Health Belief Model

The “Health Belief Model” (HBM) by Jones and Bartlett (1950), states that health

behavior is determined by personal beliefs or perception about a disease and strategies

to decrease the occurrence. There are four perceptions stated in the theory. First,

perceived susceptibility, The belief that one is at risk of an illness is subjective

(Lizewski,2010,p.2). Refers to a person's subjective perception of the risk of acquiring

an illness or disease (Jones and Bartlett,1950).. There is wide variation in a person's

feelings of personal vulnerability to an illness or disease. Second, perceived severity,

The perception of the consequences of a negative health condition is also subjective

(Lizewski,2010,p.3).Refers to a person's feelings on the seriousness of contracting an

illness or disease (or leaving the illness or disease untreated)(Jones and Bartlett,1950).

There is wide variation in a person's feelings of severity, and often a person considers

the medical consequences and social consequences when evaluating the severity.

Third perceived benefits, Deciding on a course of action is shaped by the options

accessible to the individual and the belief in their effectiveness

(Lizewski ,2010,p.3).Refers to a person's perception of the effectiveness of various

actions available to reduce the threat of illness or disease (or to cure illness or disease)

(Jones and Bartlett,1950). The course of action a person takes in preventing (or curing)

illness or disease relies on consideration and evaluation of both perceived susceptibility

and perceived benefit, such that the person would accept the recommended health

action if it was perceived as beneficial. Fourth, perceived barriers, Despite a belief

being established that a particular course of action may reduce a health threat,

indecision may still take place(Lizewski,2010,p.3).Refers to a person's feelings on the

obstacles to performing a recommended health action(Jones and Bartlett,1950). There

is wide variation in a person's feelings of barriers, or impediments, which lead to a

cost/benefit analysis. The person weighs the effectiveness of the actions against the

perceptions that it may be expensive, dangerous, unpleasant time-consuming, or

inconvenient.

Three broad identified: Preventive health behaviors, which include health-

promoting and health-risk behaviors as well as vaccination and contraceptive practices.

Sick role behaviors, which refer to compliance with recommended medical regimens,

usually following professional diagnosis of illness. And, clinic use, which includes

physician visits for a variety of reasons (Conner & Norman, 1996).

Healthcare workers reported that TB clients and their families suffer greatly from

the impact of TB. These affects include emotional, psychological, physical, practical,

social and economic factors. The observed level of impact of TB on clients depended on

their identity, which was influenced by their cultural, and spiritual beliefs, their level of

knowledge and the relationship they have with their HCW.(Miller, 2007). Patient’s

perception towards Tuberculosis, when it comes to transmission of disease some

patient were ignorant, thought sneezing and cough, smoking ,and mentioned TB is a

familial disease .Most of them knew that TB can be cured completely, they opined that

the remedial measure is taking specific drugs given in DOTS centre. Some of them can

mention the duration of treatment should be 6–8 months. TB patient got family support,

anxious for reduction of family income, felt socially neglected, expressed that utensils

for food/drink are separated for them, and felt isolated within family.

(Tasnim,Rahman,Hoque,2012). Family perception, In relation to the cure of TB,

people recognize it as a curable disease, however, it was verified that some of the

subjects reported their relative was ashamed for being a TB patient. Also, it is

noteworthy that some families were not concerned about contracting the disease,

but they expressed fear and sadness in the coexistence with the TB patient

(Freita,Crispim,Pinto,Villa,Brunello,Arcencio,2012).

Some are literature reviews : A case study on tuberculosis treatment by

Jayachandran (2014), states that people refuse to seek treatment from a government

health center as they are ready to get treated at any expense and seek private health

care facility for the prompt treatment. In public sector patient defaulted because of side

effects of drugs, fear of getting admitted in big tuberculosis hospitals, incompatible

timing, neglect, long waiting time, TB deaths on family and lack of support in the

family. ). Health care workers’ knowledge and attitude towards TB patients under Direct

Observation of Treatment in Plateau state Nigeria, 2011

(Ibrahim,Hadjia,Nguku,Waziri,Obiemen,Akhimien,Patobas,Nsubuga (2014), resulted on

Lack of knowledge of the health care workers on management of TB patients and poor

interpersonal relation and communication with patients have negative effect on patients’

adherence to the long duration of TB treatment.

In relation to the study, the treatment of tuberculosis particularly to individuals,

families, and Health care worker depend on their different personal beliefs or perception

or behavior in such a way that, it limits only on the knowledge they know or how they

understand it in regards to diseases. Therefore for a success treatment outcome, they

should have an equal perception between family, treatment partner, and the patient by

support system and rapport building.