heat pumps in buildings - state of the art jos w.j. bouma ec workshop malmö, 6-7 sept. 2001

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Heat Pumps in Buildings - State of the art Jos W.J. Bouma EC Workshop Malmö, 6-7 Sept. 2001

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Heat Pumps in Buildings - State of the art

Jos W.J. Bouma

EC Workshop Malmö, 6-7 Sept. 2001

Presentation outline

• Market review

• Technology review

• International R&D

• Building-related R&D

• Conclusions

World demand for small air conditioners and heat pumps

Heat pump market (2000)

Region Residential Commercial/institutional

Europe 4.5 million > 1.5 million

USA 15 million 4 million

Asia 87 million 10 million

World 110 million 15 million

Market characteristics Europe

• Widely diverse

• Different maturity

• Early stage of development (except: SE, ES, I, GR)

• Relevant factors:

• climate

• co-existence cooling/heating demand

• electricity/fossil fuel price ratio

Residential heat pump market Europe

Country Size range (1999)

NL, NO, UK, FI 500 - 25,000

DK, CH 25,000 - 60,000

AT, F 60,000 - 150,000

DE. GR, I, ES, SE > 150,000

Annual sales residential heat pumps

Country Sales (1999)

DK, FI, NL, UK 500 - 1,000

AT, DE, NO 1,000 - 5,000

F, CH 5,000 - 10,000

SE 20,000

ES, GR 90,000

I 135,000

Heat pump technology

• Electric compression: virtually all appliances

• Gas absorption: field test/limited available

• Refrigerants: HCFC-22, HFC-134a, HFC-407C, HFC- 410A and hydrocarbons (Europe)

Heat pump heat sources

• Air-cooled (Air-to-air): 77%

• Ground-coupling growing (CH, SE, AT: 40, 65, 82%)

• Ventilation air (NO, SE: 41, 30%)

Heat pump heat sinks

• Air (Mediterranean countries)

• Water

• floor/wall

• radiators

• fan coils

Heat pump space heating

World 0 - 10%

Japan 28%

Europe 0 - 5%

International heat pump R&D

• EC

• IEA

• ASHRAE

• 21-CR (ARTI)

• ECO Energy City Project (Japan)

Driving forces for R&D

• Environmental concern and international agreements: MP; KP (governments/societies/industry/utilities)

• (Lack of) energy resources/energy efficiency (governments/societies)

• Market share (industry)

• Retaining customers (utilities)

in common: CHANGE

Key areas for heat pump R&D

• Working fluids

• N.America/Japan

• (Parts of) Europe

• Performance improvement

• Initial cost reduction

• Proper design and installation

• Indoor environmental quality

• Widening of application

Main R&D thrust USA/Japan

US

• Energy efficiency and maximising energy productivity

• New refrigerants (minimum loss), absorption technology; ground source systems, ARTI: 21-CR

Japan

• Ice/water thermal storage heat pumps

• EEC (recovery, conversion, transport, controls etc.)

IEA Framework

IEA heat pump R&D

• Annex 25: Year-round residential space conditioning systems using heat pumps

• Annex 26: Advanced supermarket refrigeration/heat recovery systems

• Annex 27: Selected issues on CO2 as working fluid in compression systems

• Annex 28: Sorption heat recovery systems - market and environmental impact for cooling and heating

21 CR R&D programme - ARTI

• Alternatives for compression cycles for HVAC&R

• High-efficiency components (materials, HX etc.)

• System integration (controls, building elements etc.)

• Indoor environmental quality

• Environmentally sound refrigerants

ECO Energy City concept - Japan

ECO Energy City project

• Waste heat powered double-effect metal hydrate heat pump for 45ºC and 7ºC (Matsushita)

• Multi-fuel gas cycle (helium) heat pump system for -10ºC , 7ºC , 45ºC and 80ºC (Kubota)

• Residential air-source heat pump for heating and cooling using natural refrigerants (Hitachi)

• Ice making heat pumps (hybrid and absorption)

Building-related heat pump R&D (1)

• Optimised heat pump operation through integral controls (SE)

• Pulse width modulation controls (CH)

• Standardised hydronic heat distribution systems (CH)

• Swiss retrofit heat pump (CH)

• new cycles/high lift/reduced cost/controls

• small (natural) refrigerant charge

Prototype high temperature lift retrofit heat pump - CH

Building-related heat pump R&D (2)

• Residential CO2 heat pump (NO)

• Commercial CO2 heat pump water heater (70-80°C)

• Thermophysical properties of supercritical CO2 in micro-channel tubes (NO)

• Development of 2-stage semi-hermetic CO2 compressor (NO)

• Residential heating-only diffusion absorption heat pump (NL)

Residential diffusion absorption heat pump - NL

Building-related heat pump R&D (3)

• Residential solar assisted, ground-coupled integrated heat pump (NL)

• Integrated heating-only modular heat pump (NL)

Solar-assisted residentialheat pump - NL

The The systemsystem in a house in a house

The heatpump unit 1The heatpump unit 1

TwoTwo compressors, compressors,

Condensor,Condensor,

EvaporatorEvaporator,,

Electronic expansionElectronic expansion

valve valve,,

MultiMulti valvevalve,,

Steering Steering electronicselectronics,,

Conclusions

Building-related heat pump R&D should focus on:

• improved, standardized equipment

• retrofit applications

• building and system integration

• low temperature heat distribution

• cost savings (equipment & installation)

• high indoor air quality and comfort

• improved deployment