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Scottish Household Survey
Volunteering Cross-sectional Analysis: Health and Wellbeing
@VolScotlandwww.volunteerscotland.org.uk
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Debbie Maltman & Matthew LinningVolunteer Scotland, Research and Evaluation
Contents Page
Section Slide
1. Research Overview 3
2. Scottish Household Survey (SHS) Fields 8
3. General Health 12
4. Mental Health 15
5. Long term physical or mental health conditions 18
6. Health Behaviours 25
7. Summary Highlights 30
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1. Research Overview
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1. Research overview.• This presentation is one of a series of presentations that builds upon Volunteer Scotland’s time series analysis of
Chapter 11 of the Scottish Household Survey (SHS) by cross tabulating a number of SHS fields with volunteering.
• This presentation cross-tabulates a number of health and wellbeing SHS fields with volunteering.
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Cross-sectional presentation topics
Health and Wellbeing
Sport, exercise & outdoor activities
Culture
Household information
Caring responsibilities
Community engagement & citizenship
Neighbourhood characteristics
Other: Internet, marital status & Health Boards
1. Research overview.• The Scottish Household Survey (SHS) is an annual survey based on a random sample of the Scottish Adult
population aged 16+ (9,630 in 2016). This presentation uses data from the 2016 SHS as the full 2017 Dataset was not available at the time the analysis was completed.
• The SHS questions are split into sub-sets of questions asked to either the head of the household, the individual with the highest individual income or a randomly selected adult. The random adult subset of the SHS dataset is used for the analysis undertaken as this section contains the volunteering question.
• This presentation focuses exclusively on Formal Volunteering – defined as “……. Giving up time to help any groups, clubs or organisations in an unpaid capacity” that individuals have undertaken at least once in the past 12 months.
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1. Research overview.• The Health and Wellbeing fields selected for analysis are based on findings from the comprehensive literature
review - Volunteering, Health and Wellbeing, What does the evidence tell us published by Volunteer Scotland. The key findings include:
• Volunteering can lead to improvements in mental health – the strongest evidence related to the contribution of volunteering to enhanced mental health, including the alleviation of depression, reduced anxiety and stress and other more serious mental health conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder.
• Volunteering can enhance physical health – volunteering can improve individual’s self-rated health through the adoption of healthy behaviours such as exercise; and helping people cope with personal illness and dependency in older age.
• Volunteering should target the excluded – there is clear-cut evidence that those subject to exclusion and disadvantage in society have the most to gain from volunteering in terms of their health and wellbeing.
• Given the importance of volunteering to the health and wellbeing of disadvantaged groups in society this presentation analyses relevant SHS health fields at a national level and provides a comparison between Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation Quintiles (SIMD Q). SIMD Q ranks areas in Scotland on a scale of 1- Most deprived 20% of the population to 5 – Least deprived 20% of the population.
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1. Research overview.• Statistical methodology
• For each of the SHS fields analysed we want to determine if there is a relationship between volunteer participation and the SHS field.
• For example, the volunteer participation rate for those with very good health is above average and those with bad/very bad health is below average. In this case does general health affect volunteer participation rates or is this difference due to chance?
• To test if there is a statistical relationship chi square analysis is used.
• Chi square analysis is used as the data being analysed are categorical (data in categories), for example individuals’ perception of general health is recorded in a number of different categories, very good, good, fair, bad and very bad.
• Chi square testing allows us to test a hypothesis (a theory or question), e.g. volunteer participation is dependent on general health against the alternative hypothesis that volunteer participation is independent of general health (there is no relationship).
• This tests whether a relationship exists between the two categorical variables analysed, for example volunteering and general health, but does not tell us whether the difference between the Scottish average participation rate and the volunteer participation rates for each individual category is statistically significant. At this stage we are identifying whether questions have a relationship between volunteering and the overall trend between categories (above or below the Scottish average). It is important for Volunteer Scotland to identify relationships with volunteering at an overall level to understand variables such as general health that have a relationship with volunteering, before undertaking more detailed thematic analysis which examines the relationships further.
• Finally, a relationship (correlation) between the fields analysed and volunteering does not imply causation. Where we see a relationship between the variables this does not necessarily mean that one causes the other. For example a correlation between the general health of adults and volunteering does not mean that volunteering causes improved general health. Instead, it may be that those that have better general health are attracted into volunteering. We just don’t know.
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2. Scottish Household Survey (SHS) Fields for Health & Wellbeing
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2. Scottish Household Survey (SHS) fields.The SHS fields selected for analysis of ‘health and wellbeing’ are spilt into four sections.
Section SHS Question Definition Response Categories Sample Size
General
Health
Genhlth : How
is your health in
General?
Genhlth is a self-reported measure of how
individuals rate their general health, which
considers overall health and does not distinguish
between mental and physical health.
Responses are measured on a Likert scale with 5 categories
ranging from very bad – very good.
For the analysis in this presentation responses of “I don’t
know” have been excluded and the categories grouped into
four: Very Good, Good , Fair and Bad / Very Bad.
9,612
Mental
Health
SWEMWBS -
Combined
swemwbs score.
SWEMWBS is a short version of the Warwick–
Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale(WEMWBS).
The WEMWBS was developed to enable the
monitoring of mental wellbeing in the general
population. The SWEMWBS uses seven of the
WEMWBS’s 14 statements about thoughts and
feelings. The seven statements are positively
worded with five response categories from ‘none
of the time’ to ‘all of the time.
Each category is assigned a score from 1-5. Total scores
range from 7 to 35 with higher scores indicating higher
positive mental well-being.
The average SWEMBS from the SHS dataset is 24.5 For the
analysis conducted individuals are assigned to 3 categories:
low (7-20), average (20.01 - 28.99) and high (29-35). The
high and low categories follow the University of Warick
methodology of the average+/- 1 Standard deviation.
9,386
Source: Scottish Household Survey (SHS) 2016 9
2. Scottish Household Survey (SHS) fields.Section SHS Question Definition Response Categories Sample Size
Long term
physical or
mental health
conditions.
rg5a: Do you have a physical or
mental health condition or illness
lasting or expected to last 12
months or more?
rg5b - Does your condition or illness
reduce your ability to carry-out day-
to-day activities?
Physmen - Whether anyone has a
physical or mental health
condition/illness at least 12
months?
rg5a confirms if the random adult
has a long-term health condition
(lasting more than 12 months).
Rg5b builds on rg5a and asks the
random adult to confirm how much
their long-term health condition
impacts on their day-to-day
activities.
Physmen extends question rg5a to
ask if any member of the household
has a long-term health condition.
Response are measure as yes, no and don’t know
and refused. Responses of refused are excluded
from this analysis.
Responses are measured in 3 categories, ‘Yes a
Lot’, ‘Yes a little’ and ‘Not at all’.
Responses are measured as ‘No – no-one’ and
‘Yes – someone’.
9,620
2,921
9,630
Source: Scottish Household Survey (SHS) 2016 10
2. Scottish Household Survey (SHS) fields.Section SHS Question Definition Response Categories Sample Size
Health Behaviours rg19 - Whether random adult smokes
cigarettes nowadays?
rg2011 - Have you ever smoked
cigarettes regularly? By regularly I
mean at least one cigarette a day.
rg19 is used as an example of health
behaviours, where health behaviours
refers to actions individuals take that can
positively or negatively impact on their
health.
rg2011 extends question rg19 to consider
whether individuals have ever smoked
cigarettes.
Responses are given as yes / no.
Responses are given as yes / no.
9,630
7,847
Source: Scottish Household Survey (SHS) 2016 11
3. General Health
12
General Health – Scottish population
Participation rates are:
• 6% higher than the Scottish average for adults who rate their health as Very good .
• 16% lower than the Scottish average for adults who rate their health as Bad / Very bad. Only 0.04 million adults in this category volunteer,
Almost three quarters of Scottish adults (73%) have a positive view of their general health (Very good or good).
13Source: Scottish Household Survey (SHS) 2016
34%
39%
19%
8%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
Very good Good Fair Bad / Very Bad
% A
du
lts
(16
+)
General Health
1.5 Million Adults
1.8 Million Adults
0.9 Million Adults
0.3 Million Adults
33%
27%
25%
11%
Scottish Average
27%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
Very good Good Fair Bad / Very Bad
Vo
lun
teer
par
tici
pat
ion
rat
e
Volunteer Participation and General Health
0.5 Million Adults
0.47 Million Adults
0.2 Million Adults
0.04 Million Adults
General Health – SIMD Q
The participation rates for SIMD Q1 and Q2 are below the average Scottish participation rates for adults reporting Very Good. However the participation rates in these quintiles is higher than the overall Scottish quintile average (18% and 22% respectively).
The relationship between general health and volunteer participation is not statistically significant for SIMD Q5.
Adults in SIMD Q1 and Q2 have a more negative perception (Bad / Very Bad) of their health than the Scottish average.
Adults in SIMD Q3 to Q5 have a more positive perception (Very Good) of their general health than the Scottish average, with an increasing proportion of adults reporting positive views in the higher quintiles.
14Source: Scottish Household Survey (SHS) 2016
25%
30%
35%
39%40%
36%39%
39%39%
44%
25%
22%
19%
17%13%13%
10%8%
5% 3%
34%
39%
19%
8%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
Very Good Good Fair Bad / very bad
% o
f A
du
lts
(16+
)
General Health - SIMD Q
Scottish average
26%27%
33%
38%
19%21%
28%
29%
15%
23%
27%30%
6% 7%
20%
15%
27%
33%
25%
11%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Very Good Good Fair Bad / very bad
Vo
lun
teer
par
tiic
pat
ion
rat
e
Volunteer participation and how is your health in general?
Scottish average.
SIMD Q Average
4. Mental Health (SWEMWBS)
15
Mental Health – Scottish Population
Participation rates are:
• 6% lower than the Scottish average for adults with a low SWEMWBS score.
• 2% higher than the Scottish average for adults with an average SWEMWBS score.
• 4% higher than the Scottish average for adults with a high SWEMWBS score.
The short version of the Warwick– Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (SWEMWBS) scores have been split into 3 categories: low (7-20), average (20.01 - 28.99) and high (29-35). This method of splitting the SWEMWBS score follows the University of Warwick methodology for interpretation of SWEMWBS scores.
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15%
71%
14%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Low Average High
% o
f A
du
lts
(16
+)
Mental Health - Scottish Population
3.2 MillionAdults
0.65 MillionAdults
0.63 Million Adults
Source: Scottish Household Survey (SHS) 2016
21%
29%31%
Scottish Average27%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
Low Average High
Vol
unte
er p
arti
cipa
tion
rat
e
Volunteer participation and Mental Health Scottish Population
0.13 Million Adults
0.91 Million Adults
0.19 Million Adults
Mental Health – SIMD Q
Adults in SIMD Q1 and SIMD Q2 have a higher percentage of adults with a low SWEMWBS. SIMD Q1 has 6% more adults with low scores.
17Source: Scottish Household Survey (SHS) 2016
The relationship between mental health and volunteer participation is not statistically significant for SIMD Q3.
Participation rates for SIMD Q1, Q2, Q4 and Q5 are lower than their quintile average participation rate for adults with a low SWEMWBS score
The participation rates for SIMD Q1 and Q2 are below the average Scottish participation rates for adults with a high SWEMWBS score. However, the participation rates in quintiles Q1 and Q2 are higher than the overall Scottish quintile average (18% and 22%).
12%
17%
26% 27%
20%
23%
32%
36%
26%24%
38% 38%
21%
29%31%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
1 2 4 5 1 2 4 5 1 2 4 5
Low Average High
Vol
unte
er p
arti
cipa
tion
rat
e
Volunteer Participation and Mental Health - SIMD Q
SIMD Q Average
Scottish average
21%18%
14%
11% 10%
68% 69%
72% 73% 75%
11%
14% 14%16% 15%
15%
71%
14%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
Low Average High
% o
f Adu
lts
(16+
)
Mental Health - SIMD Q
Scottish average
5. Long term physical or mental health conditions
18
Long-term physical or mental health conditions
Nearly a third (30%) of Scottish adults report having a physical or mental health condition lasting more than 12 months.
Participation rates are:
• 2% higher than the Scottish average for adults without a long-term health condition.
• 3% lower than the Scottish average for adults with a long-term health condition. 19Source: Scottish Household Survey (SHS) 2016
30%
70%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Yes No / Don’t Know
% o
f Adu
lts
(16+
)
Individual health condition
3.1 Million Adults
1.3 MIllionAdults
24%
29%
Scottish Average
27%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
Yes No / Don’t Know
Volu
ntee
r pa
rtic
ipat
ion
rate
Volunteer participation and Individual health condition
0.3 Million Adults
0.9 Million Adults
Long-term physical or mental health conditions
A higher percentage of adults in SIMD Q1 – SIMD Q3 report having a long-term health condition than the Scottish average .
SIMD Q4 and Q5 have less adults reporting a long-term health condition than the Scottish average.
The relationship between individual health conditions and volunteer participation is only statistically significant for SIMD Q1 and Q2.
The participation rates in SIMD Q1 and Q2 are below the average Scottish participation rates for adults without a long-term health condition. However the participation rates in these quintiles are higher than the overall Scottish quintile average (18% and 22% respectively). 20Source: Scottish Household Survey (SHS) 2016
39%34%
31%
26%22%
61%66%
70%74%
78%
30%
70%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
Yes No / Don't Know
% o
f A
du
lts
(16
+)
Individual health condition - SIMD Q
Scottish average
15%
19%
21%23%
24%
29%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
1 2 1 2
Yes No / Don't Know
Vo
lun
tee
r p
arti
cip
atio
n r
ate
Volunteer participation and Individual health
condition - SIMD Q
SIMD Q Average
Scottish Average
Long-term physical or mental health conditions
79% of Scottish adults with a long-term health condition experience a level of impact on their daily activities.
Participation rates are:
• 11% lower than the Scottish average for adults reporting that their long-term health condition impacts on their daily activities ‘a lot’.
• 7% higher than the Scottish average where their condition does not limit daily activities. 21Source: Scottish Household Survey (SHS) 2016
40%39%
22%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
Yes, a lot Yes, a liitle Not at all
% o
f A
du
lts
(16
+)
Limitations of health condiition
0.68Million Adults
0.66 Million Adults
0.4 Million Adults
16%
26%
34%
Scottish Average
27%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
Yes, a lot Yes, a liitle Not at all
Vo
lun
tee
r p
arti
cip
atio
n r
ate
Volunteer participation and if Individual health
condition limits activities - Scottish Average
0.1 Million Adults
0.2 Million Adults
0.1 Million
Long term physical or mental health conditions
A higher percentage of adults in SIMD Q1 and Q2 experience a lot of limitation to their daily activities than the Scottish average.
Adults in all quintiles that report a lot of impact on their daily activities have participation rates lower than their quintile average participation rates.
Conversely adults in all quintiles that report no impact on their daily activities have a participation rate higher than their quintile average.
22Source: Scottish Household Survey (SHS) 2016
48%
44%
38%
32% 32%38%
39% 40%
37% 38%
14%17%
22%
31% 30%
40% 39%
22%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
Yes, a lot Yes, a little Not at all
% o
f A
du
lts
(16
+)
Does health condition limit activities- SIMD Q
Scottish average
11%12%
19%
25%21%
17%
23%
29%31%
34%
21%
26%
36%39%
47%
16%
26%
34%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
Yes, a lot Yes, a little Not at all
Vo
lun
teer
Par
tici
pat
ion
rat
e
Volunteer participation and whether individual
health conditionlimits activies - SIMD Q
SIMD Q Scottish Average
Scottish average
Long term physical or mental health conditions
38% of households in Scotland have at least one household member with a long-term health condition.
Participation rates are:
• 2% lower than the Scottish average for households with at least one household member with a long-term health condition.
• 2% higher than the Scottish average where there are no household members with a long-term health condition.
23Source: Scottish Household Survey (SHS) 2016
25%
29%
Scottish Average27%
23%
24%
25%
26%
27%
28%
29%
30%
Yes No
Volu
ntee
r pa
rtic
ipat
ion
rate
Volunteer participation and Household health condition
0.4 Million Adults
0.8 Million Adults
38%
62%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Yes No
% o
f Adu
lts
(16+
)
Household health condition
1.7 Million Adults
2.8 Millions Adults
Long term physical or mental health conditions
A higher percentage of adults in SIMD Q1 and SIMD Q2 have at least one household member with a long-term condition than the Scottish average.
SIMD Q3, Q4 and Q5 have a lower percentage of households with at least one household member experiencing a long-term health condition than the Scottish average.
The relationship between household members' health conditions and SIMDQ is only statistically significant for SIMD Q1 and Q5.
The participation rate for SIMD Q1 is above the SIMD Q1 average for households with no household members having a long-term health condition and below the quintile average for SIMD Q5.
24Source: Scottish Household Survey (SHS) 2016
49%
43%
36%34%
28%
51%57%
64%66%
72%
38%
62%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
Yes No
% o
f A
du
lts
(16
+)
Household health condition - SIMD Q
Scottish average
15%
39%
22%
34%
25%29%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
1 5 1 5
Yes No
Vo
lunt
eer
Part
icip
atio
n r
ae
Volunteer participation and household member
health condition - SIMD Q
SIMD Q Average
Scottish Average
6. Health Behaviours
25
Health Behaviours
19% of the Scottish population currently smoke cigarettes. The participation rate for adults who smoke cigarettes is 9% lower than the average Scottish participation rate.
26Source: Scottish Household Survey (SHS) 2016
19%
81%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Yes No
% o
f A
du
lts
(16+
)
Currently smokes cigarettes
0.9 Million Adults
3.6 Million Adults
18%
29%
Scottish Average
27%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
Yes No
Vo
lun
tee
r p
art
icip
ati
on
ra
te
Volunteer participation and currently smokes
cigarettes
0.15 Million Adults
1 Million Adults
Health Behaviours
The percentage of adults in SIMD Q1 that smokes cigarettes is 12% higher than the Scottish average, while SIMD Q5 is 10% lower.
Participation rates are lower than the quintile average participation rate for all quintiles where adults smoke cigarettes.
The participation rates for SIMD Q1 and Q2 are below the average Scottish participation rates for non-smokers. However the participation rates in these quintiles is higher than the overall Scottish quintile average (18% and 22% respectively).
27Source: Scottish Household Survey (SHS) 2016
31%
24%
17%13% 9%
69%76%
83%87%
92%
19%
81%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
Yes No
% o
f A
du
lts
(16+
)
Currently smokes cigarettes- SIMD Q
Scottish average
14%17%
24%22%
18%20%
23%
30%
33%
37%
18%
29%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
Yes No
Vo
lun
teer
par
tici
pat
ion
rat
e
Volunteer participation and Currently smokes cigarettes- SIMD Q
SIMD Q Average
Scottish average
Health Behaviours
Almost one third of Scottish adults have regularly smoked cigarettes at some point in their lives.
Participation rates for those adults that have never smoked are 3% higher than the Scottish average.
*18.5% of survey respondents did not answer this question, the participation rate for individuals who did not answer this question is 17.9%. This group is included in the Scottish average calculation.
28Source: Scottish Household Survey (SHS) 2016
32%
68%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Yes No
% o
f A
du
lts
(16+
)
Has ever smoked cigarettes
1.2 Million Adults
2.5 Million Adults
27%
30%
Scottish Average27%
26%
26%
27%
27%
28%
28%
29%
29%
30%
30%
31%
Yes No
Vo
lun
teer
Par
tici
pat
ion
rat
e
Volunteer participation and has ever smoked cigarettes - Scottish Average
0.4 Million Adults 0.9 Million Adults
Health Behaviours
SIMD Q1, Q2 and Q3 have higher than average percentages of adults who have smoked at some point in their lives.
The relationship between ‘has ever smoked cigarettes’ and volunteer participation is only statistically significant for SIMD Q5, where participation rates are below the quintile average for adults who have previously smoked and above average for adults who have never smoked.
29Source: Scottish Household Survey (SHS) 2016
32%
38%
27%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
5 5
Yes No
Vo
lun
tee
r p
arti
cip
atio
n r
ate
Volunteer participation and has ever smoked
cigarettes- SIMD Q
SIMD Q Average
Scottish average
36% 37%33%
31%26%
64% 63%67%
69%74%
32%
68%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
Yes No
% o
f A
du
lts
(16
+)
Has ever smoked cigarettes - SIMD Q
Scottish average
7. Summary Highlights
30
Summary highlights – Scottish Level
Volunteer participation rates are higher than the Scottish average (27%) for adults who:
• Have a positive view of their general health, ranking their general health as Good / Very Good (6% higher).
• Have a high SWEMWBS score indicating a more positive mental health score (4% higher).
• Do not have a long term (lasting > 12 months) physical or mental health condition (2% higher )
• Are not limited by any long-term health conditions they have (7% higher).
• Do not have any household members with a long-term health condition (2% higher).
• Are currently non-smokers (2% higher).
• Have never smoked (3% higher).
Overall this tells us that more Scottish adults volunteer when they have positive general or mental health and practise positivehealthy behaviours. From this data we cannot confirm if volunteering causes positive health changes in the volunteers, but we dosee a strong relationship between health and volunteering.
31
Summary highlights – SIMDQ Level
The relationship between health and volunteering at an SIMD Q level follows the overall Scottish trends with higher volunteerparticipation rates for adults in each SIMD Q with positive general or mental health and who practise positive healthy behaviours.
When considering SIMD Q1 and Q2 (the 40% most deprived areas in Scotland), these quintiles have:
• A higher percentage of adults with a poor self-assessment of their general health than the Scottish average.
• A higher percentage of adults with a low SWEMWBS score.
• A higher percentage of adults with a long-term health condition.
• Are limited “a lot” by any long-term health conditions they have.
• A higher percentage of households with one or more household members with a long-term health condition.
• A higher % of current smokers.
• A higher percentage of adults that have smoked at some point in their lives.
For each of the statistically significant health fields analysed SIMD Q1 and Q2 have participation rates below the quintile Scottish average.
However for adults with a positive self-assessment of their general health, high mental health scores, no long-term health conditions, no adults in the household suffering from long-term health conditions and those practising positive health behaviours, the participation rates are all higher than their SIMD Q average.
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