health occupations skeleton system – unit 3. joints area where 2 or more bones join together...
TRANSCRIPT
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Health Occupations
Skeleton System – Unit 3
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Joints
Area where 2 or more bones join together Ligaments – connective tissue bands holding
long bones together Also called an ARTICULATION Commonly named by the bones that are
joined– Sternoclavicular– Sacroiliac
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3 types of joints Synarthrosis
– Immoveable• Cranium sutures• Pelvic girdle
Amphiarthrosis– Slightly moveable
• Vertebral disks• Symphysis pubis• Sacroiliac
Diarthrosis (also called synovial joints)– Freely moveable
• Shoulder, elbow, wrist, fingers• Hips, knees, ankles, toes
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6 types of diarthrosis joints
All contain a protective bursa– Sac filled with synovial fluid– Cushions moving parts
Types of joints are named depending on type of movement
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Ball & Socket
1. Allows for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, & limited rotation
2. Shoulder & Hip
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Hinge joints
1. Limited movement in one direction, like a hinge
2. Elbow & knee
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Gliding Joint
1. Allows bones to slide over one another
Wrist
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Pivot Joint
1. Allows rotation from side to side 2. Rotation of head 3. Rotation of lower arm from side to
side
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Saddle Joint
Only on thumb – OPPOSABLE THUMB Allows the thumb to touch fingertips
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Gomphosis Attachment of tooth into its socket Specialized joints allowing very slight
movement Attachs a peglike structure (tooth) into a
socket (jaw)
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Teeth Adult human has 32 teeth Baby teeth are called deciduous or primary teeth Tooth parts
– Crown – white section above gum– Root – below gum– Enamel – hardest substance in body, found covering
crown– Cementum – hard, bonelike structure covering root– Dentin – located between enamel & pulp– Pulp – soft living portion of tooth, contains nerves &
blood vessels
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Enamel
Crown
Cementum
Root
Dentin
Pulp
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Types of teeth
Type of teeth
Number Function Location Descrip-tion
Incisor, central or lateral
8 Cuts food Front of mouth
Broad,
sharp
Cuspid, canine
4 Tears food Angles of lips Longest in mouth
Bicuspid or premolars
8 Grinds food Between cuspids & molars
Flat
Molar 12 (3rd molars are wisdom teeth)
Grinds food Back of mouth
Largest & strongest
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Central Incisor
Lateral incisorCuspid
BicuspidBicuspid
Molar
MolarMolar
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Disorders of teeth
Caries– Cavities– MAJOR cause of tooth loss – Caused by bacteria– Placque – thin, filmlike deposit that adheres to
teeth & leads to decay – microorganisms & protein– With extensive infection, may see loss of the bone
that supports the tooth– Treatment – fill the cavity with a restorative
material like amalgam or remove the tooth
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Disorders of teeth (cont)
Periodontitis– Affects 90% of adults in U.S.– Causes most tooth loss in adults >35 – Tissues that hold teeth in place become inflamed– Symptoms
• Sore, bleeding, swollen, receding gums• Persistent bad breath, HALITOSIS• Advanced – pus formation, loose teeth
– Treatment – • Remove tooth• Scrape gums• Root canal therapy
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Dental Health Care More than repair of caries & treatment of
disease Correct damaged, discolored, misplaced teeth Bonding – covering surface Porcelain facing Sealants – plastic coating Bleaching Braces Osteointegration – implants
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Brushing Teeth
Clean all 5 surfaces of tooth– Chewing or biting surface– Facial surface – faces inside of lips &
cheeks– Lingual surface – tooth side nearest tongue– Side or interproximal surfaces – located
between teeth, 2 on each tooth. Needs floss to clean
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Brushing teeth Raise HOB to 30 degrees Place towel across chest to protect clothing & bedding Have pt. hold emesis basin Put toothpaste on wet toothbrush Wear gloves Offer mouthwash solution (1:3) first to rinse,
moistening gums and making brushing easier Brush upper teeth & gums first (decreases saliva) then
lower, then tongue Rinse with mouthwash solution Dry face, remove towel, clean-up, remove gloves
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Skeletal System - Abnormal
Arthritis – group of diseases involving joint inflammation
2 types – osteoarthritis & rheumatoid arthritis
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Osteoarthritis Chronic disease occuring as a result of aging Often affects hips & knees Symptoms
– Joint pain, stiffness, aching– Limited ROM
Treatment – Rest– Heat/cold applications– Aspirin & antiinflammatory meds– Steroid injections into joints– Special exercises
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Rheumatoid Arthritis Chronic, inflammatory disease affecting connective
tissue & joints More common in women, ages 35-45 Progressive attacks can cause scar tissue formation
& atrophy of bone & muscle Can result in permanent deformity & immobility Early tx important to reduce pain and damage Treatment –
– Rest– Anti-inflammatory meds, aspirin, steroids– Arthroplasty to replace damaged joints sometimes done
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Bursitis Inflammation of the bursae
– Small fluid filled sacs surrounding joints Symptoms
– Severe pain– Limited movement– Fluid accumulation in joint
Treatment– Pain meds– Steroid & anesthetic injections into joint– Rest– Aspiration– PT to preserve joint function
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Types of Fractures Crack or break in bone Greenstick
– Bone bends & splits– Crack or incomplete break– Common in kids
Simple or closed– Complete break of bone– No skin damage
Compound or open– Bone breaks & ruptures through skin– Increased chance of infection
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Types of Fractures (cont)
Impacted – Broken bone ends jam into one another
Comminuted – Bone fragments or splinters into more than
2 pieces
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Types of fractures (cont)
Spiral– Bone twists – Results in 2 or more breaks– Common with skiing & skating
Colles– Break & dislocation of distal radius– Characteristic bulge at wrist– Caused by falling on outstretched hand
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Types of Fractures (cont)
Depressed – Bone is depressed or sunken
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Types of fractures (cont)
Avulsion– Occurs when a ligament or tendon pulls off
part of a bone during an injury– Ankles, legs, hip, upper arm common– Small fracture may not require treatment &
may not hurt– Large fracture may require surgical
attachment
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Treatment for fracture
REDUCTION– Bone is put back into proper alignment– Closed reduction
• Position into alignment (usually with traction)• Apply splint or cast to maintain position until fracture
heals
– Open reduction• Surgical repair of bone• May implant pins, plates, or other devices to maintain
correct position of bone
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Dislocation
Bone forcibly removed from a joint Occurs in shoulders, fingers, knees, & hips
frequently Treatment –
– Reduce dislocation– Immobilize joint with cast, splint, or traction
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Sprain Twisting action tears ligaments at a joint Common with wrists & ankles Symptoms
– Pain & swelling– Discoloration– Limited movement
Treatment– Rest – Elevation– Immobilization with elastic bandage– Cold applications
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Subluxation
Partial dislocation of a joint Like a whiplash injury May feel mild or severe pain in areas
affected by spinal nerves Treatment
– Manipulation of spine– Bracing or surgery
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Talipes
Congenital deformity of feet & ankle Clubfoot
– One type– One or both feet are turned, usually
inward, affecting mobility– Treatment
• Surgery• Corrective shoes
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Osteomyelitis Bone inflammation, usually caused by pathogen Abscess forms within bone Pus accumulates in medullary canal Symptoms
– Pain at site– Swelling– Chills, fever
Treatment– Antibiotics– Debridement
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Osteoporosis Increased porosity or softening of bone Metabolic disorder caused by
– Lack of estrogen– Prolonged lack of calcium in diet– Sedentary lifestyle
Bones lose calcium & phosphate causing bones to become brittle, porous, & prone to fracture
Bone density tests – lead to early prevention & preventive treatment– Increase calcium & Vitamin D intake– Meds to increase bone mass– Exercise– Estrogen replacement
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Osteoporosis
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Ruptured or Herniated Disk Occurs when intervertebral disk ruptures or protrudes
out of place, causing pressure on spinal cord Common site – lumbar/sacral area but can occur
anywhere Symptoms
– Severe pain & muscle spasm– Impaired movement & numbness
Treatment – Rest & traction– Physical, massage, & chiropractic therapy– Heat & cold applications– Surgery in some cases (laminectomy)
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Herniated Disk
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Abnormal curvature of spinal column Kyphosis – hunchback, rounded bowing
of back at thoracic area Scoliosis – lateral curvature
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Abnormal Curvature
Lordosis – swayback, inward curvature of lumbar region
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Abnormal Curvature (cont) Causes –
– Poor posture– Congenital defects– Structural defects– Malnutrition– Degeneration of vertebrae
Treatment– Therapeutic exercises– Firm mattresses– Braces– May require surgery if severe
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Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Common disorder Caused by pressure on median nerve of the wrist Results from repetitive motion or trauma Symptoms
– Numbness & tingling– Pain & weakness
Treatment– Rest affected wrist, splinting– Anti-inflammatory meds– Surgery
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GoutResults from uric acid crystals building up Common in great toe Caused by inability to adequately remove uric acid
from blood Often a complication of other disorders Symptoms
– Pain & swelling of joint– May have fever & chills
Treatment– Medications – Weight loss & diet management
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Meningomyelocele
Congenital condition of spinal column Called spina bifida Can cause paralysis & nervous system
disorders due to pressure on spinal cord Treatment
– Surgery– Prevent infection
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Osteoma
Bone tumor May be benign or malignant Symptoms – depend upon size &
location of growth Tx – removal, sometimes chemo
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Osteomalacia
Rickets Softening of bones due to Vitamin D &
calcium deficiency Symptoms
– Pain, muscular weakness– Anorexia, weight loss– Deformity
Treatment – add nutrients
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Paget’s disease Osteitis deformans Unknown cause Occurs after age 35 Excessive destruction of bone cells causing long bones to be
bowed & flat Symptoms
– None to bone pain– Dizziness– Headache– Deafness
Treatment– Meds, mild exercise– High protein diet
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Knee anatomy