, Centre for Higher Education.


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The guidance is prepared by Leon S. Buhl - Teknologisk Institut in corporation with a working group

composed of:Sune Sand - ArkitektHjlpen, Bent Jensen - Tryg-Baltica, Birgitte Nord - Alka Forsikring, JensWinther - Topdanmark og Ole Harpth - F&P.

ISBN: 87-7756-562-2

The plan drawing of the frontpage is performed by Westergaard Arkitekter M.A.A., Vedelsgade 18C,7100 Vejle.

Layout og production PAJOR Reklamebureau.


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Table of contents

For the architect.. 6

Pipe work of the house 7

Plumbing in utility room or storeroom.. 8

Space conditions for bath and toilet 12

Sanitary equipment 13

Wet rooms and demands for wet zones 14

Kitchen. 15

Flue system from natural gas boiler 16

Check list for the architect 17

For the plumber.. 18

Domestic water supply and possibility for renewing 19

Space conditions for installations in utility room and boiler room. 20


Pathways for pipe work 22

Space for insulation.. 23

Handling of pipe in pipe system.. 24

Principles for visible pipe installations 25

Principles for pipes in skirting casing. 26

Principles for manifold installations. 27

Principles for heating systems. 28

Floor heating.. 29

Principles for drainage installations 30

Boiler plant.. 31

Domestic hot water supply.. 32

Heat exchanger and domestic hot water circulation 33

District heating systems 34


Machines for washing and dishwashing.36

Manifolds for domestic water... 37

Outlets for taps... 38

Manifolds for heating. 39

Floor drains. 40

Domestic water meter installation... 41

Heating meters for district heating.. 42

Check list for the certified plumber..43

Legislation for services. 46

Examples for thought 48


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Planning of services in the single-family house. A guidance for architects and plumbers.Translation into English: Jens Bertelsen and Jens Peder Pedersen Vitus Bering, Centre for Higher Education

To the architect 6

This section contains information about space con-ditions and demands for function, which should berequested, in connection with arrangement of ser-vices in a single-family house.

In the drawing are shown the rooms, in which spacefor plumbing equipment and installations normallyshould be established.

In the following part of this section the conditions,which are mentioned above, are supplementedwith examples.

To obtain the intentional quality in the technical in-stallations, we recommend that this publication formpart of the project material, and you as architect dis-cuss the mentioned details with the certificatedplumber, so that the necessary coordination betweenthe work of architect and the work of plumbing isobtained.

Utility room

In the utility room you need space for following:

Heating system

Domestic hot water system

Manifolds for heating and water system

Flue from boiler system

Meters for water and (heating)

Visible pipe work

The wet rooms of the house

In toilet and bathroom you need space for:

Possible manifolds for pipes

Space between sanitary equipments

Slope to floor drain

Pipes

In the floor construction you need space for:

Domestic water supply of PEX pipe inpipe system or

Domestic water supply of copper

Heating pipes

Floor heating pipes

Drainage pipes

Remember! Pipes leading heat must be insu-lated


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Pipe work of the house 7

Demands for the pipe installations

Pipes for domestic water supply are made with-out joints. This means, that embedded joints in

walls and floors are not allowed.

Heating pipes could be made with embeddedjoints. However, we advise against not havingreplaceable joints in directly connected districtheating installations.

Heating pipes of plastic must be a type withoxygen membrane, so that no oxygen canpenetrate the pipe wall and cause corrosion insteel parts.

What is a pipe in pipe installation?When embedded joints in domestic water pipes arenot allowed the installation is often made as a so-called pipe in pipe installation.This installation consists of an internal media pipeof PEX and an outside casing pipe.

In new heating systems pipe in pipe installation isalso used, as the media pipe and casing pipe are ledfrom manifolds to every single radiator connectionwithout joints.

What's an oxygen membrane

Plastic pipes for heating are supplied with a mem-brane on the surface or inside the pipe wall. Themembrane is so tight, that no oxygen can penetratethe media pipe.

Concerning oxygen membrane see page (29)

Pipe in pipe installation.

The installation consists of a media pipe and acasing pipe. The casing pipe has two pur-poses:

1. To be able to lead possible out leakingwater out, so that it can be seen

2. To secure, that the media pipe later inconnection with a possible damage can bereplaced.

Central heating pipes either as traditionalplaced in the floor, or as a pipe inpipe/manifold installation.

Remember!Room/space for insulation, demands in BR

The media pipe and casing pipe go from mani-fold to every single tap without joints


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Plumbing in utility room or storeroom 8

The utility room or storeroom shall be so big, thatwe have space enough for all necessary pipe instal-lations, which shall connect the equipments.

The heating system

The heating system can either be:

Boiler for fuel or natural gas

Heat exchanger for district heating

Alternative heating up by bio-system or heatpump

Boiler for external mounted burner for fuel orgas. Min. 60 cm for service in front of boiler.

Heat exchanger for district heating. The heatexchanger is normally placed on the wall 1meter above floor level.

Unit (boiler + hot water story tank) for fuelor gas. Min. 60 cm in front of the unit tomake service possible.


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Manifolds for floor heating

To day, many heating systems are designed asfloor heating instead of traditional radiator systems.A floor heating system needs a regulation systemwith manifold, pump and automatic regulationequipment.

Meter installation for district heating

If the house is heated with district heating, space foran energy meter is needed. The office for districtheating determines, where and how the meter mustbe placed.

Meter installation for domestic watersupply

A domestic water meter in the house is required.It's the office for domestic water supply, which de-cide and approve the placing of the meter.The meter shall be placed, so that it is easy to makeinspections.

Floor heating plant. Space ought to be setaside as shown in the drawing. In front ofthe manifold arrangement must be about40 to 60 cm.

Meter for district heating. It is a demand, thatthe meter is placed, so that it is easy to read.

Space ought to be set aside as shown in thedrawing. The meter must not be placed belowtabletops or in cupboards or something likethat.


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Domestic hot water supply

Domestic hot water supply can either be a tradi-tional hot water store tank or, with district heating, aheat exchanger.

Central heating supplied with fuel.In a lot of modern boiler units the hot water storetank is incorporated in the unit, and requires there-fore no extra space.

Boiler for natural gas.Its possible to get units, but its common to placethe hot water store tank just beside the boiler on thewall.

If we use a hot water store tank prepared for solar

heating, this tank requires more space than a tradi-tional tank. Furthermore space is required for thepipe installations, because the tank is connected tosolar heating, central heating and domestic water.

It is to be expected, that future building regulationswill make demands for tanks prepared for solarheating.

It is not always allowed to use heat exchanger forheating up domestic hot water.

Ordinary hot water store tank for central heat-ing or district heating. The store tank is nor-mally placed about 60 80 cm above floorlevel concerning replacement of an anodefrom the bottom of tank.

Domestic hot water store tank prepared for solarheating. The biggest part of the pipe installationis placed in the lowest part of the cabinet.Min. 60 cm free space in front of the tank shouldbe set aside, to make it possible to reach thepipe installation lowest in the cabinet.

Besides the space for the domestic hot wa-ter exchanger space should also be setaside for the pipe connections below this. Ifthe domestic water supply is a manifold sys-tem, space for the manifolds should also beset aside.

Measurement in cm

Measurement in cm

Measurement in cm


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Manifolds for domestic hot water supplyMost of all installations to day are designed asmanifold pipe systems, when the installation is hid-den in floor or wall constructions. The reason is,that it is forbidden to have non-replaceable jointsplaced inside the building constructions.

When the manifolds for the domestic water installa-tion are placed, following demands shall be re-spected:

Manifolds must be placed so that possible leaksfrom joints and media pipe are discovered atonce. There must be tight sealing round thepipe coming up the floor.

If the pipe installation is made of plastic pipesas pipe in pipe, the casing pipes have to be ledup above the floor surface, so that possible outleaking water will be led out on a waterprooffloor and not penetrating to the building con-structions.

The manifolds must be placed so, that it is easyto inspect and repair.

A floor drain ought to be placed close to themanifold installation.

Manifolds for domestic cold and hot watersupply.About 50 x 50 x 20 cm should be sat aside forthe manifold arrangement. Where PEX pipe inpipe system is used, the casing pipe shall beled 20 cm above the finished surface of thefloor

Furthermore space for leading domestic cold-and hot water pipes to manifolds shall be setaside.Those pipes are normally placed visible fromthe water meter and the hot water equipment.

Visible pipes led to the manifolds, will typicalfill up like shown in the drawing above.

Remember! Domestic hot water pipes mustbe insulated.


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Space conditions for bath and toilet 12

In case of long pipelines to bath and toilet room ofthe house, the manifolds could necessarily beplaced in the rooms or in direct adjoining rooms.

By placing manifolds in these rooms you shouldnotice the following:

The manifold must in the same way as inutility room - be placed, so that possible out-leaking water will be discovered at once.

Possible out-leaking water must not be able todamage the building constructions, but shall beled to floor drain.

Cabinet for manifolds

If it is planned in advance, it is possible to use spe-cial cabinets for manifolds.

The manifold cabinet must have a waterproof bot-tom, so that possible water cannot penetrate thebuilding constructions.Possible out-leaking water must only be able to flowout, where the floor is waterproof.

Floor drain

In bathrooms with space for shower, it's necessary toplace a floor drain.It is important to establish sufficient depression andslope to the floor drain.

Manifold installation placed in cabinet, which isincorporated in the wall construction.The bottom of the cabinet must be waterproof.

Example on placing floor drain, so that neces-sary slope and depression will be obtained.


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When sanitary equipment is placed in lavatoriesand bathrooms, you must be sure about necessaryspace.In the following drawings are shown sketches withexamples on space demands and distance condi-tions.

In bathrooms for older people and handicapped,more space must be estimated. Wheel chairs musthave a turning area with a radius of min. 1,5 m and best 1,7 meters.

See BR-S98

*) Other measurements you can find in HFB, Hnd-bog for Byggeindustrien.

Space requirement for different types of sani-tary equipment.

Example on space requirements in connectionwith lavatories for older people and handi-capped.

Measurement in m

Measurement in m

Measurement in m


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Definitions and demands for wet rooms

Definitions on the wet rooms wet zones are shownin the figures.

The areas in the floor, where daily water influenceshall be expected, must have slope towards floordrain and be without depressions. These areas areshown with light blue (the wet zone) in the draw-ings.

Pipe penetrations in wet zones

In the areas of the floor, where daily water influenceshall be expected, no vertical pipe penetration mustbe allowed. Where horizontal pipes penetrate themembranes, these penetrations have to be made

watertight.

These demands come from the building regulationsBR 95 and BR-S 98.

Further information: SBI-direction 189

The figures above show wet- and moistzones in connection withbathtub and sink.

The figures above show wet- and moist zonesin connection with arrangementof showers.

Measurement in mm

Measurement in mmMoist zoneWet zone

Moist zoneWet zone


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Kitchen 15

In the kitchen you need space to place a kitchensink with connected water- and drain installation.

Furthermore, you need space to place an auto-matic dishwasher.

For the automatic dishwasher you need water-and drain connection.

If the automatic dishwasher doesnt have anincorporated security for water outflow, it mustbe placed on a waterproof bedplate, which se-cure, that water outflow is discovered at once.

The drainage from the automatic dishwasher isconnected to the drainpipe from the kitchen sink.The domestic water connection must be donewith an approved flexible tube.If the automatic dishwasher doesnt have anincorporated security for water outflow, it mustbe placed on a waterproof bedplate.


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Flue system from natural gas boiler 16

In connection with a gas boiler system it is impor-tant to make good planning of the flue system fromthe gas boiler. The solution above roof will be thebest, because you will have no condensing prob-lems on the outer wall.

Very often, the flue can set up limits for the designof the boiler room or other rooms, where you wantto place the boiler.

In the following drawing are shown examples ofpossible flue systems from gas boiler systems.

Gasreglement - Afnit A:Contains the demands forplacing of flue system and for work with gas instal-lationsThe local gas distribution company will make thefinal approval.

Examples of possibilities for placing the fluesystem from gas boilers depending on their

placing in the building.


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Check list for the architect 17

Remember!

Has space for scullery / boiler room been set aside,and does this have a size, which makes space forthe components, that should be placed in the room?

Is scullery / boiler room and other installation heavyrooms placed in a way proportional to each other,that will give the shortest possible pipe routing.

Is utility room / boiler room placed in a way in thebuilding, so that its possible to make chimney orflue system and maybe openings for fresh air forthe boiler.

Is it possible to place manifolds other places in thebuilding outside the utility room or boiler room, andis it possible to get a quick report if leaks occur.

Have pathways for the installations been taken intoconsideration, and are these sufficient for the instal-lations?

Description

Utility room / boiler room should be able to con-tain following technical installations:

Boiler or heat exchanger Hot water store tank or heat exchanger Manifolds with shunt system, regulating

valves and pumps for floor heating or radia-tor system

Manifolds for domestic cold and hot watersupply, and perhaps circulation pump fordomestic hot water.

Inlets of service pipe for domestic watersupply or district heating system, with themeters arrangement.

Long pipe routing means that: Possibility for circulation on domestic hot wa-

ter supply Possible renewing of media pipe can be

more difficult.

For gas boiler systems the following have to befulfilled:

Either horizontal or vertical flue systemshould be possible to establish. Vertical sys-

tem is best. Maybe openings for combustion air, but it

depend on choice of boiler system.

The following must be fulfilled: If a manifold cabinet is placed in the wall

construction, the cabinet must have a water-tight bottom.

Manifolds must not be hidden in cupboardplinths or recesses in floor construction afterbeing installed.

Space for the pipe installation must be availableinclusive the necessary insulation, therefore re-member:

The Insulation of the pipes can increase thediameter with 30-40 mm

Distance between the insulated pipes mustbe min. 50 mm.

Pipes placed in building constructions mustnot heat up or cool down each other.


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To the plumber 18

This section contains information about the installa-tion technical conditions, which shall be met in con-

nection with planning and execution of the pipeinstallations of the single-family house.

Already in the outline phase of the plan solution thearchitect has made a lot of lay out proportions,which you have to continue working from. Its yourjob to ensure, that the final installations fulfil thedemands, given in valid regulations and differentcodes, and that the installations work all right.

From the drawing appears, where you especiallyshall be careful, when you plan and execute thepipe installations.

Pipe work

In wall- and floor constructions following pipescan be built in:

Domestic water pipes made of plasticas pipe in pipe system.

Domestic water pipes made of copper. Outlets for taps. Heating pipes. Floor heating pipes. Drainage pipes.

Utility roomIn the utility room following pipes and compo-nents ought to be placed:

Heating system for the house. Domestic hot water system Manifolds for heating and domestic

water supply system. Meters for domestic water supply and

possible meter for district heating sys-tem.

Lavatory and bathroom

In separate lavatory and bathroom, followingshould be taken into consideration:

Pipes and pipe penetrations in wetzones.

Floor drains placed in shower pit. Distances between sanitary equip-

ment. Placing of possible manifolds.


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Domestic water supply and possibility for renewing 19

Principles for renewing

The Danish code of practice for domestic watersupply distinguishes between renewable installa-tions and non-renewable installations. Domesticwater installations must be made without joints inthe non-renewable part of the installation. Howeverit is allowed to make parts of the installation as non-renewable, when copper pipes or stainless steelpipes are used.PEX-pipes could be embedded in floor or wall with-out a casing pipe, if these are only used for domes-tic cold water.

The Danish code of practice for domestic water

supply defines renewable pipes in the followingway:

Renewable installations are installations, which areaccessible for repair without doing any harm to thebuilding constructions.

Non-renewable pipe installations are installations,which only can be repaired by performing an opera-tion in the building constructions.

How do you evaluate if a pipe is renew-

able?

The most important factor, when you have todecide, if a pipe is renewable, is not so muchthe installation technical aspects, as the re-spect for the building itself.If renewing of a pipe demands demolition ofwalls or breaking up floors, the pipe is non-renewable.The pipe is renewable; if it is visible or if it isaccessible for renewing by removing a coverby unscrewing few screws.

In case a pipe is insulated the demand aboutrenewing is valid for the whole pipe construc-tion that is for pipe and insulation.

Examples on renewable installations


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Space conditions for installations in utility roomand boiler room 20

The technical installations are normallyplaced in utility room or boiler room. Theroom shall be designed in a way, with suffi-cient space for all necessary componentsand additional control and service.

There must furthermore be placed a floordrain or other drains, so that water fromhigh-pressure safety valves and water fromdraining the systems can be led to the drain-age installation.

A waterproof floor must be casted belowboilers and store tanks placed directly on the

floor, so that out flowing water not penetratesthe floor construction in this place.

Solar heating

Notice, that a hot water store tank preparedfor solar heating normally takes more spacethan an ordinary domestic hot water storetank. Furthermore a hot water store tankprepared for solar heating requests morepipe connections as solar heating pipes,extra circulation pump and pressure expan-sion tank.

See also the pages 10, 31 and 32

Boiler room with the most important equipment

for technical installations. Besides the compo-nents themselves, space for the necessary pipesand smaller components as pumps etc. have tobe set aside.

Utility room or boiler room should be able tocontain following components and additionalpipe installations:

Boiler or heat exchanger for heating upthe building.

Store tank or heat exchanger for domestichot water supply.

Manifolds with shunt arrangement, regula-tion valves and pumps for floor heating orsystem with radiators.

Manifolds for domestic water supply (cold-and hot water, maybe also circulation onhot water).

Inlet of service pipes for domestic watersupply and district heating incl. meters

Wash machine and tumble dryer.


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Definitions and demands for wet rooms

Definitions on wet room zones are shown on the fig-ures.

The areas in the floor, where daily water influenceshall be expected, must have slope towards floordrain and be without depressions. These areas areshown with light blue (the wet zone) in the drawings

Pipe penetrations in wet zones

In the areas of the floor, where daily water influenceshall be expected, no vertical pipe penetration must beallowed. Where horizontal pipes penetrate the mem-branes, these penetrations have to be made water-tight.

Demands from BR95 and BR-S98

Further information: SBI-anvisning 189

The figures above show wet- and moist zonesin connection with bathtub and sink.

If a hand shower is placed in connection withwashbasin, a floor drain must be placed insidethe marked area, and slope must be made tothis. No penetrations with vertical pipes areallowed in the wet zone.

The figures above show wet- and moist zonesin connection with arrangementof showers.

The marked area shows, where the floor musthave a slope towards the floor drain. No pene-trations with vertical pipes are allowed in wetzone.


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Pathways for pipe work 22

In connection with the pathways for the pipes it isimportant to ensure, that sufficient space for every

single pipe and the legal insulation is present.

In rooms, where visible pipes are placed below theceiling, it will be necessary with a headroom of min.

1,9 m.

Pipes always have to be done inside the thermalinsulation of the building, so that heat loss will

benefit the building, and so that the pipes are notexpose to frost. This means, that the pipes alwayshave to be placed inside the insulation of the build-ing.

Space requirements for pipes incl. insulation.

BR-demand of headroom below pipes.

Pipes must be placed inside the insula-tion of building.


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Space for insulation 23Where heat-leading pipes are placed in the buildingcomponents you must have space for not onlyevery single pipe but also the insulation. Normallythe insulation increases the pipe diameter with 30-40 mm.

The domestic hot water pipes, which only supplyone tap, should not be insulated inside the room,where the tap is placed. Outside the room the pipehave to be insulated. Domestic hot water pipes,which lead water for more taps always have to beinsulated.

Pipes for a single radiator dont need to be insulatedin the same room as the radiator, if a thermostaticvalve is mounted on the radiator. The distributionpipes for more radiators always have to be insulated.

Pipes for heating and domestic hot water, that areplaced between two layers of insulating in a floorconstruction and not placed too close to each other,can be considered as legal insulated.

Are domestic coldwater pipes led together with hotwater and heating pipes, the distance between theseshould be made, so that you dont get the cold waterheated.

Necessary thickness of pipe insulationfor heating- and domestic water pipes.

Heating pipes of copper 10-15 mm. Heating pipes of steel 15 mm.

Domestic water pipes of copper 15-20mm.

Domestic water pipes of steel 20 mm.

Domestic hot water pipes in the same roomas tap, dont need to be insulated.

Pipes for a single radiator dont need to beinsulated in the same room as the radiator, if athermostatic valve is mounted on the radiator.

Heating pipes can be placed inside the insula-tion in ground deck in connection with newbuildings as shown in the drawing.


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Handling of pipe in pipe system 24

In connection with the pipe laying and the handling ofpipe in pipe system for heating and domestic water it

has to be ensured, that these are laid and fixed so,that the media pipe later can be renewed. This meansin practice, that:

The pipes must be fixed No sharp bendings on the pipes pipe All bendings and change of direction shall be

done with soft curves.

Fixing can be done with special steel clamps, whichdo not compress the casing pipe flat.

When entering the wall or leading above the floor

construction it is very important, that the bending ra-dius isnt too small. Therefore it will be suitable to usespecial bending-clamps in these places.

Remember! All pipes with hot liquid must be insu-lated.

Casing pipes can be fixed to the floor con-struction with special cable clips. The cableclips must not compress the casing pipes, sothat the media pipe cant be drawn out.

The drawing shows bending clamps that areused outside the casing pipe and ensure theright bending radius.

When entering the wall you can either usebending-clamps, which give media-pipe andcasing pipe the correct bending radius, or you

can use components, as shown above.For both types its important, that the mediapipe following can be drawn out from the cas-ing pipe.


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Principles for visible pipe installations 25

Visible pipe installations are typically used in utilityroom, boiler room and basement. Normally it will be

necessary to connect the different components asboiler, store tank and manifolds by means of visiblepipe work.

Demands for insulation of visible pipes.

Technical installation as heating and domestic hotwater must always be insulated according to theBuilding Regulations.

If the pipes are placed in places, where walkingbelow them should be possible, the Building Regu-

lations have a demand, that the headroom shall be1,9 meter below the pipes (incl. insulation).

Its important already in design and planning of thepipe pathways to consider, that pipes, which haveto be insulated, take more space than non-insulatedpipes.

The table shows pipes incl. insulation.

Pipes that are placed visible must be suspendedin a way that makes it possible to insulate them.


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Principles for pipes in skirting casing 26

Skirting cases and prefabricated panelsfor pipes.

In case it is necessary to place the pipes inside theroom, but visible pipes are not desired, then it ispossible to hide the pipes behind skirting cases.When this pathway is chosen, the pipes will still bereplaceable, but not visible.Lots of prefabricated panels are in trade, and itspossible to use skirting cases of wood as a partlyintegrated part of the building constructions.

Service shafts

It is not common to use service shafts in single-familyhouses. In buildings with 1 storey it will in somecases be necessary to find a vertical pathway forparts of the installation placed inside a service shaft.

Pipe installations led along the ceiling insidea pipe panel.

Pipe installations led along the floor in a skirt-

ing panel.


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Principles for manifold installations 27Manifold installations are chosen where domesticwater installations should be hidden on their way tothe taps. The manifold installation can either bemade as replaceable or non-replaceable, depend-ing on the pipe material that is chosen.

The manifold system have 3 principal factors:

1. The manifolds that are connected domesticcold- and hot water.Manifolds must be placedcentrally, and in a way, that possible leaks willbe discovered at once, before essential dam-age is made on building constructions.

2. Pipes without joints in building construc-tions.The pipes can either be copper pipes orPEX-pipes.

3. Outlets in wall for taps. In connection with thetaps the joints must be replaceable. Outlets inthe wet zone must be tight, so that no watercan penetrate into the building constructions.

Se also the pages 11, 12, 17, 37 and 50

Manifolds in connection with domestic hotwater supply. The connected pipes can ei-ther be copper pipes or PEX- pipes.

Pipe work in floor construction.If copper pipes are used, these could be non-replaceable. If PEX-pipes are used, thesemust be led in casing pipes.

Outlet in wall construction.The used principles for joints must be replace-able for both copper and PEX-pipes.


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Principle for heating systems 28

Pipe installations for a heating installation in a build-ing will normally be partly visible in utility room and

boiler room, but will from there be made as hiddenand most often non-replaceable. The most commonthing to do is to place the pipe installation in thefloor construction, and from there lead up the pipesto every single radiator

Building regulation and code of practice for heatingsystems have no demands for replaceable pipesand no hidden joints. But its mentioned, that hiddenjoints are not sufficient in district heating systemswith directly connection.

A lot of heating installations are nowadays made so

that the pipes are led in unbroken length as non-replaceable in the floor construction, while all jointsare made as replaceable in connection with theconnections to for example radiators or manifolds.

Concerning oxygen diffusion: see page 34

Pipe work in floor construction with joints

Pipe work from radiator to radiator without jointsin floor construction.

Pipe work from manifolds to every single radiator

without joints in floor

Pipes are led from radiator to radiator withoutjoints in the floor construction. The installationcan either be made of copper pipes or plasticpipes with oxygen membrane.

The installation can either be made of steelpipes or copper pipes. The joints are placedbelow the floor, which is legal, but not the bestsolution. By directly connected district heatingsystems this solution is not recommended,because leaks can give big damages in theconstructions.

Pipes are led unbroken from a centrally placedmanifold to every single radiator without hiddenjoints. The installation can either be made ofcopper pipes or plastic pipes with oxygen mem-brane.Manifolds must be placed above floor.


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Floor heating 29

Floor construction and floor heating

The floor construction for floor heating must fulfil BR.

demands for U-values. However, it is at the same timeadvisable, doing extra insulation to minimize the heatloss downwards. Normally this can be done with 25 %extra insulation.

Pipes for floor heating in concrete floors must beplaced in a dept of 6-10 cm in the finished concreteslap.

In a wood construction the pipes are placed just belowthe floor covering. The pipes are often placed on heatdistributing plates of aluminium.The manufacturer of the wooden floor should be con-

sulted regarding risk for following damages in thewooden floor.

The floor heating installation can either be made ofplastic pipes (PEX, PP or PB) or copper pipes. Othermaterials are not recommended.

The floor heating installation will normally be able toheat the dwelling by a heat-forward temperature of 35 40

oC.

If the floor heating installation is made of plastic pipes,these should be a type with an oxygen stop, which

prevents absorption of oxygen through the pipe wall.The oxygen stop can either be a nylon coveringplaced outside the pipe, or an aluminium casingplaced in the middle of the pipe wall.

Pipes with oxygen stop are normally signed like this:DIN 4726/9 SAUERSTOFFDICKT.

Placing of floor heating pipes in casted floorconstruction.

Structure of a floor heating construction withthe pipes placed in a wooden floor.

Structure of pipes with oxygen membrane.


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Principles for drainage installations 30

The drainage installations in the building are nor-

mally placed, so that a minimum of inconvenienceis obtained.

In houses with one ground floor the drainage pipesare normally placed in ground deck below thebuilding, and led up to every single sanitary object.The drainage must be led out of the building with aminimum depth of 0,75 m from garden level to theinside bottom level of pipe.

In buildings with more storeys, it will normally benecessary to lead the pipes through one or morerooms. Often the pipes could be led in a shaft or

pipe recess.

If drainpipes are passing living rooms or kitchen,you should either choose a pipe material that muf-fles the noise, or the pipes should be placed in asound insulated shaft. The Building Regulationsgive demands for maximum sound level.

In single family houses the local authorities willoften make demands, so that the drain installationhave to be ventilated above roof, instead of using avacuum valve. The demand is given to ventilatethe main sewer.

Drainage installations in a single family

house

Drainage installation in buildings with 1storey

Drainage installation placed in ground deckbelow the building.

In buildings with 1 storey, its necessary to finda pathway for possible installations in 2. storey.


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Boiler plant 31

Boiler plants for oil heating should be placed inutility / boiler room. Chimney or outlet from the

boiler together with necessary ventilation in theroom must be established to cover the need offresh air for the system.

Pipes and chimney passing inflammable materialmust not give higher temperatures than 80

oC on

the material.

Gas fired boilers are also placed in utility / boilerroom. By gas fired boilers its important to placeboiler, so that discharge can be established to flueor chimney. Flue can be established horizontalthrough the outer wall, but notice problems with

condensation and product of combustion.

Demands for gas systems and flue systems seeGasreglement, afsnit A.

Furthermore you should have a possibility for freshair supply to the boiler room, this must be un-closeable.

Notice!!If the boiler is placed standing on the floor, the

floor below must be waterproof, so that outflowing water cannot penetrate the floor con-struction.

Fuel- or gas fired boiler with external mountedburner. In order to allow future service youmust have a free space in front of boiler of 50 60 cm.

Fuel- or gas fired unit (boiler + hot water storetank) with incorporated equipment in cabinet.The height of a boiler can vary from 1 1.7 mdepending on manufacturer and type. In orderto allow future service you must have a freespace in front of boiler of 50 60 cm.

Gas fired boiler placed on wall. The boiler istypical placed 60 100 cm above floor level.Wall placed boilers normally have balancedflue system (double pipe). Requires spacebelow boiler for pipe work.


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Domestic hot water supply 32

Domestic hot water store tank

The store tank must be placed in a room with drain-age, so that water outflow from safety valve can beled off. Furthermore, the tank shall be placed, sothat its possible to empty the tank without damag-ing the building constructions.

The size of a hot water store tank depends on thetype of heating system. Recommended sizes areshown in the following table:The table is valid for single-family houses.

For guarantee reasons the manufacturer have de-mands about, that tanks with anode must havecontrol and possible replacement of the anodeevery second year.

Tanks prepared for solar heating

Tanks prepared for solar heating require morespace than other tanks. The tank is bigger andmore space for pipe work is necessary.

It has to be expected; that the Building Regulationsin the future give demands about installation ofsolar prepared heating tanks.

Heating system Number of litresGas fired 50 80 litreFuel fired 60 110 litreDistrict heating 80 160 litreSolar heating 160 280 litre

Traditional domestic hot water tank connecteda central heating system. The tank is placedon the wall next to heating boiler either hori-zontal or vertical. Common tank size 60 150litres. If the tank is a solar heating tank, thevolume should typical be 180 300 litres.In connection with the tank you need space forreplacement of the anode.Space for service and repair is very importantin solar heating systems as well as other sys-tems.

Domestic hot water store tank placed in bot-tom of unit for fuel or gas firing. This placing isnormal for modern boiler units. In front of theunit must be space for service and repair. Thetank size in this type of unit is typical 60 80litres.


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Heat exchanger and domestic hot water circulation 33

Heat exchangers for domestic water for districtheating can be placed in a unit, which contains

both heat exchangers for the central heatingsystem and for domestic hot water. In connec-tion with the heat exchanger should space beset aside below this for pipe installations, justas space for future service of the exchangerinside the cabinet should be set aside.

Domestic water heat exchangers must beplaced in room with drainage for the overflowfrom the safety valve of the system. The drain-age possibility could be a funnel, which above awater trap is connected to the drainage installa-tion.

If the domestic hot water tank is connectedeither solar heat or district heating the connec-tion must take place to a special branch to en-sure, that the stratification in the tank will not bedestroyed. For the sake of the energy economya timer should be mounted in connection withthe pump.

If the taps are placed a long distance from eachother, it can be necessary to establish circula-tion on domestic hot water system. This will bethe case, if it takes more than 10 seconds for

the hot water to reach the farthest tap. Thepump for circulation is normally placed in con-nection with the hot water supply.

If the system is made of copper pipes, thepump must not be too big. This will cause toohigh a water velocity and from that the followingrisk for corrosion.

Domestic water heat exchanger for district heatingwill often be built together with the ordinary districtheating exchanger, so that all components arebuilt into the same cabinet. If the system is madeas a split system, the heat exchanger for domesticwater will be placed and operated by it self.

If the water system is designed as a manifold sys-tem, there is normally no need for circulation, be-cause the waiting time is less than 10 seconds.


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Machines for washing and dishwashing 36

The washing machine of the dwelling is placed inutility room or bathroom. The machine requires con-

nection for domestic water and connection to thedrainage installation. The washing machine can eitherhave its own drainage installation with water trap orbe connected to drainage of another installation ob-ject, e.g. floor drain or similar.

The dishwasher is placed in the kitchen or utility roomof the dwelling. The machine requires connection fordomestic water and a connection to the drainage in-stallation. The drain can either be connected to thedrain of the kitchen- or utility sink, or be led to an in-dependent drain above a water trap.

Demands are made about, that washing machinesand dishwashers must be placed on a waterproofbedplate, in case they are not provided with a specialsecuring against out streaming water. The bedplatecould possible be an underlay, which leads possibleout streaming water forward in front of the machine.

Machines with special securing can be placed any-where.

Washing machines and dishwashers that are sold inDenmark must be approved according to EN 50 084.

Hose connections for washing machines and dish-washers must be VA-approved, and must not have alength exceeding 2 meters. The hose must be withfactory-mounted couplings.

flood securing

Flood securing that interrupt the water sup-ply by abnormal water streams e.g. by hoseleaks.

solenoid valve

Flood securing based on level control inbedplate below washing machines anddishwashers and also shut-off by means ofsolenoid valve.


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Manifolds for domestic water 37

For manifold installations are used either copperpipes or plastic pipes led in casing pipes.

Manifolds for domestic water must be VA-approved.The manifolds have to be placed, so that possibleleaks in the pipes or joints will be discovered atonce, e.g. if water flows up from the casing pipe.

To ensure that there is a correct report in connec-tion with a possible leak, the casing pipes in pipe inpipe systems should be led at least 20 cm up abovefinished floor. The floor around the pipes must betight.

The manifolds must be placed, so that it is possible

unhindered to inspect them. This means, e.g. thatthey must not be placed in the plinth of a cupboardor in a recess in the floor construction.

In connection with the placing of the manifolds ithas to be ensured, that sufficient space around thepipes will be present, so that the installation latercan be controlled and possible service be made.

If the manifolds are placed in a cabinet in the wall,the cabinet must have a solid and waterproof bot-tom, so that possible out-leaking water cannotpenetrate to the wall.

Embedded water pipes must be made withoutjoints. Where the installation is made with PEX-pipes

in casing pipes, it must be secured, that thecasing pipe is at least 20 cm above the fin-ished floor, and the concrete must be castedtight around the pipes.

Necessary space conditions for installation of

manifold installations for domestic water-

Where the manifolds are placed in a cabinet,this must have a waterproof bottom.

Measurement in cm

Measurement in cm


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Outlets for taps 38

Depending on which material that is used for thepipe installation there are different solution models

in connection with outlets in the wall construction.Following from the Building Regulations must beremembered:

In the water charged part of a wet room pipepenetrations are not allowed.

Walls and wall coverings and also joints, con-nections, pipe penetrations and alike must bewaterproof in the water charged part of theroom.

These rules make special demands for the pipepenetrations, which necessarily must be made e.g.in connection with a shower niche, a bathtub etc.

By the penetration of the membrane of the walltightness must be re-established like the original.There are several solutions, which fulfil this.

Is the installation made as pipe in pipe instal-lation with PEX-pipes, a solution as the hereshown could be used, also if it is a lightweightconstruction. The shown solution form part ofa membrane, which secures, that no watercan penetrate into the wall. The joint between

PEX-pipe and coupling takes place inside thecoupling box, and by a possible leak the outflowing water will be led through the casingpipe forward to the manifold. It is possible toseparate the coupling box, so that later canget access to the coupling and possibly re-place this one.

Where the pipe installation is made as mani-fold installation with copper pipes, a solution

as the here shown could be used also inconnection with a plasterboard wall con-struction. The solution form part of morethan rubber seal rings, also a membranethat secures, that no water can penetrateinto the wall. The joint between copper pipeand coupling takes place outside the wallconstruction. By a possible leak the outflowing water will be led outside the wallconstruction.


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Manifolds for heating 39

In connection with manifolds for heating there areno demands for placing and report by leaks. The

manifolds should however be placed in the sameway as manifolds for domestic water.

The manifold consists of a main pipe with connec-tion possibilities for the pipes, which are led forwardto the single components or installation object.

Pumps and automatics

In connection with the placing of manifolds for heat-ing- and floor heating installations, there should be besides the demands for space conditions for themanifolds and pipe connections space also forpumps, valves and automatics.

Manifold central intended for floor heatingsystem in the whole building. There will beboth a pump and temperature control forevery single floor-heating circle.

Manifolds intended for central heating withradiators. The pipes are led from the mani-fold forward to every single radiator. Softsteel pipes, copper pipes or PEX-pipes withmembrane could be used.

Manifolds intended for a smaller floor heatinstallation.


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Floor drains 40

It is important, that sufficient slope towards the floordrain is made. You do not need floor drains in bath-

rooms and in rooms with taps that are not placedabove an installation object or a floor drain. Thefloor drain should be placed, so that it subsequentlyis easy to clean it. You have to ensure, that thechosen floor drain type fits the actual floor construc-tion.

The floor drain must be mounted according to theinstructions of the manufacturer. The height sitingmust be OK and membranes etc. correctlymounted.

Connections to the side inlets in the floor drain must

be made with VA-approved connection nipples. Notused side inlets must be corked up.

Floor drains that are placed in a light floor construc-tion must be secured, so that they can stand thevertical loads, which arise, when you walk on thefloor.

Floor drains placed in a concrete floor must beled to the surface of the floor.

Floor drains in light constructions must besecured, so that they can stand, that you walkon them.

By connection of side inlets must be used VA-approved connection couplings. Not used sideinlets must be corked up.

There must be sufficient slope towards thefloor drain, and no depressions are allowed.


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Domestic water meter installation 41

All domestic water installations must nowadays beprovided with a meter for the water consumption.

It is the local water supply company that mustapprove the placing of the meter. The installedmeter is property of the supply company.

The domestic water meter must be installed, sothat it is easy to read and replace it. This means,that it must not be placed in cupboards, belowtables and similar.Regular reading of the water meter can ensurethe user against leaks and water waste.

In the following sketches are shown the spacedemands, which are made for placing of a water

meter.

In single cases the water supply company accept,that the water meter is placed in a meter well out-side the building, but in general the demand is,that it should be placed inside the building.

The meter must be placed, so that it will notsubsequently be exposed for damage.

Placing of domestic water meter in room. It isimportant, that the meter can be read and re-placed.

a. max. 0,4 mb. min 1,0 m for pipe dimensions up to 32 mmb. min. 1,8 m for pipe dimensions bigger than 32 mmc. min. 2 x meter dimension

The above drawing states the distances, whichare necessary to be able to replace the meterand to ensure, that this will not be kept in press.


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Heating meters for district heating 42

In buildings heated with district heating, you mustinstall a meter for the district-heating consump-

tion. It is the district heating contractor, who de-cides the placing and type of meter. A lot of dis-trict heating units have been prepared for a meter,which will satisfy the demands of the district-heating contractor.If a split system is made, the meter should be builtin with sensors according to a drawing that will bedelivered from the heating contractor. Most me-ters that are used for settling of the district heatingconsumption are electronic, and in certain areasare used meters, which can be read in a cup-board outside the building in the same way aselectricity consumption.

The heating meter inclusive the necessary pipeswill normally require space as shown in the draw-ings.

Space demands for pipe installation aroundmeter and sensors

Space demands in connection with the meterand the pipe installations, when the meter isplaced on the wall.

All measures in mm


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Check list for the certified plumber 43

By planning of the installation

Remember Description

Are main components placed, so that they subse-quently can be repaired?

At least 60 cm must be set aside in front of oiland gas heated systems for service.

Space must be made, so that the anode of thedomestic hot water tank can be replaced.

Pumps and automatics must be able to get ser-vice.

Are manifolds for domestic hot water placed, so thatthey give report about possible leaks?

Manifolds must be placed, so that they can beinspected without difficulty.

The casing pipes must be finished at least 20 cmabove floor surface, so that possible out-flowingwater is discovered at once.

Will the chosen systems for the domestic waterinstallation fit the wet room constructions in thewater charged zone?(SBI 180 and supplement to BRS-98)

Vertical pipe penetrations must not be found inthe water charged zone.

Outlets for taps must fit the chosen wall con-struction.

Have floor drains been chosen, so that they fit thefloor construction especially in the water charged

zone?

In floor constructions with membranes the floordrain must be fit for building into these. Possible

make control with the manufacturers directionsfor the floor drain.

Have material combinations for domestic waterinstallations been chosen, so that they later willgenerate corrosion damages?

Copper pipes always have to come after galva-nized steel pipes.

Change between copper and steel in the mainpipe must be provided with an ion trap.

Stainless steel only should be used, if the chlo-ride content in the water is < 150 mg/l.

Have the main pathways been chosen, so that pos-sible heat loss from the pipes will benefit the build-ing.

Main pipes must be placed inside the weatherscreen of the building, this means inside the in-sulation. Main pipes should not be placed in at-tics and inside crawl space. If this nevertheless isthe case, they must be insulated inside theweather screen.


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45

Have floor-heating pipes been made and fixed, sothat no damages can take place in connection withthe casting of the floor?

The floor-heating pipes should normally be laidout on a steel reinforcement net. They are fixedeither with special binding wire or with finished

clips. In certain finished systems the pipes arepressed down in traces in insulation plates.

Have correct coupling boxes / wall penetrations fordomestic water in water charged zones been used?

If you have a demand on a membrane in the wallconstruction, where the coupling box / wall pene-tration penetrate this, a coupling box must beused or a penetration with built in membrane.

Has it been secured, that penetrations of the wetroom membranes have not taken place in connec-tion with mounting of other components?

Pipe holders for visible pipes must not bescrewed through the wet room membranes.

Are the pipe installations placed, so that renewablepipes later can be replaced?

Replaceable pipes must be placed in a pathway,so that it is possible to remove cover plates orsimilar without doing any harm to the buildingconstructions.

Casing pipes must be laid out and fixed, so thatthey have no breaks or similar, that do, that themedia pipe cannot be drawn out later.

Are the pipe installations placed in their pathways,

so that make reports by possible leaks?

If pipes are placed in pipe panels, shafts or simi-

lar, they must be made, so that out flowing wateris discovered at once.

Is the size of the chosen pathway sufficient for thechosen pipe installation?

The outline of the pathway must be, so that youhave space for legal insulation of the pipe instal-lation. This means for smaller pipes, that the out-side pipe diameter will be 2 3 times bigger.

Are the heating pipes and domestic hot water pipesregular insulated?

Heating pipes and domestic hot water pipes thatare used, as distribution pipes always have to be

insulated.


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Legislation for services 46

By planning of new installations it is important, thatexisting codes of practice and directions are re-spected. In this section are explained about theregulations, codes of practice and directions, whichmust be followed in connection with projecting andexecution of services.

In the following are mentioned codes of practice fromIngenirforeningen Danmark and Dansk Stan-dard. From the regulations is referred to thesecodes, which at present are the codes that are validfor installations in the building activities.

DS 432, Code of practice for drainage installa-tions

This code gives the rules for design and installationof drainage installations in buildings and belowground in private property.

DS 439, Code of practice for water installations

This code gives the rules for design and execution ofwater installations in buildings and below ground inprivate property. A substantial condition that is statedin this code is, that it is not allowed to have joints inthe non-replaceable part of a water pipe.

DS 452, Code of practice for thermal insulation oftechnical installations

This code gives the rules for insulation of the installa-tions that are placed in the building. This code couldhave meaning in relation to the space conditions forthe different installation objects.

DS 469, Code of practice for heating systemswith water as heat conducting fluid

This code gives the demands for the thermal indoorclimate and rules for design and execution of heatingsystems in buildings.

Arbejdstilsynets publications no. 42 and 58

In these publications are given the demands for se-curity equipment and safety pipes in heating sys-tems. These conditions could have meaning for

boiler and service room concerning arrangement andlay out.

Gas regulations

The gas regulations give the rules for gas-heatedsystems, their arrangement and placing and chim-ney- and outlet conditions. Especially the rules havemeaning for the possibilities you have for placing andarrangement of boiler room / service room.

The Building law

The Building law is the administrative law thatregulates all building activity in Denmark. TheBuilding law doesnt give direct rules about,how the building activities should be plannedand carried out. In chapter 5 of the law is re-

ferred to, that the Ministry of Housing can workout a Building Regulation, and that this mustbe based on existing standards and codes ofpractice within the building activity.

The Building RegulationsBR 95 & BRS 98

At present we have two valid building regula-tions, the ordinary building regulation, BR 95and the regulation for small houses BRS 98. In

both regulations are special sections, whichspecify conditions in relation to the services ofthe building.

In BR 95 it is chapter 12 of the regulation,which refer to codes of practice and directionsfor services.

In BRS 98 it is chapter 7, which refer to codesof practice and directions for services.

In both regulations are, besides references todifferent codes of practice, some direct rules,

that have relation to services. One of the mostessential in this connection is the condition forpenetrations by installations in the watercharged part of a wet room.

BR 95 7.4.1d and BRS 98 4.6.1d say: In thewater charged part of the room must not bemade pipe penetrations in the floor.


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47

SBI directions

In connection with the codes there are a lot of SBIdirections, which aim to give instructions and ex-amples on projecting, arrangement and executionof installations. The SBI directions cannot be re-garded as a directly part of the demands of Thebuilding Regulations, but should to a great extentbe used as foundation. Following SBI directions arerelevant in connection with installations:

SBI direction 165, Water installations

SBI direction 185, Drainage installations

SBI direction 169, Wet rooms of the building

SBI direction 180, Examples on wet rooms of

buildings. This is a collection of examples fromdirection 169.

VA- approvals

The VA-approvals are prepared by the Ministry ofHousing. The approvals include all materials andcomponents that are built into water- and drainageinstallations. Furthermore the regulations in theapprovals in connection with treatment of a buildingcase must be regarded in the same way as thedemands in the building regulations.

Excepted from the rules for approval are certainproducts that are mentioned in the circular for ap-proval agreement, and also linked products that aremeant for installation in a single installation.

Examples on VA-approvals

VA 1.12/DK to VA 1.14/DK Pipes and fittingsVA 1.22/DK to VA 1.26/DK Joints and solder fluxesVA 2.41/DK to VA 2.42/DK Water traps and floor drains

MK-approvals

This approval agreement includes materials andconstructions in the building act. For the area of in-stallations special referring could be made to materi-als and constructions that take part of wet rooms andwet room coverings.

Law no. 250, Law for authorization with addition-ally regulations

This law says that work with gas; water and drainageinstallations alone must be made of companies andpersons that have acquired authorization as Gas,Water- and Sanitary master Certificated plumber.

The law concerns primarily the relations between theauthorized company and the supply company or thelocal authorities.

For buildings that have their own water supply, thelaw is not valid in relation to the water installations ofthe building.

The electrical power regulations

The electrical power regulations should only be men-tioned here, because it can have a meaning for plac-ing of parts of the installations of the building near toswitchboards or other electrical installations.


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Examples for thought 48

Example 1:

If not already in connection with arrangement ofthe plan solution of the house space for installa-tions is set aside, the plumber must subsequentlytry to cram everything down into a broom cup-board.

If service or repair will become necessary, bigparts of the installation in this example must beremoved.Furthermore no floor is casted below the cup-board. Out flowing water will therefore be able topenetrate into the floor construction.

In this example it has been necessary to com-press all pipe installations, gas boiler and gasmeter in a 60 x 60 x 180 cm cupboard which isall too small space.


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49

Example 2:

From the picture you can see, that no casting of atight floor has been made, and that the casingpipes on the water pipes have not been led upabove the concrete. Out-flowing water will there-fore be able to flow out into the floor constructionwithout being discovered.

Segment of a pipe installation with manifolds fordomestic water and floor heating, inlet of watermain pipe and water meter, and also pumps forfloor heating and hot water circulation.


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Example 3:

No casting around the pipes has been made,and therefore it has not been possible to makea tight surface, e.g. in the shape of tile coveringaround the pipes. The manifolds are not fixed.

Manifold installation for the floor heat placed inbathroom outside the wet zone.

heating systems - spaces

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