heart – surface anatomyheart – surface anatomy

name thesename these

right atriumright atrium

left atriumleft atrium

right ventricleright ventricle

left ventricleleft ventricle

the heartthe heart 1. Innominate 1. Innominate

(brachiocephalic) artery(brachiocephalic) artery 2. Aortic arch2. Aortic arch 3. Ligamentum arteriosum3. Ligamentum arteriosum 4. Superior vena cava4. Superior vena cava 5. Right atrium5. Right atrium 6. Right coronary artery6. Right coronary artery 7. Right atrium7. Right atrium 8. Inferior vena cava8. Inferior vena cava 9. Apex of heart9. Apex of heart10. Right ventricle10. Right ventricle11. Left coronary artery11. Left coronary artery12. Left ventricle12. Left ventricle13. Left atrium13. Left atrium14. Pulmonary trunk14. Pulmonary trunk15. Left subclavian artery15. Left subclavian artery16. Left common carotid 16. Left common carotid

arteryartery

posterior heartposterior heart 1. Left common carotid a.1. Left common carotid a.

2. Left subclavian a.2. Left subclavian a.

3. Aortic arch3. Aortic arch

4. Left pulmonary artery4. Left pulmonary artery

5. Left pulmonary veins5. Left pulmonary veins

6. Cut edge of 6. Cut edge of pericardiumpericardium

7. Left atrium7. Left atrium

8. Inferior vena cava 8. Inferior vena cava

9. Right atrium9. Right atrium

10. Right pulmonary veins10. Right pulmonary veins

11. Right pulmonary 11. Right pulmonary arteryartery

12. Superior vena cava12. Superior vena cava

13. Innominate 13. Innominate (brachiocephalic) artery(brachiocephalic) artery

heart dissectionheart dissection

1.1. Superior and Superior and inferior vena cava inferior vena cava into right atriuminto right atrium

2.2. Rt ventricle and Rt ventricle and pulmonary arterypulmonary artery

3.3. Pulmonary veins Pulmonary veins and Lt atriumand Lt atrium

4.4. Lt ventricleLt ventricle

name the part withname the part with **

Interventricular septumInterventricular septumInterventricular sulcusInterventricular sulcusLeft atrioventricular valveLeft atrioventricular valveLigamentum arteriosumLigamentum arteriosumPapillary musclePapillary musclePectinate musclesPectinate musclesPulmonary trunkPulmonary trunkPulmonary valvePulmonary valvePulmonary veinPulmonary veinRight atrioventricular valveRight atrioventricular valveSeptomarginal trabeculumSeptomarginal trabeculumSuperior vena cavaSuperior vena cava

and this and this ** is is

bicuspid valvebicuspid valve

tricuspid valvetricuspid valve

pulmonary pulmonary semilunar valvesemilunar valve

aortic semilunar aortic semilunar valvevalve

CT of heartCT of heart

1.1. Right atrium Right atrium

2.2. Right ventricle Right ventricle

3.3. Left ventricle Left ventricle

4.4. Left atrium Left atrium

5.5. Descending Descending aorta aorta

impulse-conducting impulse-conducting systemsystem

1.  Sinus node 1.  Sinus node (sinoatrial node) (sinoatrial node)

2. Atrioventricular 2. Atrioventricular nodenode

3. Right atrium3. Right atrium4. Right ventricle4. Right ventricle5. Left ventricle5. Left ventricle6. Bundle of His 6. Bundle of His

(atrioventricular)(atrioventricular)6a. Right branch6a. Right branch6b. Left Branch6b. Left Branch7. Left atrium7. Left atrium

bloodblood

blood functionsblood functions

Blood performs two major functions: Blood performs two major functions: transport through the body of transport through the body of

oxygen and carbon dioxide oxygen and carbon dioxide food molecules (glucose, lipids, amino acids) food molecules (glucose, lipids, amino acids) Ions (e.g., NaIons (e.g., Na++, Ca, Ca2+2+, HCO, HCO33

--) ) wastes (e.g., urea) wastes (e.g., urea) hormones hormones heatheat

defense of the body against infections and defense of the body against infections and other foreign materials. All the WBCs other foreign materials. All the WBCs participate in these defenses.participate in these defenses.

blood is a liquid tissueblood is a liquid tissue Suspended in the watery Suspended in the watery plasmaplasma are seven are seven

types of cells and cell fragments. types of cells and cell fragments. red blood cellsred blood cells ( (RBCRBCs) or s) or erythrocyteserythrocytes plateletsplatelets or or thrombocytesthrombocytes five kinds of five kinds of white blood cellswhite blood cells ( (WBCWBCs) or s) or

leukocytesleukocytes Three kinds of Three kinds of granulocytesgranulocytes

neutrophilsneutrophils eosinophilseosinophils basophilsbasophils

Two kinds of leukocytes without granules Two kinds of leukocytes without granules in their cytoplasm in their cytoplasm

lymphocyteslymphocytes monocytesmonocytes

bloodblood

If one takes a sample If one takes a sample of blood, treats it with of blood, treats it with an agent to prevent an agent to prevent clotting, and spins it in clotting, and spins it in a centrifuge, a centrifuge, the red cells settle to the red cells settle to the bottom the bottom the white cells settle the white cells settle on top of them on top of them forming the "buffy forming the "buffy coat".coat".

spun bloodspun blood

When you spin blood When you spin blood in a centrifuge, the in a centrifuge, the red cells go to the red cells go to the bottom of the bottom of the container, and the container, and the white cells and white cells and platelets to the platelets to the middle, leaving the middle, leaving the yellowish plasma at yellowish plasma at the top.the top.

PlasmaPlasma is the straw-colored is the straw-colored liquid in which the blood cells liquid in which the blood cells are suspended. are suspended.

Composition of blood plasma Composition of blood plasma

Component- PercentComponent- Percent Water~92Water~92 Proteins 6-8Proteins 6-8 Salts 0.8Salts 0.8 Lipids 0.6Lipids 0.6 Glucose (blood sugar) 0.1Glucose (blood sugar) 0.1

plasmaplasma

Plasma transports materials needed by Plasma transports materials needed by cells and materials that must be cells and materials that must be removed from cells:removed from cells: various ions (Navarious ions (Na++, Ca, Ca2+2+, HCO, HCO33

--, etc. , etc. glucose and traces of other sugars glucose and traces of other sugars amino acids amino acids other organic acids other organic acids cholesterol and other lipids cholesterol and other lipids hormones hormones urea and other wastesurea and other wastes

red blood cells red blood cells (erythrocytes)(erythrocytes)the most numerous type in the blood and are the most numerous type in the blood and are responsible for the transport of responsible for the transport of oxygenoxygen and and carbon dioxidecarbon dioxide

• Women average about 4.8 Women average about 4.8 million of these cells per cubic million of these cells per cubic millimeter (mmmillimeter (mm33; which is the ; which is the same as a microliter [µl]) of same as a microliter [µl]) of blood). blood).

• Men average about 5.4 x 10Men average about 5.4 x 1066 per µl. per µl.

• These values can vary over These values can vary over quite a range depending on quite a range depending on such factors as health, and such factors as health, and altitude. (Peruvians living at altitude. (Peruvians living at 18,000 feet may have as 18,000 feet may have as many as 8.3 x 10many as 8.3 x 1066 RBCs per RBCs per µl.)µl.)

whole bloodwhole blood1. Plasma 50 %1. Plasma 50 %

1a. Water 90 % (45 %)1a. Water 90 % (45 %)

1b. Proteins 8 % (4 %)1b. Proteins 8 % (4 %)

1c. Organic acids 1 % (0.5 1c. Organic acids 1 % (0.5 %)%)

1d. Salts 1 % (0.5 %)1d. Salts 1 % (0.5 %)

2. Blood cells 45 %2. Blood cells 45 %

2a. Erythrocytes 44 %2a. Erythrocytes 44 %

2b. Leukocytes & platelets 2b. Leukocytes & platelets 1 %1 %

white blood cellswhite blood cellsare much less numerous are much less numerous than red (the ratio between than red (the ratio between the two is around 1:700), the two is around 1:700), have nuclei, have nuclei, participate in protecting the participate in protecting the body from infection, body from infection, consist of consist of lymphocyteslymphocytes and and monocytesmonocytes with with relatively clear cytoplasm, relatively clear cytoplasm, and three types of and three types of granulocytesgranulocytes, whose , whose cytoplasm is filled with cytoplasm is filled with granules.granules.

LymphocytesLymphocytes

After neutrophils, lymphocytes are After neutrophils, lymphocytes are the most numerous of the the most numerous of the circulating leukocytes. The normal circulating leukocytes. The normal range count is 1000 - 4800/µL. range count is 1000 - 4800/µL. Their life span may vary from Their life span may vary from several days to a lifetime (as for several days to a lifetime (as for memory lymphocytes). memory lymphocytes). Lymphocytes 1) can move back Lymphocytes 1) can move back and forth between the vessels and forth between the vessels and the extravascular tissues, 2) and the extravascular tissues, 2) are capable of reverting to blast-are capable of reverting to blast-like cells, and 3) when so like cells, and 3) when so transformed, can multiply as the transformed, can multiply as the immunologic need arises. immunologic need arises.

lymphocyteslymphocytes

Each of the white blood Each of the white blood cell types has a task in cell types has a task in helping the body fight helping the body fight infections. The infections. The lymphocytes help lymphocytes help create antibodies that create antibodies that attack the invaders and attack the invaders and mark them for mark them for destruction by the destruction by the neutrophils, monocytes neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages.and macrophages.

monocytesmonocytes

largest cell type largest cell type seen in blood seen in blood smears, and smears, and constitute 5 to 8% constitute 5 to 8% of total leukocytes. of total leukocytes. Their nuclei are not Their nuclei are not multilobular like multilobular like granulocytes, but granulocytes, but may be deeply may be deeply indented or U-indented or U-shapedshaped

monocytes monocytes

The normal range The normal range for the monocyte for the monocyte count is 200 - 950 count is 200 - 950 /µL. /µL.

                         

neutrophils- neutrophils- the most abundant WBCthe most abundant WBC

Neutrophils squeeze Neutrophils squeeze through the capillary walls through the capillary walls and into infected tissue and into infected tissue where they kill the where they kill the invaders (e.g., bacteria) invaders (e.g., bacteria) and then engulf the and then engulf the remnants by remnants by phagocytosis. phagocytosis.

eosinophilseosinophils

The number of The number of eosinophils in the blood eosinophils in the blood is normally quite low (0 is normally quite low (0 - 450/µl). However, their - 450/µl). However, their numbers increase numbers increase sharply in certain sharply in certain diseases, especially diseases, especially infections by parasitic infections by parasitic worms. Eosinophils are worms. Eosinophils are cytotoxic, releasing the cytotoxic, releasing the contents of their contents of their granules on the invader. granules on the invader.

basophilsbasophils

The number of basophils The number of basophils also increases during also increases during infection. Basophils leave infection. Basophils leave the blood and accumulate the blood and accumulate at the site of infection or at the site of infection or other inflammation. other inflammation. There they discharge the There they discharge the contents of their contents of their granules, releasing a granules, releasing a variety of mediators such variety of mediators such as: histamine, serotonin as: histamine, serotonin

prostaglandins, and prostaglandins, and leukotrienesleukotrienes

basophilsbasophils

increase blood flow to increase blood flow to the area and in other the area and in other ways add to the ways add to the inflammatory process. inflammatory process. The mediators The mediators released by basophils released by basophils also play an important also play an important part in some allergic part in some allergic responses such as hay responses such as hay fever and to insect fever and to insect stings.stings.

blood cellsblood cells3. Erythrocytes (red blood 3. Erythrocytes (red blood

cells)cells)

4. Thrombocytes (platelets)4. Thrombocytes (platelets)

5. Leukocytes (white blood 5. Leukocytes (white blood cells) cells)

5a. Neutrophil 5a. Neutrophil (granulocyte)(granulocyte)

5b. Eosinophil 5b. Eosinophil (granulocytes)(granulocytes)

5c. Basophil (granulocyte)5c. Basophil (granulocyte)

5d. Monocyte5d. Monocyte

5e. Small lymphocyte5e. Small lymphocyte

5f. Large lymphocyte5f. Large lymphocyte

plateletsplatelets

Blood normally contains Blood normally contains 150,000 to 450,000 per 150,000 to 450,000 per microliter (µl). If this microliter (µl). If this value should drop much value should drop much below 50,000/µl, there below 50,000/µl, there is a danger of is a danger of uncontrolled bleeding. uncontrolled bleeding. This is because of the This is because of the essential role that essential role that platelets have in blood platelets have in blood clotting. Look for the clotting. Look for the t’s, platelet beside t’s, platelet beside each.each.

blood typesblood types

ABO’s of bloodABO’s of blood

Blood Group

Antigens on RBCs

Blood Group

Antigens on RBCs

Antibodies in Serum Genotypes

A A Anti-B AA or AOB B Anti-A BB or BO

AB A and B Neither ABO Neither Anti-A and anti-B OO

The table shows the four ABO phenotypes ("blood groups") present in the human population and the genotypes that give rise to them.

wrong transfused blood wrong transfused blood

Human red blood cells Human red blood cells before (left) and after before (left) and after (right) adding serum (right) adding serum containing anti-A containing anti-A antibodies. The antibodies. The agglutination reaction agglutination reaction reveals the presence reveals the presence of the A antigen on of the A antigen on the surface of the the surface of the cells.cells.

Are you positive or Are you positive or negativenegative??

Rh factorRh factor

This protein is also present in the blood of This protein is also present in the blood of some people. Other people, however, do some people. Other people, however, do not have the protein. The presence of the not have the protein. The presence of the protein, or lack of it, is referred to as the protein, or lack of it, is referred to as the Rh (for Rhesus) factor. If your blood does Rh (for Rhesus) factor. If your blood does contain the protein, your blood is said to contain the protein, your blood is said to be Rh positive (Rh+). If your blood does be Rh positive (Rh+). If your blood does not contain the protein, your blood is said not contain the protein, your blood is said to be Rh negative (Rh-). to be Rh negative (Rh-).

blood type and Rh factorblood type and Rh factor

This Rh factor is connected to your This Rh factor is connected to your blood type. For example, your blood blood type. For example, your blood may be AB+ which means that you may be AB+ which means that you have type AB blood with a positive have type AB blood with a positive Rh factor. Or, you might have O- Rh factor. Or, you might have O- blood which means that you have blood which means that you have type O blood with a negative Rh type O blood with a negative Rh factor. factor.

mother and fetus’ Rh mother and fetus’ Rh factorfactor

It is particularly important for expectant It is particularly important for expectant mothers to know their blood's Rh factor. mothers to know their blood's Rh factor. Occasionally, a baby will inherit an Rh Occasionally, a baby will inherit an Rh positive blood type from its father while the positive blood type from its father while the mother has an Rh negative blood type. The mother has an Rh negative blood type. The baby's life could be in great danger if the baby's life could be in great danger if the mother's Rh negative blood attacks the mother's Rh negative blood attacks the baby's Rh positive blood. If this happens, an baby's Rh positive blood. If this happens, an exchange transfusion may save the baby's exchange transfusion may save the baby's life. The baby's blood can be exchanged for life. The baby's blood can be exchanged for new blood that matches the mother's.new blood that matches the mother's.

blood flowblood flow

blood vesselsblood vessels

arteriesarteries

arteriolesarterioles

capillariescapillaries

venulesvenules

veinsveins

diagram of capillary diagram of capillary networknetwork

1. Arteries 1. Arteries

2. Arterioles2. Arterioles

3. Capillaries3. Capillaries

4. Venules4. Venules

5. Veins5. Veins

arteriesarteries heart pumps blood out heart pumps blood out through one main artery through one main artery called the dorsal aorta called the dorsal aorta which divides and branches which divides and branches out into many smaller out into many smaller arteries so that each region arteries so that each region of your body has its own of your body has its own system of arteries system of arteries supplying it with fresh, supplying it with fresh, oxygen-rich bloodoxygen-rich blood

arteries are tough on the arteries are tough on the outside and smooth on the outside and smooth on the inside, have actually three inside, have actually three layers: an outer layer of layers: an outer layer of tissue, a muscular middle, tissue, a muscular middle, and an inner layer of and an inner layer of epithelial cells epithelial cells

artery and veinartery and vein1. Lumen 1. Lumen

2. Tunica initima2. Tunica initima

3. Endothelium of tunica 3. Endothelium of tunica initimainitima

4. Internal elastic membrane4. Internal elastic membrane

5. Tunica media5. Tunica media

6. Smooth muscle cells of 6. Smooth muscle cells of tunica mediatunica media

7. External elastic membrane7. External elastic membrane

8. Tunica adventitia8. Tunica adventitia

9. Longituduinal cells of 9. Longituduinal cells of adventitiaadventitia

10. Fibre lattice of adventitia10. Fibre lattice of adventitia

11. Vasa vasorum11. Vasa vasorum

12. Valves12. Valves

capillariescapillariesare very thin and fragile. The are very thin and fragile. The capillaries are actually only capillaries are actually only one epithelial cell thickone epithelial cell thickso thin that blood cells can so thin that blood cells can only pass through them in only pass through them in single filesingle fileexchange of oxygen and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place carbon dioxide takes place through the thin capillary wallthrough the thin capillary wallred blood cells inside the red blood cells inside the capillary release their oxygen capillary release their oxygen which passes through the wall which passes through the wall and into the surrounding and into the surrounding tissuetissuetissue releases its waste tissue releases its waste products, like carbon dioxide, products, like carbon dioxide, which passes through the wall which passes through the wall and into the red blood cells and into the red blood cells

veinsveinsveins are similar to arteries but, veins are similar to arteries but, because they transport blood at a because they transport blood at a lower pressure, they are not as lower pressure, they are not as strong as arteriesstrong as arterieslike arteries, veins have three like arteries, veins have three layers: an outer layer of tissue, layers: an outer layer of tissue, muscle in the middle, and a muscle in the middle, and a smooth inner layer of epithelial smooth inner layer of epithelial cellscellsthe layers are thinner, containing the layers are thinner, containing less tissue. Veins receive blood less tissue. Veins receive blood from the capillaries after the from the capillaries after the exchange of oxygen and carbon exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide has taken placedioxide has taken placeveins transport waste-rich blood veins transport waste-rich blood back to the lungs and heart. back to the lungs and heart. valves located inside the veins valves located inside the veins prevent the “backflow” of bloodprevent the “backflow” of blood

circulationcirculation 1. Heart and arms 1. Heart and arms 2. Superior vena cava2. Superior vena cava 3. Lungs3. Lungs 4. Right atrium4. Right atrium 5. Right ventricle5. Right ventricle 6. Liver6. Liver 7. Portal vein7. Portal vein 8. Inferior vena cava8. Inferior vena cava 9. Kidneys9. Kidneys10. Legs10. Legs11. Intestines11. Intestines12. Abdominal aorta12. Abdominal aorta13. Left ventricle13. Left ventricle14. Left atrium14. Left atrium15. Pulmonary veins15. Pulmonary veins16. Pulmonary artery16. Pulmonary artery

path of circulationpath of circulation1. 1. 2 & 10 sup/inf vena cava2 & 10 sup/inf vena cava2. 7 Rt atrium2. 7 Rt atrium3. 8 Rt AV valve (tricuspid)3. 8 Rt AV valve (tricuspid)4. 9 Rt ventricle4. 9 Rt ventricle5. 6 Rt SL (semilunar) valve5. 6 Rt SL (semilunar) valve6. 4,3,18 Pulmonary arteries6. 4,3,18 Pulmonary arteries7. lungs7. lungs8. 5, 17 Pulmonary veins8. 5, 17 Pulmonary veins9. 16 Lt atrium9. 16 Lt atrium10. 14 Lt AV valve (bicuspid) 10. 14 Lt AV valve (bicuspid) 11. 13 Lt ventricle11. 13 Lt ventricle12. 15 Lt SL (semilunar) 12. 15 Lt SL (semilunar)

valvevalve13. 1 aorta13. 1 aorta

blood pressure blood pressure heart beats…lub dubheart beats…lub dub

dubdub

Diastole Diastole (relaxation of (relaxation of heart muscle)heart muscle)

bottombottom number of number of B.P.B.P.

Such asSuch as

120120//8080

lublub

Systole (contraction Systole (contraction of the heart of the heart muscle)muscle)

toptop number of B.P. number of B.P.

Such asSuch as

120120//8080

heart valves from aboveheart valves from above

1. Tricuspid (right 1. Tricuspid (right atrioventricular) atrioventricular) valve valve

2. Aortic valve (Lt SL)2. Aortic valve (Lt SL)3. Pulmonary valve 3. Pulmonary valve

(Lt SL)(Lt SL)4. Mitral (bicuspid or 4. Mitral (bicuspid or

left left atrioventricular) atrioventricular) valvevalve

pulmonary circulationpulmonary circulation

pulmonary pulmonary circulation is the circulation is the movement of blood movement of blood from the heart, to from the heart, to the lungs, and back the lungs, and back to the heart again to the heart again

name these vesselsname these vessels

name these vesselsname these vessels 1. Internal jugular vein 1. Internal jugular vein 2. Common carotid artery2. Common carotid artery 3. Subclavian vein and artery3. Subclavian vein and artery 4. Brachial artery4. Brachial artery 5. Cephalic vein5. Cephalic vein 6. Basilic vein6. Basilic vein 7. Inferior vena cava7. Inferior vena cava 8. Radial artery8. Radial artery 9. Ulnar artery9. Ulnar artery10. Common iliac artery and 10. Common iliac artery and

veinvein11. Femoral artery11. Femoral artery12. Great saphenous vein12. Great saphenous vein13. Aorta13. Aorta14. Heart14. Heart15. Femoral vein15. Femoral vein

just arteriesjust arteries

name thesename these

just arteriesjust arteries 1. Common carotid artery1. Common carotid artery 2. Subclavian artery2. Subclavian artery 3. Axillary artery3. Axillary artery 4. Brachial artery4. Brachial artery 5. Ulnar artery5. Ulnar artery 6. Radial artery6. Radial artery 7. Deep and superficial palmar 7. Deep and superficial palmar

archesarches 8. Femoral artery8. Femoral artery 9. Anterior tibial artery9. Anterior tibial artery10. Posterior tibial artery10. Posterior tibial artery11. Common iliac artery11. Common iliac artery12. Aorta12. Aorta12a. Abdominal aorta12a. Abdominal aorta12b. Thoracic aorta12b. Thoracic aorta12c. Aortic arch12c. Aortic arch13. Brachiocephalic trunk 13. Brachiocephalic trunk

(innominate artery)(innominate artery)

just veinsjust veinsname thesename these

just veinsjust veins 1. External jugular vein1. External jugular vein 2. Internal jugular vein2. Internal jugular vein 3. Subclavian vein3. Subclavian vein 4. Brachial vein4. Brachial vein 5. Ulnar vein5. Ulnar vein 6. Radial vein6. Radial vein 7. Femoral vein7. Femoral vein 8. Great saphenous vein8. Great saphenous vein 9. Popliteal vein9. Popliteal vein10. Anterior tibial vein10. Anterior tibial vein11. Posterior tibial vein11. Posterior tibial vein12. Small saphenous vein12. Small saphenous vein13. External iliac vein13. External iliac vein14. Internal iliac vein14. Internal iliac vein15. Common iliac vein15. Common iliac vein16. Inferior vena cava 16. Inferior vena cava 17. Superior vena cava17. Superior vena cava18. Brachiocephalic 18. Brachiocephalic

(innominate) vein(innominate) vein

arteries and pressure arteries and pressure pointspoints

1. Temporal artery1. Temporal artery

2. Facial artery2. Facial artery

3. Subclavian artery3. Subclavian artery

4. Axillary artery (use pad)4. Axillary artery (use pad)

5. Brachial artery (digital 5. Brachial artery (digital pressure or tourniquet)pressure or tourniquet)

6. Radial artery6. Radial artery

7. Ulnar artery7. Ulnar artery

8. Popliteal artery (use pad 8. Popliteal artery (use pad behind knee)behind knee)

9. Anterior tibial artery9. Anterior tibial artery

10. Posterior tibial artery10. Posterior tibial artery

11. Femoral artery11. Femoral artery

11a. Femoral artery (use 11a. Femoral artery (use tourniquet)tourniquet)

12. Common carotid artery12. Common carotid artery

portal systemportal system 1. Inferior vena cava1. Inferior vena cava

2. Right hepatic vein2. Right hepatic vein

3. Portal vein3. Portal vein

3a. left branch3a. left branch

3b. right branch3b. right branch

6. Renal veins6. Renal veins

8. Superior mesenteric vein8. Superior mesenteric vein

9. Common iliac veins9. Common iliac veins

10. Superior rectal vein10. Superior rectal vein

11. Inferior mesenteric vein11. Inferior mesenteric vein

13. Pancreatic veins13. Pancreatic veins

15. Splenic vein15. Splenic vein

16. Short gastric veins16. Short gastric veins

17. Right gastric vein17. Right gastric vein

18. Left gastric vein18. Left gastric vein

20. Left hepatic vein20. Left hepatic vein

red bone marrow sitesred bone marrow sites

Blood is made in the bone Blood is made in the bone marrowmarrowAll of the cells in the blood, All of the cells in the blood, red blood cells, all types of red blood cells, all types of white blood cells, and white blood cells, and platelets are made in the platelets are made in the bone marrow. This happens bone marrow. This happens primarily in the flat bones in primarily in the flat bones in your body such as the skull, your body such as the skull, the sternum, and the pelvis. the sternum, and the pelvis.

blood clotblood clot

blood related problemsblood related problems

Anemia--Anemia--Anemia is a shortage of RBCs Anemia is a shortage of RBCs and/or the amount of hemoglobin in them. and/or the amount of hemoglobin in them. Anemia has many causes. One of the most Anemia has many causes. One of the most common is an inadequate intake of iron in common is an inadequate intake of iron in the diet. the diet.

A deficiency of a clotting factor can lead to A deficiency of a clotting factor can lead to uncontrolled bleeding. uncontrolled bleeding. von Willebrand von Willebrand diseasedisease (the most common) and (the most common) and hemophilia hemophilia

malformed RBC’smalformed RBC’s

Sickle cell anemia is an Sickle cell anemia is an inherited condition which inherited condition which results in some erythrocytes results in some erythrocytes being malformed. The gene being malformed. The gene for this condition causes the for this condition causes the hemoglobin to be incorrectly hemoglobin to be incorrectly formed, which in turn causes formed, which in turn causes some erythrocytes to take some erythrocytes to take on a crescent shape. These on a crescent shape. These cells are not able to carry cells are not able to carry adequate amounts of adequate amounts of oxygen to cells.oxygen to cells.

A HeartA Heart

This is a heart This is a heart removed from a 64 removed from a 64 year old male.year old male.

See if you can name See if you can name the parts.the parts.

referencesreferences

The University of Michigan Medical The University of Michigan Medical School School www.med.umich.eduwww.med.umich.edu/.../M1/anatomy/ html/thorax/heart.html/.../M1/anatomy/ html/thorax/heart.html