Information about Refined Carbs/Added Sugar

Information about Obesity

What is Obesity?

Pathophysiology

How is Obesity diagnosed

Intake of Added Sugar & Obesity Risk

Added sugar is thought to increase disease

Scientific research

Dietary treatment of Obesity

Complications if Obesity is not treated

Our bodies need carbohydrates

to provide energy we need

Good Carbs – complex (found in vegetables, beans and whole grains)

Refined Carbs – Been altered by machinery to increase its shelf life. Transforms complex carbs into simple carbs

Simple carbs have sugars

added during processing

instead of naturally occurring

sugars

RDA = 130 grams of carbs per

day and the avoidance of

simple carbohydrates (130 Carbs/Day RDA)

Figure 1, Simple vs Complex Carbs,

(Dehydration Synthesis and

Carbohydrates)

White Sugar

White Rice

White flour

Crackers

Soft drinks

Baked Goods

Pasta

Most commercial cereals

Ice Cream

Chocolates

Pizza

Sandwiches

Fast foods

Most snack foods(McCaffrey)

Image 3, Refined Carbs (Good Vs. Bad Carbs)

Image 2, American Sugar Intake, (Sugar Consumption)

Image 4, Lipogenesis Process (Ijms 14 19846f2)

Lipogensis is the process that converts simple sugars to fatty acids and

synthesizes tricylglycerols through the reaction of fatty acids with

glycerol. After lipogenesis, the triacylglycerols are packaged into very

low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and secreted by the liver and they help

transport lipids and cholesterol throughout the body. The acetyly-coA

molecules begins lipogenesis in the cytoplasm of the body’s cells. A

complex of enzymes known collectively as fatty acid synthetase

completes the fatty acid synthesis.

Carbohydrates form the major bulk of the human diet, and when they

are consumed, they must be immediately converted into energy, stored

as glycogen, or converted into fat. If the carbohydrates a person eats

produce energy in excess of what the body requires for its energy

expenditure, lipogenesis converts the excess energy from into body fat,

a source of long-term energy. If the carbohydrates consumed do not

produce enough energy to support a person’s activity level, the energy

stored in body fat reserves is used instead. (“What is Lipogenesis?”)

The most common way to diagnosis obesity is by using a Body

Mass Index (BMI).

BMI = Weight in pounds * 703

height in inches²(“The BMI Formula”)

For example: Mindy is 5’2” and weighs 145

lbs.

1) Multiply 145 * 703 = 101935

2) Find height in inches – 5 feet = 60 inches

60 inches + 2 inches = 62 inches

62 inches²=3844

3) Divide 101935/3844 = 26.52

4) Find 26.52 on chart to determine weight

category

5) According to the chart, Mindy is

overweight

Image 5, BMI Chart(About Morbid Obesity)

Image 6, Sugar & Obesity Comparison, (Bar Graph of Childhood Obesity)

FROM NAL-USDA

1) 23 lean mean, 23 obese men, 17 lean women & 15 obese women – Has similar sugar intake however, the obese derived a greater percentage of their sugar intake from added sugar. (38-47.9%) lean (25.2-31.4)

2) Same study – Ludwig & colleagues found that for each additional serving of drinks sweetened with sugar, the odds of becoming obese increased 60%

3) Some reports disagree about a direct link between increase sugar intake and obesity however, many believe this is due to the pervasive problem of underreporting food intake, which is more prevalent and severe in obese individuals.

(“Dietary Carbohydrates – Sugar & Starches”)

According to a Harvard – School of Public Health survey about drinks with added sugar and obesity

• Average can of soda of fruit punch provided about 150 calories, almost all of them from sugar = 10 tsp of table sugar

• Greater consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) has been linked with a greater genetic susceptibility to high body mass index (BMI) and increased risk of obesity.

• Published in the New England Journal of Medicine – “this study for the first time provides reproducible evidence from three prospective cohorts to show genetic and dietary factors- SSB- may mutually influence their effects on body weight and obesity risk”.

• Genetic effects on BMI and obesity risk among those who drank one or more SSBs per day were about twice as large as those who consumed less than one serving per month. The finding suggest that regular consumptions of sugary beverages may amplify the genetic risk of obesity. In addition, individuals with greater genetic predisposition to obesity appear to be more susceptible to harmful effects of SSBs on BMI

(“Regular consumption of sugary beverages linked to increased genetic risk of obesity”)

The CDC makes the following recommendations to treat obesity:› For Individuals

Eat more fruits & vegetables and less foods high in fat and sugar

Drink water instead of sugary drinks

Limit TV watching to less than 2 hours per day Aim to exercise 30 minutes, 5 days a week

› For communities & states Maintain safe neighbors for physical activities and parks

Advocate for quality Physical Education in schools

Support local farmers markets and programs that promote fresh, healthy eating

Adopt policies that promote physical activity (Adult Obesity)

(What Are The Benefits Of Eliminating Sugar From Your Diet?)

Obesity increases the risk of more than 30 health conditions to include:Type 2 diabetesHigh cholesterolHypertensionGallstonesHeart failureFatty liver diseaseSleep apneaGERDStress incontinenceHeart failureDegenerative joint diseaseBirth defectsMiscarriagesAsthmaAnd numerous cancers(“What is Obesity”)

Image 7, (How Obesity affects your life), Obesity Health

Risks

• “130 Carbs/day RDA” , Lgreview, Retrieved http://lcreview.org/main/130g-carbsday-rda/

• “About Morbid Obesity” [Image File] Acadiana, Retrieved from

www.acadianaweightlosssurgery.com/about-morbid-obesity.apex

• “Adult Obesity”, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Retrieved from www.cdc.goc/vitalsigns/AdultObesity/#Whatcanbedone

• Bar Graph of Childhood Obesity, [Image File], Retrieved http://s3.amazonaws.com/bethecatalyst_uploads_production/photos/6265/double_bar_graph-01.jpg

• Dehydration Synthesis and Carbohydrates346 x 267, [Image File] Retrieved from jpegblock12012.wikispaces.com

• “Dietary Carbohydrates – Sugars & Starches” United States Department of Agriculture – National Agricultural Library, Retrived from www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/DRI/DRI_Energy/265-

• Good Vs. Bad Carbs List504 x 350 [Image File] Retrieved from jpegtoday-bethechange.blogspot.com

• Hartley, Simon, “The BMI Formula”, What Health, Retrieved from www.whathealth.com/bmi/formula.html

• ljms 14 19846f2 10241024 x 722 [Image File] Retrieved from pngmdpi.com

• McCaffrey, Dee, “What’s so Bad About Flour & Sugar?”, Processed Free America, Retrieved from http://processed freeamerica.org/resources/health-news/48

• Obesity Health Risk [Image File] Retrieved from thenewyouplan.com

• “Regular consumption of sugary beverages linked to increased genetic risk of obesity”, Harvard School of Public Health, Retrieved 10./28/2104 from www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-releases/sugary-beverages-genetic-risk-obesity/

• Sugar Consumption628 x 363 , [Image File] Retrieved from jpegprevention.com

• What are the benefits of eating healthy? Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BOLq4qO2hiY

• “What is Lipogenesis?” WiseGeek, Retrieved from www.wisegeek.com/what-is-lipogenesis.htm

• “What is Obesity”, Obesity Society, Retrieved from www.obesity.org/resources-for/what-is-obesity.htm