health disparities in massachusetts: data and trends
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Health Disparities in Massachusetts: Data and Trends. Disparities Council June 16, 2008. Racial Disparities in Health Indicators. Fair or Poor Self-Perceived Health Status, MA 1993-2007. Percentages are age adjusted to 2000 US population - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Health Information, Statistics, Research, and Evaluation
Health Disparities in Massachusetts: Data and Trends
Disparities CouncilJune 16, 2008
Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Health Information, Statistics, Research, and Evaluation
Racial Disparities in Health Indicators
Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Health Information, Statistics, Research, and Evaluation
Fair or Poor Self-Perceived Health Status, MA 1993-2007
0
10
20
30
40
50
93 94-95 96-97 98-99 00-01 02-03 04-05 06-07
pre
vale
nce
(%)
white Nh black nH Hispanic
Percentages are age adjusted to 2000 US populationTime trend in prevalence is shown when it is significant p<=0.05
source: MA BRFSS
Average( median) prevalence by race/ethnicity over time
10.5
16.8
33.7
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
w hite,Nh black, Nh Hispanic
prev
alen
ce(%
)
Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Health Information, Statistics, Research, and Evaluation
0
5
10
15
20
93 94-95 96-97 98-99 00-01 02-03 04-05 06-07
pre
vale
nce
(%)
white Nh black nH Hispanic
Percentages are age adjusted to 2000 US populationTime trend in prevalence is shown when it is significant p<=0.05
Poor Self-Perceived Mental Health, MA 1993-2007
source: MA BRFSS
Average( median) prevalence by race/ethnicity over time
12.911.18.9
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
w hite,Nh black, Nh Hispanic
prev
alen
ce(%
)
Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Health Information, Statistics, Research, and Evaluation
Overweight or Obese, MA 1990-2007
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
90-91 92-93 94-95 96-97 98-99 00-01 02-03 04-05 06-07
prev
alen
ce(%
)
white NH black NH Hispanic
*
**
Percentages are age adjusted to 2000 US populationTime trend in prevalence is shown when it is significant p<=0.05
source: MA BRFSS
Average( median) prevalence by race/ethnicity over time
49.564.4 63.1
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
w hite,Nh black, Nh Hispanic
prev
alen
ce(%
)
Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Health Information, Statistics, Research, and Evaluation
Diabetes, MA 1990-2007
0
5
10
15
20
90-91 92-93 94-95 96-97 98-99 00-01 02-03 04-05 06-07
pre
vale
nce
(%)
white NH black NH Hispanic
*
*
Percentages are age adjusted to 2000 US populationTime trend in prevalence is shown when it is significant p<=0.05
source: MA BRFSS
Average( median) prevalence by race/ethnicity over time
4.5
9.7 10.6
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
w hite,Nh black, Nh Hispanic
prev
alen
ce(%
)
Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Health Information, Statistics, Research, and Evaluation
Current Smokers, MA 1990-2007
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
90-91 92-93 94-95 96-97 98-99 00-01 02-03 04-05 06-07
pre
vale
nce
(%)
white NH black NH Hispanic
*
Percentages are age adjusted to 2000 US populationTime trend in prevalence is shown when it is significant p<=0.05
source: MA BRFSS
Average( median) prevalence by race/ethnicity over time
17.821.1
20.9
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
w hite,Nh black, Nh Hispanic
prev
alen
ce(%
)
Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Health Information, Statistics, Research, and Evaluation
Binge Drinkers, MA 1990-2007
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
90-91 92-93 94-95 96-97 98-99 00-01 02-03 04-05 06-07
prev
alen
ce(%
)
white NH black NH Hispanic
Percentages are age adjusted to 2000 US populationTime trend in prevalence is shown when it is significant p<=0.05
source: MA BRFSS
Average( median) prevalence by race/ethnicity over time
12.613.0
19.2
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
w hite,Nh black, Nh Hispanic
prev
alen
ce(%
)
Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Health Information, Statistics, Research, and Evaluation
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
92-93 94-95 96-97 98-99 00-01 02-03 04-05 06-07
pre
va
len
ce
(%)
white NH black NH Hispanic
Percentages are age adjusted to 2000 US populationTime trend in prevalence is shown when it is significant p<=0.05
Had mammography in the past two years , MA 1992-2007
source: MA BRFSS
*
* Average( median) prevalence by race/ethnicity over time
82.184.7 85.2
20.030.040.050.060.070.080.090.0
100.0
w hite,Nh black, Nh Hispanic
prev
alen
ce(%
)
Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Health Information, Statistics, Research, and Evaluation
Racial Disparities in Birth Outcome Indicators
Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Health Information, Statistics, Research, and Evaluation
Ratio of Rates Used to Compare Outcomes of Blacks1, Hispanics, And Asians1 to that of Whites1
Interpretation of ratio of rates and of its trend over time1. Values of ratio of rates
• <1 rates are lower than that of whites
• =1 rates are equal to that of whites
• >1 rates are higher than that of whites
2. Where the observed ratio crosses the Y axis, it indicates the magnitude of the gap between a particular race and Whites, for a given outcome.
3. When the Annual Percent Change (APC) is statistically different from 0 (p<0.05) and: • APC<0, this indicates that the gap (or ratio) is decreasing
• APC=0, this indicates that the gap (or ratio) is stable
• APC>0, this indicates that the gap (or ratio) is increasing
1. non-Hispanics
Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Health Information, Statistics, Research, and Evaluation
Interpretation of ratio of rates and APC for Adverse Outcomes
Interpretation of ratio of rates and APC for adverse outcomes
Values of ratio of rates<1, better off than whites (B)
=1, rates are equal to that of whites (E)
>1, worse off than whites (W)
Values of the Annual Percent Change (APC)If statistically different from 0 (p<0.05) and:
APC<0, indicates that the racial disparity/gap is improving
APC=0, indicates that the racial disparity/gap remains stable
APC>0, indicates that the racial disparity/gap is worsening
Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Health Information, Statistics, Research, and Evaluation
5.75.6
2.9
2.8
1.1
1.2
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Ra
tio
of
Ra
tes
* Statistically significantly different from 0 (p ≤0.05) APC = Annual Percentage Change
Ratio of Teen Birth Rate by RaceCompared to White non-Hispanics
Massachusetts Births 1996-2006
Worse Off
Better Off
Asians
Blacks
Hispanics
-4.7% * APC
-2.4% * APC
-2.5% * APC
Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Health Information, Statistics, Research, and Evaluation
1.41.3
3.3
2.7
0.4
1.1
0
1
2
3
4
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Ra
tio
of
Ra
tes
Ratio of Infant Mortality Rate by RaceCompared to White non-Hispanics
Massachusetts Births 1996-2006
Worse Off
Better Off
Asians
Blacks
Hispanics
1.0% APC
3.5% * APC
1.9% APC
* Statistically significantly different from 0 (p ≤0.05) APC = Annual Percentage Change
Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Health Information, Statistics, Research, and Evaluation
0.83
0.80
0.96
1.00
0.86
0.79
0.72
0.74
0.76
0.78
0.80
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88
0.90
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
1.00
1.02
1.04
1.06
1.08
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Ra
tio
of
Ra
tes
Worse Off
Better Off
Blacks
Hispanics
-0.5% APC
-0.7% * APC
Ratio of Cesarean Rates by RaceCompared to White non-Hispanics
Massachusetts Births 1996-2006
Asians1.4% * APC
* Statistically significantly different from 0 (p ≤0.05) APC = Annual Percentage Change
Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Health Information, Statistics, Research, and Evaluation
1.21.0
1.2
1.5
1.9
2.1
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.25
2.50
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Ra
tio
of
Ra
tes
Ratio of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus by RaceCompared to White non-Hispanics
Massachusetts Births 1996-2006
Worse Off
Better Off
Asians
Blacks
Hispanics
-3.2% APC
-1.0% APC
-0.3% APC
* Statistically significantly different from 0 (p ≤0.05) APC = Annual Percentage Change
Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Health Information, Statistics, Research, and Evaluation
1.5
1.6
2.4
2.1
1.31.5
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Ra
tio
of
Ra
tes
Ratio of Singleton Low Birth Weight Rate by RaceCompared to White non-Hispanics
Massachusetts Births 1996-2006
Worse Off
Better Off
Asians
Blacks
Hispanics
-1.4% * APC
-1.0% * APC
-1.4% APC
* Statistically significantly different from 0 (p ≤0.05) APC = Annual Percentage Change
Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Health Information, Statistics, Research, and Evaluation
0.77
0.60
0.78
0.83
0.170.15
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
1.10
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Ra
tio
of
Ra
tes
Blacks
Hispanics
-1.1% * APC
-3.5% * APC
Ratio of Smoking During Pregnancy Rate by RaceCompared to White non-Hispanics
Massachusetts Births 1996-2006
Asians4.8% * APC
Worse Off
Better Off
* Statistically significantly different from 0 (p ≤0.05) APC = Annual Percentage Change
Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Health Information, Statistics, Research, and Evaluation
0.85
0.880.88
0.86
0.950.93
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88
0.90
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
1.00
1.02
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Ra
tio
of
Ra
tes
Blacks
Hispanics
0.3% APC
0.6% * APC
Ratio of Adequate Prenatal Care (APNC) by RaceCompared to White non-Hispanics
Massachusetts Births 1996-2006
Asians0.3%* APC
Better Off
Worse Off
* Statistically significantly different from 0 (p ≤0.05) APC = Annual Percentage Change
Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Health Information, Statistics, Research, and Evaluation
1.03
1.06
1.03
1.00
1.11
1.04
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
1.00
1.02
1.04
1.06
1.08
1.10
1.12
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Ra
tio
of
Ra
tes
Blacks
Hispanics
1.1% * APC
0.5% * APC
Ratio of Breastfeeding Rate by RaceCompared to White non-Hispanics
Massachusetts Births 1996-2006
Asians0.5% * APC
Better Off
Worse Off
* Statistically significantly different from 0 (p ≤0.05) APC = Annual Percentage Change
Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Health Information, Statistics, Research, and Evaluation
Summary of Racial Disparities in Selected Birth Outcomes
BLACK TO WHITES
HISPANICS TO WHITES
ASIAN TO WHITES
WHITES
Outcome
Current Ratio (2006)
Trend of
Ratio
Current Ratio (2006)
Trend of
Ratio
Current Ratio (2006)
Trend of
Ratio
Trend of
RateStatus
Ratio
Status
Ratio
Status
Ratio
Teen Birth
W >1 IMPROVING
W >1 IMPROVING
E 1 STABLE
Infant Death
W >1 STABLE W >1 WORSENING
B <1 STABLE
Cesareans
B <1 STABLE B <1 IMPROVING
B <1 WORSENING
WORSENING
GDM W >1 STABLE E 1 STABLE W >1 STABLE
LBW among singletons
W >1 IMPROVING
W >1 IMPROVING
W >1 STABLE
Smoke B <1 IMPROVING
B <1 IMPROVING
B <1 IMPROVING
WORSENING
APNC (Kotelchuck)
W <1 IMPROVING
W <1 IMPROVING
W <1 IMPROVING
Breastfeed
B >1 IMPROVING
B 1 IMPROVING
B 1 IMPROVING
WORSENING
Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Health Information, Statistics, Research, and Evaluation
Racial Disparities in Incidence of Selected Cancers
Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Health Information, Statistics, Research, and Evaluation
0.87
0.75
0.87
0.93
0.78
0.71
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Ra
tio
of
Ra
tes
Ratio of Colorectal Cancer Incidence by RaceCompared to White non-Hispanics
Massachusetts Births 1996-2005
Worse Off
Better Off
Asians
Blacks
Hispanics
-1.1% APC
4.0% * APC
-0.9% APC
* Statistically significantly different from 0 (p ≤0.05) APC = Annual Percentage Change
Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Health Information, Statistics, Research, and Evaluation
1.04
1.07
1.46
1.57
0.35
0.33
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Ra
tio
of
Ra
tes
Ratio of Prostate Cancer Incidence by RaceCompared to White non-Hispanics
Massachusetts Births 1996-2005
Worse Off
Better Off
Asians
Blacks
Hispanics
-1.0% APC
3.4% * APC
-1.1% APC
* Statistically significantly different from 0 (p ≤0.05) APC = Annual Percentage Change
Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Health Information, Statistics, Research, and Evaluation
1.5
1.1
0.3
0.6
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Rat
io o
f R
ates
Ratio of Female Breast Cancer Mortality RatesCompared to White non-Hispanics
Massachusetts: 1996-2006
Blacks to Whites
Hispanics to Whites
* Statistically Significant (p ≤.05) APC = Annual Percentage Change
Worse Off
Better Off
+ 1.7% APC
+ 5.0%* APC
Asians to Whites
Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Health Information, Statistics, Research, and Evaluation
0.90.9
0.30.2
0.70.6
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Rat
io o
f R
ates
Ratio of Lung Cancer Mortality RatesCompared to White non-Hispanics
Massachusetts: 1996-2006
Asians to Whites
Blacks to Whites
Hispanics to Whites
* Statistically Significant (p ≤.05) APC = Annual Percentage Change
Worse Off
Better Off
- 0.5% APC
-1.4% APC
- 1.5% APC
Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Health Information, Statistics, Research, and Evaluation
1.8
2.7
1.31.5
3.63.6
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Ra
tio
of
Ra
tes
Ratio of Liver Cancer Incidence by RaceCompared to White non-Hispanics
Massachusetts Births 1996-2005
Worse Off
Better Off
Asians
Blacks
Hispanics
2.3% APC
4.7% APC
-5.0% * APC
* Statistically significantly different from 0 (p ≤0.05) APC = Annual Percentage Change
Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Health Information, Statistics, Research, and Evaluation
2.1
2.01.9
1.4
1.7
2.1
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.25
2.50
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Ra
tio
of
Ra
tes
Ratio of Stomach Cancer Incidence by RaceCompared to White non-Hispanics
Massachusetts Births 1996-2005
Worse Off
Better Off
Asians
Blacks
Hispanics
0.1% APC
0.4% APC
-2.9% APC
* Statistically significantly different from 0 (p ≤0.05) APC = Annual Percentage Change
Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Health Information, Statistics, Research, and Evaluation
Summary of Racial Disparities in Incidence of Selected Cancers
BLACK TO WHITES HISPANICS TO WHITES ASIAN TO WHITES WHITES
Current Ratio (2006)
Trend of Ratio
Current Ratio (2006)
Trend of Ratio
Current Ratio (2006)
Trend of Ratio
Trend of Rate
Status Ratio Status Ratio Status Ratio
Colorectal E 1 STABLE None 1 WORSENING B <1 STABLE
Prostate W >1 STABLE None 1 WORSENING B <1 STABLE
Liver E 1 STABLE W >1 STABLE W >1 IMPROVING
Stomach W >1 STABLE W >1 STABLE W >1 STABLE
W racial group is worse off than Whites
E racial group has an equal rate than Whites
B racial group is better of than Whites
Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Health Information, Statistics, Research, and Evaluation
Disparities in Mortality in Massachusetts
Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Health Information, Statistics, Research, and Evaluation
Note Regarding Mortality Rates for Hispanics, Asians and Native Americans
• There are limitations to data from death certificates: there is an undercount of Hispanics, Asians, and Native Americans which may result in artificially low mortality rates
Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Health Information, Statistics, Research, and Evaluation
All Cause MortalityAge-Adjusted Death Rates: 1994-2004
956.7
392.8498.2
987.0
810.3
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
White non-Hispanic
Black non-Hispanic
Hispanic American Indiannon-Hispanic
American Indian(AlternativeEstimate)
De
ath
s p
er
10
0,0
00
po
pu
lati
on
Adjusted Estimate
Underestimate
Rates are per 100,000 population. Age-adjusted to the 2000 US standard population
Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Health Information, Statistics, Research, and Evaluation
1.2
1.3
0.5
0.70.6
0.5
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Rat
io o
f R
ates
Ratio of All Cause Mortality RatesCompared to White non-Hispanics
Massachusetts: 1996-2006
Asians to Whites
Blacks to Whites
Hispanics to Whites
* Statistically Significant (p ≤.05) APC = Annual Percentage Change
Worse Off
Better Off
- 1.5%* APC
+ 10.9%* APC
- 1.0%* APC
Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Health Information, Statistics, Research, and Evaluation
0.960.97
0.4
0.6
0.40.4
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Rat
io o
f R
ates
Ratio of Heart Disease Mortality RatesCompared to White non-Hispanics
Massachusetts: 1996-2006
Blacks to Whites
Hispanics to Whites
* Statistically Significant (p ≤.05) APC = Annual Percentage Change
Worse Off
Better Off
+ 0.3% APC
+ 1.7% APC + 15.0% APC
- 1.9% APC
Asians to Whites
- 1.5% APC
Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Health Information, Statistics, Research, and Evaluation
2.5
2.1
1.0
1.7
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Rat
io o
f R
ates
Ratio of Diabetes Mortality RatesCompared to White non-Hispanics
Massachusetts: 1996-2006
Blacks to Whites
Hispanics to Whites
* Statistically Significant (p ≤.05) APC = Annual Percentage Change
Worse Off
Better Off
+ 0.04% APC
+ 3.8% APC
Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Health Information, Statistics, Research, and Evaluation
4.8
2.2
3.5
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Rat
io o
f R
ates
Ratio of Asthma Mortality Rates Compared to White non-Hispanics
Massachusetts: 1996-2006
Blacks to Whites
Hispanics to Whites
* Statistically Significant (p ≤.05) APC = Annual Percentage Change
Worse Off
Better Off
+ 3.0% APC
Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Health Information, Statistics, Research, and Evaluation
0.6
0.4
0.6
0.3
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Rat
io o
f R
ates
Ratio of Suicides RatesCompared to White non-Hispanics
Massachusetts: 1996-2006
Blacks to Whites
Hispanics to Whites
* Statistically Significant (p ≤.05) APC = Annual Percentage Change
Worse Off
Better Off - 0.3% APC
- 3.6% APC
Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Health Information, Statistics, Research, and Evaluation
14.0
11.8
3.3
4.2
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Rat
io o
f R
ates
Ratio of Homicide Rates Compared to White non-Hispanics
Massachusetts: 1996-2006
Blacks to Whites
Hispanics to Whites
* Statistically Significant (p ≤.05) APC = Annual Percentage Change
Worse Off
Better Off
+ 2.3%* APC
-0.3% APC
Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Health Information, Statistics, Research, and Evaluation
8.610.3
5.65.3
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Rat
io o
f R
ates
Ratio of HIV/AIDS Mortality RatesCompared to White non-Hispanics
Massachusetts: 1996-2006
Blacks to Whites
Hispanics to Whites
* Statistically Significant (p ≤.05) APC = Annual Percentage Change
Worse Off
Better Off
- 0.8% APC
- 0.7% APC
Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Health Information, Statistics, Research, and Evaluation
1.4
1.8
0.80.9
0.50.7
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Rat
io o
f R
ates
Ratio of Premature Mortality RatesCompared to White non-Hispanics
Massachusetts: 1996-2006
Blacks to Whites
Hispanics to Whites
* Statistically Significant (p ≤.05) APC = Annual Percentage Change
Worse Off
Better Off
- 2.2%* APC
+ 4.8%* APC - 3.9% APC
Asians to Whites
- 2.7%* APC
Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Health Information, Statistics, Research, and Evaluation
0.6
1.4
0.4
0.6
1.0
1.6
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
Blacks to Whites Hispanics to Whites Asians to Whites
Rat
io o
f ra
tes
2000 2006
Ratio of Mortality Rates for Causes Amenable to Health Care Compared to White non-Hispanics
Massachusetts: 2000 and 2006
* Statistically higher than 2000 rate (p<0.O5)
Worse Off
Better Off