health effects of air pollution wednesday, february 6, 2006 env 4101/5105 godish chapter 5 and...

Health Effects of Air Pollution

Wednesday, February 6, 2006ENV 4101/5105

Godish Chapter 5 and Online Respiratory Health Module (http://aerosol.ees.ufl.edu/default.htm)

For extra reference: EPA http://www.epa.gov/air/urbanair/

Introduction Methods of Exposure Criteria Air Pollutants:

Review: NAAQS from CAA Primary standards Secondary standards

Hazardous Air Pollutants: Regulated under 1990 CAA Amendments

Some other important health aspects Bioaerosols, medicinal purposes

Exposure

Chronic Acute

Air Pollution Episode Dependent on local

conditions Epidemiological studies

Statistical relationship between environmental factors and human disease

Challenging Toxicological studies Pollutant interactions

Smog Episode in NYC, 1963National Archives, photo by Chester Higgins

Respiratory System Via

inhalation/respiratory as well as eye/skin

Three parts of respiratory system Naso-pharyngeal (HAR) Tracheo-bronchial (TBR) Pulmonary-Alveolar

(GER) Lungs portal of entry

Purpose GER SA > 75 m2 Dr. Owens, UF ABE2062 Course

http://faculty.abe.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_20/lect_20.htm

Respiratory System Natural protection

mechanisms Naso-pharyngeal (HAR)

Tracheo-bronchial (TBR) Mucociliary “escalator” Bronchial constriction

Pulmonary-Alveolar (GER) Macrophages (phagocytosis) No ciliary action

Fisher and Paykel Health Carehttp://www.fphcare.com/humidification/foradults2.asp

Question: Why doesn’t the pulmonary-alveolar region have more natural protection mechanisms?

Criteria Air Pollutants: Particulate Matter

Very small solids/liquids that remain suspended Causes: materials handling, combustion

processes, gas conversion reactions Main sources:

Pollutant Primary Stds.Averaging Times

Secondary Stds.

Particulate Matter (PM10)

Revoked(2) Annual(2) (Arith. Mean)

150 µg/m3 24-hour(3)

Particulate Matter (PM2.5)

15.0 µg/m3 Annual(4) (Arith. Mean)

Same as Primary

35 µg/m3 24-hour(5)


Two possible fates Factors affecting fate

Aerodynamic properties

Physiological behavior

Adapted from Universite Lavalhttp://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2004/21789/ch01.html

Methods of Deposition Impaction* Interception* Diffusion* Electrostatic Attraction Gravitational Settling

Which mechanisms will work better for large particles? For small particles?


Major contributors Impaction

Predominant for dp 3 m PM2.5 regulations

Primarily in HAR or TBR Visual example:

http://aerosol.ees.ufl.edu/respiratory/section04-1.html

Brownian diffusion Predominant for dp 0.5

m Visual example:


Gravitational Settling 3-5 m (VTS dar

2) Distal/horizontal

regions of bronchial airways

Visual example: http://aerosol.ees.ufl.edu/respiratory/section04-2.html

Minimal effect Electrostatic

Attraction Interception

Elongate particles Visual example:



Why is there a dip in deposition fraction between 0.1 and 1 m? Assume this is for nasal breathing. How might this graph change

for mouth breathing?

DF=TotalDFHA=Head AirwaysDFTB=TracheobronchialDFAL=Alveolar region

dp>PM2.5

0.1<dp<1

dp<0.1


Health effects Wheezing and coughing Heart attacks and death

TSP (Total Suspended Particles) In presence of SO2, direct correlation between TSP

and hospital visits for bronchitis, asthma, emphysema, pneumonia, and cardiac disease

~60,000 deaths from PM (AHA) 1% increase in mortality for every 10 mg/m3 increase

in PM (AHA) Respiratory mortality up 3.4% for the same (AHA) Cardiovascular mortality up 1.4% for the same (AHA)

Wide Range


PM10 (<10 m, coarse (2.5-10 m) and fine particles) Anything larger deposited in the HAR (nasal-pharangycal)

PM2.5 (<2.5 m, fine particles) Most serious health effects in alveolar/gas exchange

region shift in regulation focus

May adsorb chemicals & intensify their effects Toxic or carcinogenic – pesticides, lead, arsenic,

radioactive material 8% increase in lung cancer for each 10 g/m3 increase of PM2.5


Asthma 14 Americans die/day of asthma

3x greater than 20 yrs ago Increased health care costs

Particulate episodes Inversions (covered officially later) In presence of SO2

1930: Meuse Valley in Belgium- 60 deaths 1948: Donora, PA- 20 deaths 1952: “Lethal London Smog”- 12,000 deaths

Criteria Air Pollutants: Carbon Monoxide

Colorless, odorless, tasteless gas “Silent Killer”

Review… Cause: incomplete combustion Source: transportation sector, energy production, residential

heating units, some industrial processes Ambient concerns addressed by NAAQS OSHA (50 ppm avg over 8-hour period)

PollutantPrimary

Stds.Averaging

TimesSecondary

Stds.

Carbon Monoxide

9 ppm 8-hour(1) None

(10 mg/m3)

35 ppm 1-hour(1) None

(40 mg/m3)


Reacts with hemoglobin in blood Forms carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO)

rather than oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) Prevents oxygen transfer

Toxic effects on humans Low-level: cardiovascular and

neurobehavior High-level: headaches/nausea/fatigue

to possible death Oxygen deficient people esp.

vulnerable (anemia, chronic heart or lung disease, high altitude residents, smokers)

Cigarette smoke: 400-450 ppm; smoker’s blood 5-10% HbCO vs 2% for non-smoker

CDC CO Poisoninghttp://www.cdc.gov/co/faqs.htm


Concern in homes especially - Install CO monitor! No indoor home regulations

>70 ppm flu-like symptoms (w/out fever) 150-200 ppm disorientation,

drowsiness, vomiting >300 ppm unconsciousness,

brain damage, death 500 Americans die/year from

unintentional CO poisoning What are some potential sources

of CO poisoning? Treatment: fresh air, oxygen

therapy, hyperbaric chamber

Parrish Medical Centerhttp://www.parrishmed.com/programs_services/wound_hyperbaric.cfm

Criteria Air Pollutants: Ozone

Cause: product of photochemical rxns Source: cars, power plants, combustion,

chemical industries Acute Health effects

Severe E/N/T (ear/nose/throat) irritation Eye irritation at 100 ppb Interferes with lung functions

Coughing at 2 ppm Chronic Health Effects

Why do we use ozone as disinfectant for WW?

Irreversible, accelerated lung damage

Criteria Air Pollutants: NOx

Cause: Fuel combustion at high temps Source: mobile and stationary combustion sources Prolonged exposure pulmonary fibrosis,

emphysema, and higher LRI (lower respiratory tract illness) in children

Toxic effects at 10-30 ppm Nose and eye irritation Lung tissue damage

Pulmonary edema (swelling) Bronchitis Defense mechanisms

Pneumonia Aggravate existing heart disease

Criteria Air Pollutants: SOx

Cause: Burning fuel that contains sulfur Source: Electric power generation, diesel trucks Gas and particulate phase Soluble and absorbed by respiratory system Short-term intermittent exposures

Bronchoconstriction (temporary breathing difficulty) E/N/T irritation Mucus secretion

Long-term exposures Respiratory illness Aggravates existing heart disease

Intensified in presence of PM London issues were combination of the two

Criteria Air Pollutants: Lead (Pb)

Source: burning fuels that contain lead (phased out), metal processing, waste incinerators

Absorbed into blood; similar to calcium Accumulates in blood, bones, muscles,

fat Damages organs – kidneys, liver, brain,

reproductive system, bones (osteoporosis) Brain and nervous system – seizures, mental

retardation, behavioral disorders, memory problems, mood changes,

Young children - lower IQ, learning disabilities Heart and blood – high blood pressure and

increased heart disease Chronic poisoning possible

Queensland Government Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/environmental_management/air/air_quality_monitoring/air_pollutants/airborne_lead/

Criteria Air Pollutants: Air Quality Index (AQI)

Do we have a way to determine local air quality? AQI/PSI (formerly Pollutants Std Index)

Assigns numerical rating to air quality of six criteria pollutants (TSP, SO2, CO, O3, NO2, and TSP*SO2)

API Value Air Quality Descriptor

0-50 Good

51-100 Moderate

101-199 Unhealthful

200-299 Very unhealthful

300 Hazardous

Criteria Air Pollutants: Air Quality Index (AQI) Begin by calculating individual subindex for each pollutant Subindex is defined as segmented linear function

What is the index value if 8-hr CO is 9 mg/m^3? Overall API is the MAXIMUM of all the sub-index values

Index Value

24 hr TSP

g/m3

24 hr SO2

g/m3

TSPxSO2

g/m3)2

8 hr COmg/m3

8 hr O3

g/m3

1 hr NO2

g/m3

0 0 0 N/A 0 0 N/A

50 75 80 N/A 5 118 N/A

100 260 365 N/A 10 235 N/A

200 375 800 65,000 17 400 1130

300 625 1600 261,000

34 800 2260

400 875 2100 393,000

46 1000 3000

500 1000 2620 490,000

57.5 1200 3750

Criteria Air Pollutants: Air Quality Index (AQI)

Group Work: Calculate the PSI and give a verbal description of air that contains 7 mg/m3 CO (8-hour average), 300 g/m3 TSP (24-hour average), and 300 g/m3 SO2 (24-hour average)?

Reminder: Good (0-50); Moderate (51-100); Unhealthful (100-199); Very Unhealthful (200-299); Hazardous (>300)

Value 24 hr TSP

g/m3

24 hr SO2

g/m3

TSPxSO2

g/m3)2

8 hr COmg/m3

8 hr O3

g/m3

1 hr NO2

g/m3

0 0 0 N/A 0 0 N/A

50 75 80 N/A 5 118 N/A

100 260 365 N/A 10 235 N/A

200 375 800 65,000 17 400 1130

300 625 1600 261,000 34 800 2260

400 875 2100 393,000 46 1000 3000

500 1000 2620 490,000 57.5 1200 3750http://www.dep.state.fl.us/air/flaqs/forecast.htm

HAPs: Mercury Elemental Hg inhaled as a vapor,

absorbed by lungs Cause: vaporized mercury Sources: coal combustion, accidental

spill, mining Effects: Nervous system (acute, high),

respiratory system (chronic, low), kidneys, skin, eyes, immune system; Mutagenic properties

Symptoms Acute: chills, nausea, chest

pains/tightness, cough, gingivitis, general malaise

Chronic: weakness, fatigue, weight loss, tremor, behavioral changes istockphoto.com

http://www.istockphoto.com/imageindex/728/1/728179/Mercury_drops_Hg.html

HAPs: Dioxins

Generic term for several chemicals that are highly persistent in the environment

chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs)

chlorinated dibenzofurans (CDFs) certain polychlorinated biphenyls

(PCBs) Cause: burning chlorine-based

compounds with hydrocarbons Sources: waste incinerator

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzofuran

3,3',4,4',5,5'-Hexachlorobiphenyl

HAPs: Dioxins Varying toxicity

Generally problems with high exposures

Exact effects of low exposures not really known

Health Effects Carcinogenic

Some are “known human carcinogen” (2,3,7,8 tetrachlordibenzo-p-dioxin, TCDD)

Others are “reasonably anticipated to be a Human Carcinogen”

Reproductive and developmental effects

Chloracne

Comparative Photos Showing Yuschenko Immediately Prior To And Immediately Following Dioxin Poisoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Yushchenko(Note: this is an extreme case of dioxin poisoning)

Other Aerosols: Bioaerosols

Aerosols with organic origin

Non-viable: pollen, dander, insect excreta, sea salt

Viable: microorganisms Cause: aerosolization of

organic material Sources:

Human: sneezing, coughing Non-human: wind, waves,

WWTP Health Effects: allergies

(pollen) to death (pathogenic organisms)

Pathogenic – Minimum Infectious Dose

Mechanical aeration in oxidation ditch at UF WWTP

Other Aerosols: Bioaerosols

Allergies Pollen, dander, fungi (spores)

Airborne transmission of disease

Bird flu, SARS, Legionnella (pneumonia)

Indoor Air Quality Ventilation Systems – moist

ductwork, protection, recycled air

Office Buildings – Sick Building Syndrome

Hospital (nosocomial) Biological Warfare

Anthrax, Ebola virus

Morning Glory Pollen SEMUniversity of West GA Microscopy Center

http://www.westga.edu/~geosci/wgmc/plants_pics.htm

Other Aerosols: Medicinal Applications

Purposely applied medicine Take advantage of lung’s portal of

entry (GER – thin membrane of alveolar)

Asthma Inhaler

Diabetes Pfizer uses Insulin

http://aerosol_beta.ees.ufl.edu/Healthaerosol/section03-2.html

Review of Lecture Respiratory System and

methods of deposition1. _____________________2. _____________________3. _____________________

Particulate Matter _____________________

Carbon Monoxide _____________________

Ozone _____________________

NOx _____________________

SOx

_____________________ Lead

_____________________ HAPs

Mercury _______________________

Dioxins _______________________

Bioaerosols _____________________

health effects of air pollution wednesday, february 6, 2006 env 4101/5105 godish chapter 5 and...

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