hearing 3 4. sound sound: pitch sound travels 343 m per second (1,125 ft/s) high pitch low pitch 1...
DESCRIPTION
SOUND: PITCH Sound travels 343 m per second (1,125 ft/s) High Pitch Low Pitch 1 Sec 1 Hertz (Hz) = Number of Waves that Pass a Point in 1 secTRANSCRIPT
HEARING
3
4
SOUND
SOUND: PITCH
Sound travels 343 m per second (1,125 ft/s)
High Pitch
Low Pitch
1 Sec
1 Hertz (Hz) = Number of Waves that Pass a Point in 1 sec
SOUND: HEARING RANGE
Human Hearing Range: __________ : ___________
(16Hz)
SOUND: VOLUMELow Volume
High Volume
‘Hoo Hoo’
‘Hoo Hoo’
Fig. 1-5 in Podulka et al. 2004
External Ear: Auricular Feathers and Ear Opening
12
Ear Opening5
Fig. 4-48 in Podulka et al. 2004
Three Regions of Ear:(External Ear, Middle Ear, Inner Ear)
External Ear: Tympanic Membrane
Fig. 7-4 in Gill 2007
Middle Ear: Columella
Humans
Middle Ear: Eustachian Tube (= Auditory Tube)
Inner Ear: Cochlea, Vestibule, Semicircular Canals(Vestibular Window = Oval Window; Cochlear Window = Round Window)
Fig. 4-49 in Podulka et al. 2004
Inner Ear: Bony Labyrinth, Membranous Labyrinth(Perilymph, Endolymph)
Fig. 4-50 in Podulka et al. 2004
Cochlea: Vestibular Canal, Tympanic Canal, Cochlear Duct
Cochlear Duct: Tectorial Membrane, Basilar Papilla, Hair Cells
Sound Perception: Pitch
Fig. 4-51 in Podulka et al. 2004
Sound Perception: Loudness
Fig. 4-51 in Podulka et al. 2007
Cochlea: Cochlear Window (= Round Window)
Fig. 4-50 in Podulka et al. 2004
Hearing: Transmission to BrainCranial Nerve VIII: Vestibulocochlear Nerve
Proctor and Lynch 1993, p. 243
Hearing Ability: Frequency
• Humans: (16) 20 – 20,000 vibrations per sec (Hertz)
• Birds: 40 – 29,000 vibrations per sec (Hertz)
(Typically, 1,000 – 5,000 Hertz)
Hearing Ability: Frequency X Intensity
Fig. 7-5 in Gill 2007
Echolocation
Hearing Ability: EcholocationEdible-Nest Swiftlets Oilbirds
2-10 kH 2-10 kH
Pinpointing Sound Location
Fig. 7-6 in Gill 2007 Fig. 4-47 in Podulka et al. 2004
Avian Hearing
OUTER EAR Auricular Feathers Ear Opening Tympanic Membrane
MIDDLE EAR Columella Eustachian Tube
INNER EAR Vestibular Window (Oval Window) Semicircular Canals Vestibule Cochlea Bony Labyrinth Membranous Labyrinth Perilymph Endolymph Vestibular Canal Tympanic Canal Cochlear Duct Tectorial Membrane Basilar Papillae Hair Cells Cochlear Window (Round Window) Vestibulocochlear Nerve
SOUND Pitch Wavelength Frequency Amplitude Hertz Ultrasound Infrasound
1011
EQUILIBRIUM
Equilibrium: Gravity(Vestibule, Utriculus, Sacculus,
Statoconia, Gelatinous Material, Hair Cells)
Fig. 4-49 in Podulka et al. 2004
Equilibrium: Movement(Semicircular Canals, Ampulla, Gelatinous Material, Hair Cells)
Avian Equilibrium
GRAVITY PERCEPTION Vestibule Utriculus Sacculus Statoconia Gelatinous Material Hair Cells
MOVEMENT PERCEPTION Semicircular Canals Ampulla Gelatinous Material Hair Cells
Olfaction (Smell)
Leach’s Storm Petrel Fulmar
Olfaction (Smell)
Leach’s Storm Petrel
Olfaction (Smell)
Crested Auklet
Olfaction: Olfactory Epithelium
Fig. 4-55 in Podulka et al. 2004
Range of Olfactory Bulb Size
Taste
TASTE
Fig. 4-56 in Podulka et al. 2004
12 13
14
MECHANORECEPTION (TOUCH)
Skin Nerve Endings
MECHANORECEPTION (TOUCH)
15
Nerve Endings(“Corpuscles”)
Mechanoreception: Herbst Corpuscles
Fig. 7-7 in Gill 2007
1 http://www.owlpages.com/pictures/articles-Owl+Physiology-Hearing-2.jpg
2 http://www.shawcreekbirdsupply.com/barn_owl.jpg
3 http://www.kahle.org/tweeters/images/Bewicks_Wren.jpg
4 http://www.fcps.k12.va.us/StratfordLandingES/Ecology/Birds/Red-winged% 20Blackbird/behavi19.jpg
5 http://www.pycomall.com/images/P/01-50.jpg
6 http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=14303&rendTypeId=4
7 http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=9157&rendTypeId=4
8 http://scienceblogs.com/clock/upload/2007/02/a2%20OILBIRD.jpg
9 http://www.wildsound-filmmaking-feedback-events.com/images/swiflet.jpg
10 http://www.pegsteunenberg.com/images/peregrine_falcon_01.jpg
11 http://whatbird.wbu.com/img/4/274/image.aspx?x=250
12 http://steveandamysly.tannerworld.com/databank/image_fantagrape1.jpg
13 http://img.alibaba.com/photo/11786246/Chewing_Gum.jpg
14 http://www.calliebowdish.com/Birds/SnowGeese112405OM_2611.jpg
15 http://www.medicalook.com/systems_images/Free_nerve_endings.jpg
16 http://www.birdwatching-bliss.com/images/feathers.jpg