heating rate effect on slow cook-off response...bangalore torpedo baseline sco testing (repeat) he...
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Heating Rate Effect on
Slow Cook-Off Response
E.L. Baker, T. Madsen, N. Al-Shehab, D. Pfau, B.E. Fuchs U.S. Army ARDEC
Picatinny, NJ 07806-5000, USA
D. Hunter GD– OTS Niceville, FL 32578
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Army IM Efforts
• There are many current Army IM efforts
attempting to satisfy the arbitrarily
difficult standard of the 6˚F/hr heating
rate.
• This leads to additional challenges for
designers attempting to achieve system
requirements, both performance and IM.
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System Design Challenges Examples
• IM solutions for 6˚F/hr can produce overall system failures
• Larger/more complicated venting schemes reduce structural integrity (e.g. gun launch/ bash-through)
• Designing to pass 6˚F/hr SCO potentially means overlooking solutions for a 50˚F/hr heating rate.
• If the decomposition rate of an energetic is slower than the rate at which heat can be given off to the environment, there is a potential for a less violent reaction at 6˚F/hr. Conversely utilizing the same design on 50˚F/hr would result in a much more violent reaction.
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Slow Cook Off Data
• A large set of data currently exists for a variety
of Army systems in development.
• This data set includes both the 6˚F/hr and
50˚F/hr heating rates.
• Experimental data can give direct comparisons
of heating rates within a given subset of
munitions to illustrate the difference in
responses due to cook off.
• While a single correlation cannot be stated (i.e.
slower heating rate : more vent area), there are
undeniable differences in responses of munitions
when subjected to different heating rates.
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• Hotspot = where self-heating occurs, i.e., explosive begins to burn in self
sustaining reaction
• 50 deg F/hr
• Hotspot forms on or near the surface
• Surface burn allows gases to escape through vents
• 6 deg F/hr
• Hot spot forms on billet centerline below the surface
• Hot gases trapped inside the billet
50 deg/hr
6 deg/hr
XM982 Excalibur Thermal Analysis
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Relevant IM Technologies
• Subsequent data will illustrate the use of
various IM technologies.
• Venting
• Vent liners
• Plastic
• Metal
• Meltable adapters
• Utilizing analog test setups to illustrate proof of
principle of designs
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XM982 - Excalibur 6ºF/hr 50ºF/hr
Baseline Sub-scale III
Subscale 2x Liner V
Subscale Reactive Vent III
Full Scale 2x liner I V/III
Full Scale 1.5x liner III
Full Scale 1.75x liner III
XM982 50ºF/hr vs. 6ºF/hr
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XM982 Testing (Sub-scale)
TYPE III TYPE III
50ºF/hr
UNCLASSIFIED
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9
XM982 Testing (Full-scale) Double Thickness Liner
TYPE III
SETUP
RESULT
TYPE V
50ºF/hr UNCLASSIFIED
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XM982 Testing (Full-scale)
TYPE III
SETUP
RESULT
1.5X Liner 1.75X Liner
TYPE III
50ºF/hr
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XM982 Controlled Thermal Venting
Thicker Melt Liner
•Thicker melt liner venting design demonstrated
on sub-scale test fixture (scaled 2/3)
•Thermal modeling conducted to design test and
to determine hot spots
•Liner technology tested in full-scale hardware
Double Thickness Liner
(Sub-scale)
Double Thickness Liner
(Full-scale)
TYPE V
Test 1
TYPE V
Test 2
TYPE III
50ºF/hr
Front View of Hot Gas Venting
Test 1
UNCLASSIFIED
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Detonation OccurredPlastic
XM982 Controlled Thermal Venting
Thickest Melt Liner (0.225”)
Test 1 Test 2
Plastic
Puddle of
Plastic
6ºF/hr UNCLASSIFIED
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120mm IMX-104 50ºF/hr vs. 6ºF/hr
120mm Mortar (Venting) 6ºF/hr 50ºF/hr
Unfilled Adapter V V
Reduced Thread III V
Adapter V2 V/III
Interrupted Thread (0.5) II
Interrupted Thread (0.75) V*
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120mm Mortar with Unfilled Adapter Ring V2 Test Photos
6ºF/hr
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120mm Mortar with Reduced Thread Adapter PM-CAS Funded (IMX-104)
50ºF/hr
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120mm Mortar with Filled Adapter Ring V2 Test 1 Photos
Type V
6ºF/hr
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120mm Mortar with Filled Adapter Ring V2 Test 2 Results
Type III
6ºF/hr UNCLASSIFIED
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120mm Mortar Reduced Thread Adapter PM-CAS funded (IMX-104)
6ºF/hr
Type III
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IMX-104 120mm Mortar
TYPE V
50ºF/hr
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IMX-104 120mm Mortar Interrupted Thread 0.75”
TYPE V
6ºF/hr
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Bangalore Torpedo 50ºF/hr vs. 6ºF/hr
Bangalore Torpedo 6ºFhr 50ºFhr
Baseline V
Baseline V
Quad Pack (1 live) V
Quad Pack (4 live) V
8 Pack (8 Live) I V
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Bangalore Torpedo Baseline SCO Testing
Ignition (booster) Burning
Post Test Type 5?
160ºF soak, 50ºF/hr
383ºF
Pre-ignition (much HE runs out)
50ºF/hr
Test Setup (Bangalore in oven)
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Bangalore Torpedo Baseline SCO Testing (Repeat)
HE Flows from Endcap
160ºF soak, 50ºF/hr
Bulge in Endcap
Item propelled toward camera Booster Igniting 50º
F/hr
Test Setup (Bangalore in oven)
TYPE V
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Bangalore Torpedo Quad pack (1 live, 3 inert)
Test Setup (Bangalore in oven)
TYPE V
50ºF/hr UNCLASSIFIED
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Bangalore Torpedo
TYPE V
Test Setup (Bangalores in oven)
Quad pack (4 live) 8-pack (8 live)
50ºF/hr UNCLASSIFIED
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Bangalore Torpedo
TYPE I
6ºF/hr
Test Setup
8-pack (8 live)
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Overall Comparison
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Difficulty of 6˚F/hr Prompts Complex Solutions
• Complex solutions are generally necessary
to pass the 6˚F/hr requirement
• Maximum Venting Area
• Not always a possibility
• Active Venting
• Utilizes shaped charges or other techniques
to provide venting
• Thermally Initiated Venting System
• Utilizes additional energetic that reacts at a
lower temperature than main fill to cause
surface ignition
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We Should be Designing for Realistic Heating Rates
• As can be seen by the preceding data, there
exists a real difference in energetic
responses from one heating rate to the next.
• Assessments of realistic heating rates and
lower bound heating rate estimates for a
given munition system could provide
important information in order to provide
practical real improvements of Insensitive
Munitions response.