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Regional Consultation of the CSHDPAHO/WHO
Health inequalities in the Region of the Americas
Regional Consultation of the Commission of Social Determinants of Health
Washington, D.C. 5 July 2005
Regional Consultation of the CSHDPAHO/WHO
Infant mortality trends in the Region of the Americas by percentiles, 1950-2000.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1950-1955 1955-1960 1960-1965 1965-1970 1970-1975 1975-1980 1980-1985 1985-1990 1990-1995 1995-2000
Period
Infa
nt d
eath
s pe
r 1,0
00 li
ve b
irths
25th percentile 50th percentile 75th percentile
Regional Consultation of the CSHDPAHO/WHO
Infant mortality in Latin America and the Caribbean, 2003
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
CubaMartinica
Guadalupe Chile
Islas Virgenes USPuerto RicoCosta RicaBarbadosUruguay
Antillas Neerlandesas Bahamas
Trinidad y Tabago Guyana Francesa
Santa LuciaJamaica
ArgentinaVenezuela
MéxicoPanamáEcuadorColombia
San Vicente ySuriname
América Latina y elEl Salvador
BrasilNicaragua
Belice Honduras
PerúRepública Dominicana
ParaguayGuatemala
GuyanaBolivia
Haití
Infant deaths (per 1,000 live births)
Source: PAHO. Core Health Data Initiative. Basic Health Indicators, 2004
Regional Consultation of the CSHDPAHO/WHO
Relation between Infant Mortality and Gross National Income in the Americas, 2002
Infant mortality and Gross National Income in countries of the Americas, 2002
y = 16756x-0.7593
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000
Gross National Income ($ per capita, adjusted for purchasing power parity)
Infa
nt m
orta
lity
rate
(dea
ths
per 1
,000
live
bi
rths
)
Source: PAHO. Core Health Data Initiative. Basic Health Indicators, 2004
Regional Consultation of the CSHDPAHO/WHO
Income inequalities in the Americas. Trends 1990-2002
Income distribution in the countries of the Americas, 1990
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Accumulated population (proportion)
Accu
mul
ated
inco
me
Gini coeff. = 0.383287
Income distribution in the countries of the Americas, 2002
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Accumulated population (proportion)
Acc
umul
ated
inco
me
Gini coeff. = 0. 402855
Source: PAHO. Core Health Data Initiative. Basic Health Indicators, 2004
Regional Consultation of the CSHDPAHO/WHO
Health inequalities in the Americas. Infant Mortality Trends 1990-2004
Infant mortality distribution, countries of the Americas, 1990
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Accumulated number live births (proportion)
Acc
umul
ated
dea
ths
in in
fant
s (%
)
Gini coeff. = 0. 346525
Infant mortality distribution, countries of the Americas, 2004
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Accumulated number live births (proportion)
Acc
umul
ated
dea
ths
in in
fant
s (%
)
Gini coeff. = 0. 322416
Source: PAHO. Core Health Data Initiative. Basic Health Indicators, 2004
Regional Consultation of the CSHDPAHO/WHO
Income level and distribution in selected countries of the Americas, 2002
Source: World Bank, 2002; UNDP, 2002.
Income distribution (20% Highest/20% Lowest Income ratio)
50403020100
Inco
me
leve
l (G
NP
per
cap
ita, U
S d
olla
rs p
pp) 40,000
20,000
10,0008,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
1,000
Costa RicaChileM閤ico
Brasil Colombia
Venezuela
Estados Unidos de Am
Canad�
Puerto Rico
Bahamas
Argentina
Trinidad y Tabago Uruguay
Rep. Dominicana
Panam�ParaguayEl Salvador
Guatemala
EcuadorHonduras
Nicaragua
Santa LuciaPer�
Jamaica
Bolivia
Cuba
14.18
5,515
Low income/Narrow gap Low income/Wide gap
High income/Narrow gap High income/Wide gap
Regional Consultation of the CSHDPAHO/WHO
Child mortality trends in selected countries of the Americas by place of residence and year
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
1989
2003
1986
1996
1986
2000
1987
2002
1994
/95
2000
1986
2000
1986
2002
Bolivia Brasil Colombia Guatemala Haiti Peru RepublicaDominica
Country and year of survey
Chi
ld d
eath
s (p
er 1
,000
live
birt
hs)
Urbano Rural
Source: Demographic and Health Surveys, country data from Website www.measuredhs.com
Regional Consultation of the CSHDPAHO/WHO
Child mortality trends in selected countries of the Americas by mother’s education and year
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
1989
2003
1986
1996
1986
2000
1987
2002
1994
/95
2000
1986
2000
1986
2002
Bolivia� Brasil Colombia Guatemala� Hait頎 Per鸂 Rep鷅licaDominica
Country and years
Chi
ld d
eath
(per
1,0
00 li
ve b
irths
)
Sin educaci髇 Primaria Secundaria
www.measuredhs.comSource: Demographic and Health Surveys, country data from Website
Regional Consultation of the CSHDPAHO/WHO
Correlation between MDG indicators in countries of the Americas, 2003.
Infant mortality and its determinants
MDG IndicatorsInfant
mortality Poverty
Access tobasic
sanitationInfant
malnutrition
Births attended
by trained personnel
Access topotable water
Infant mortality 1.000
Poverty 0.712* 1.000
Access to basic sanitation -0.827* -0.616* 1.000
Infant malnutrition 0.409 0.539* -0.421 1.000
Births attended by trained personnel -0.688* -0.726* 0.554 -0.779* 1.000
Access to potable water -0.447 -0.492* 0.560* -0.041 0.458 1.000
Source: World Population Prospects 17 countries with information were considered: Bolivia, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, México, Nicaragua, Panamá, Paraguay, Perú, República Dominicana, Uruguay, Venezuela.* Significant at 95% confidence levels.
Regional Consultation of the CSHDPAHO/WHO
Infant mortality in selected countries of the Americas, Infant mortality in selected countries of the Americas, around 1998 (distribution by subnational units)around 1998 (distribution by subnational units)
Rate (per 1,000 live births)
Cou
ntry
Source: PAHO. Health in the Americas, 2002 edition
Infant mortality by countries of the Americas, around 1998 (distribution by subnational units)