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Headway Digital Intermediate Entry Checker Photocopiable © Oxford University Press 2010 1

Entry ChECkEr 1

Present Simple Exs. 1–3Form

Positive and negativeIWe

YouThey

livedon’t live

near here.He/SheIt

livesdoesn’t live

Question

Wheredo

Iwe

youthey live?

does he/she/it

Short answerDo you like Peter?Does he speak French?

Yes, I do.No, he doesn’t.

Use

The Present Simple is used to express:1 a habit. I get up at 7.30. Jo smokes too much.2 a fact which is always true. Vegetarians don’t eat meat. We come from Spain.3 a fact which is true for a long time. I live in Oxford. She works in a bank.

Present Continuous Exs. 4–5Form

am/is/are + -ing (present participle)

Positive and negative

I ’m (am)’m not

working.He/SheIt

’s (is)isn’t

WeYouThey

’re (are)aren’t

Question

What

am I

wearing?is he/she/it

are we/you/they

Short answer

Are you going?

Is Anna working?

Yes, I am.No, I’m not.

Yes, she is.No, she isn’t.

NOT Yes, I’m. Yes, she’s.

Use

The Present Continuous is used to express:1 an activity happening now. They’re playing football in the garden. She can’t talk now because she’s washing

her hair.2 an activity happening around now, but

perhaps not at the moment of speaking. She’s studying maths at university. I’m reading a good book by Henry James.3 a planned future arrangement. I’m meeting Miss Boyd at ten o’clock

tomorrow. What are you doing this evening?

Present Simple and Present Continuous Exs. 6–7

1 Compare the wrong and correct sentences.

✗✓

Hans is coming from Germany.Hans comes from Germany.

✗✓

It’s a great party. Everyone has fun.It’s a great party. Everyone is having fun.

✗✓

I read a good book at the moment.I’m reading a good book at the moment.

2 Some verbs express a state, not an activity, and are usually used in the Present Simple only.

✓✗

I like Coke.I’m liking Coke.

✓✗

I know what you mean.I’m knowing what you mean.

Similar verbs are think, agree, understand, love.

have/have got Exs. 8–9Form

PositiveIWe

YouThey

have’ve got

two sisters.He/She has

’s got

NegativeIWe

YouThey

don’t havehaven’t got

any money.He/She doesn’t have

hasn’t got

Question

Do Iwe

youthey have a car?

Does he/she

Have Iwe

youthey got a car?

Has he/she

Short answer

Do you have a camera?

Have you got a camera?

Yes, I do.No, I don’t.

Yes, I have.No, I haven’t.

We can use contractions (’ve and ’s) with have got, but not with have.I’ve got a sister.I have a sister. NOT I’ve a sister.

Use

1 Have and have got mean the same. Have got is informal. We use it a lot when we speak, but not when we write.

Have you got a light? The Prime Minister has a meeting with

the President today. In American English, have + do/does is

much more common.2 Have and have got express possession.

I haveI’ve got

a new car.three children.blond hair.

She hasShe’s got

He hasHe’s got

3 When have + noun expresses an activity or a habit, have and the do/does/don’t/doesn’t forms are used. Have got is not used.

Compare these sentences.

✗✓

I’ve got a shower every day.I have a shower every day.

✗✓

What time have you got lunch?What time do you have lunch?

✗✓

He has never got milk in his tea.He never has milk in his tea.

4 In the past tense, the got forms are unusual. Had with did and didn’t is much more common.

I had a bicycle when I was young. My parents had a lot of books in the

house. Did you have a nice weekend? I didn’t have any money when I was

a student.

Entry Checker Headway Digital Intermediate


Headway Digital Intermediate

Entry ChECkEr PraCtiCE 1

6 Tick (✓) the correct sentences.1 Mario is coming from Pisa. Mario comes from Pisa. 2 We usually go by bus. We’re usually going by bus. 3 He speaks Mandarin and Japanese. He’s speaking Mandarin and Japanese. 4 She works at the moment. She’s working at the moment. 5 What a great meal. Everyone enjoys it. What a great meal. Everyone’s enjoying it. 6 I’m loving coffee ice cream. I love coffee ice cream. 7 What do you do tonight? What are you doing tonight? 8 We’re flying to Washington tomorrow at 13.40. We fly to Washington tomorrow at 13.40. 9 Are you understanding this question? Do you understand this question? 10 We’re studying European history this term. We study European history this term.

7 Complete the sentences with the Present Simple or Continuous form of the verbs in brackets.1 Alex ______ (work) in a bar.2 We _______ (meet) Hanna at 9 o’clock tonight.3 What _____ you _____ (do) now?4 Amanda always ______ (look) beautiful!5 ____ you ______ (come)? The film is starting.

8 Write the correct form of have got.1 I / six cousins. ___________________________ .2 you / a brother? ___________________________ ?3 They / not / any time. ___________________________ .4 we / any milk? ___________________________ ? 5 He / not / a car. ___________________________ .6 My car / a CD player. ___________________________ .

9 Tick (✓) the correct sentences.1 What time have you got dinner tonight? 2 Do you have sugar in your coffee? 3 Jo’s got three brothers and a sister. 4 I’ve got a shower every night. 5 Does the hotel have a swimming pool? 6 The restaurant doesn’t have a smoking section. 7 Both children have got breakfast at 7.30. 8 Natasha’s got blonde hair.

1 Choose the correct form of the verb.1 When do/does they arrive? 2 Mark doesn’t/don’t like pasta. 3 They have/has two cats. 4 Where does/do she live? 5 I gets/get up at 7.00 am.6 Sara comes/come from Finland.7 It rain/rains a lot here. 8 You don’t/doesn’t live here.9 What does/do that sign say? 10 How much time have/has I got?

2 Complete the sentences with the Present Simple form of the verbs in the box.

forget eat go live play have finish speak

1 My cousin _______ in the States. 2 I ______ French and Spanish. 3 Bill often _______ people’s names. 4 The exam ______ at 12.30 exactly. 5 Nadia ______ very healthy food.6 I ______ shopping for clothes every weekend. 7 My dad ______ the guitar. 8 We ______ a karate lesson on Friday afternoon.

3 Make the positive sentences negative.1 Clare works in the city centre. __________________________________2 We’re vegetarian. __________________________________3 He studies every night. __________________________________4 I go running twice a week. __________________________________5 They live in New York. __________________________________

4 Complete the sentences with the Present Continuous form of the verbs in brackets.1 He ______ (study) biology at college.2 We _____ (not/go) away this summer.3 ____ they ____ (watch) the news?4 Sue ______ (not/enjoy) the meal.5 ____ you _____ (see) the doctor tomorrow?6 Where ____ you _____ (go) on holiday?7 I _________ (not/waste) time! I’m working!8 Why ____ they _______ (laugh)?9 Everyone _______ (have) a great time. 10 You _________ (not/listen) to me.

5 Match sentences 1-3 with descriptions a-c.1 The boys are playing football. 2 I’m staying with my brother. 3 We’re meeting at 10.30. a a planned arrangement for the futureb an activity happening around now but perhaps not right nowc an activity happening right now



Entry ChECkEr 2

Past Continuous Exs. 6–8Form

was/were + -ing (present participle)

Positive and negativeIHe/She/It

waswasn’t (was not)

working.We/You/They were

weren’t (were not)

Short answerWere you working yesterday?Was she studying when you arrived?

Yes, I was.No, she wasn’t.

Use

1 The Past Continuous expresses a past activity that has duration. I met her while I was living in Paris. You were making a lot of noise last night. What were you doing?2 The activity began before the action expressed by the Past Simple. She was making coffee when we arrived. When I phoned Simon he was having dinner.3 The Past Continuous expresses an activity in progress before, and probably after,

a time in the past. When I woke up this morning, the sun was shining. What were you doing at 8.00 last night?

Past Simple and Past Continuous Ex. 91 The Past Simple expresses past actions as simple facts. I did my homework last night. ‘What did you do yesterday evening?’ ‘I watched TV.’2 The Past Continuous gives past activities time and duration. The activity can be

interrupted. ‘What were you doing at 8.00?’ ‘I was watching TV.’ I was doing my homework when Jane arrived.3 In stories, the Past Continuous can describe the scene. The Past Simple tells the action. It was a beautiful day. The sun was shining and the birds were singing, so we decided to

go for a picnic. We put everything in the car … 4 The questions below refer to different time periods. The Past Continuous asks about

activities before, and the Past Simple asks about what happened after.

What were you doingWhat did you do when it started to rain? We were playing tennis.

We went home.

Prepositions in time expressions Ex. 10

at in no preposition

at six o’clockat midnightat Christmasat the weekend

in the morning/afternoon/eveningin Decemberin summerin 2005in two weeks’ time

todayyesterdaytomorrowthe day after tomorrowthe day before yesterdaylast nightlast weektwo weeks agonext monthyesterday eveningtomorrow eveningthis eveningtonight

on

on Saturdayon Monday morningon Christmas Dayon January 18th

Question

Whatwas I

he/she/it doing?were we/you/they

Past Simple Exs. 1–5Spelling

1 The normal rule is to add -ed. worked started If the verb ends in -e, add -d. arrived loved2 If the verb has only one syllable + one vowel

+ one consonant, double the consonant. stopped planned3 If the verb ends in a consonant + -y , change

the -y to -ied. studied carried There are many common irregular verbs. See

the list on p22.

Form

The form of the Past Simple is the same for all persons.

Positive

IHe/She/ItWe/You/They

finishedarrivedwent

yesterday.

NegativeThe negative of the Past Simple is formed with didn’t. He walk ed.

He didn’t walk .


didn’t(did not) arrive yesterday.

QuestionThe question in the Past Simple is formed with did.

She start ed. When did she start ?

When did she/you/they/etc. arrive?

Short answerDid you go to work yesterday?Did it rain last night?

Yes, I did.No, it didn’t.

Use

1 The Past Simple expresses a past action that is now finished.

We played tennis last Sunday. I worked in London from 1994 to 1999. John left two minutes ago.2 Notice the time expressions that are used with

the Past Simple. last year. last month. I did it five years ago. yesterday morning. in 1985.




1 Complete the sentences with the Past Simple of the verbs in the brackets.1 I _____ (stop) working at 8 pm.2 Nick ____ (work) in a hotel last summer.3 We _____ (not/see) our friends last week.4 _____ they ___ (go) to Greece in July?5 Alan ____ (leave) school in 2005.6 When ___ you _____ (arrive)?7 Laura _____ (fix) my computer for me last night.8 My grandparents ____ (have) a house by the sea.9 When ___ the programme ____ (finish)? 10 They ____ (organize) a surprise party for us.

2 Put the time expressions in the correct column.morning month night afternoonyear evening week lunchtime

last… yesterday…___________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ___________

3 Answer the questions with a short answer.1 Did you do any homework yesterday? __________________________________________2 Did you watch TV last weekend? __________________________________________3 Did you live abroad when you were a child? __________________________________________4 Did your teacher give you a test last month? __________________________________________5 Did you go to bed late last night? __________________________________________

4 Write the sentences in the correct order.1 Mick / yesterday / and his band / played / in a concert ____________________________________________ .2 ago / we / met / ten years ____________________________________________ .3 last night / eat / they / out / didn’t ____________________________________________ .4 three weeks / Monica / ago / lost / her job ____________________________________________ .5 Tuesday / we / last / arrived / in Warsaw ____________________________________________ .

5 Write the Past Simple form of the verbs.1 fall ____________ 6 keep ____________2 send ____________ 7 tell ____________3 find ____________ 8 write ____________4 eat ____________ 9 break ____________5 buy ____________ 10 bring ____________

6 Write questions for these answers.1 I was watching TV at 8 o’clock. ________________________2 Yes, the wind was blowing. ________________________3 No, I wasn’t laughing at you! ________________________4 No, the computer isn’t working. ________________________5 They were gardening when I left. ________________________

7 Complete the sentences with the Past Continuous form of the verbs in the box.

make have work tell talk read not do not shine

1 The sun ____________ at lunchtime, but it is now.2 I saw Paul 5 minutes ago – he __________ a newspaper. 3 They _________ much – just sitting around and chatting. 4 Who _____ you ______ to on the bus this morning? 5 I ________ lunch when you called. 6 I _____ still ________ hard at 7.30 last night. 7 I closed the door because the kids ______ a noise.8 Katie _______ us a story when you arrived.

8 Read the sentences. Which action happened first?1 When you called, I was having dinner. First you called. First I was having dinner. 2 We were sleeping in the tent when it started to rain. First we were sleeping. First it started to rain. 3 Bob was revising when he heard a knock at the door. First Bob heard a knock. First Bob was revising.

9 Complete the text. Use the Past Simple and Past Continuous.It was such a terrible night! The wind (1) _________ (blow) and the trees (2) _______ (make) a lot of noise. Suddenly, I (3) _______ (hear) a big crash of thunder and it (4) _______ (start) to rain. As I (5) ________ (run) home, I (6) _____ (fall) over and got soaking wet. I (7) _______ (have) a long way to go and the rain (8) _______ (come) down so hard that it (9) _______ (be) difficult to see anything. I was very happy when I finally (10) _______ (arrive) back at my house.

10 Choose the correct preposition. 1 They started the course on/at/in April. 2 Let’s meet up on/in/at 8.30. 3 I went to university in/at/on the 1990s. 4 What would you like to do at/in/on the morning? 5 We always go shopping on/in/at the weekend.6 Wendy bought a car at/on/in November. 7 Do you eat special food on/at/in Christmas?8 What did he do in/at/on Sunday?9 I’ll give you a call on/in/at two weeks’ time. 10 In/On/At New Year’s Day we often go to the beach.



Entry ChECkEr 3

Expressions of quantity Exs. 1–2Count and uncount nouns1 It is important to understand the difference between count and

uncount nouns.

Count nouns Uncount nouns

a cupa girlan applean egga pound

watersugarmilkmusicmoney

We can say three cups, two girls, ten pounds. We can count them. We cannot say two waters, three musics, one money. We cannot count them.

2 Count nouns can be singular or plural. This cup is full. These cups are empty. Uncount nouns can only be singular. The water is cold. The weather was terrible.

much and many Ex. 31 We use much with uncount nouns in questions and negatives. How much money have you got? There isn’t much milk left.2 We use many with count nouns in questions and negatives. How many people were at the party? I didn’t take many photos on holiday.

some and any Exs. 4–51 Some is used in positive sentences. I’d like some sugar.2 Any is used in questions and negatives. Is there any sugar in this tea? Have you got any brothers and sisters? We don’t have any washing-up liquid. I didn’t buy any apples.3 We use some in questions that are requests or offers. Can I have some cake? Would you like some tea?4 The rules are the same for the compounds someone, anything,

anybody, somewhere, etc. I’ve got something for you. Hello? Is anybody here? There isn’t anywhere to go in my town.

a few and a little Ex. 61 We use a few with count nouns. There are a few cigarettes left, but not many.2 We use a little with uncount nouns. Can you give me a little help?

a lot/lots of Ex. 61 We use a lot/lots of with both count and uncount nouns. There’s a lot of butter. I’ve got lots of friends.2 A lot/lots of can be used in questions and negatives. Are there lots of tourists in your country? There isn’t a lot of butter, but there’s enough.

articles – a and the Exs. 7–101 The indefinite article a or an is used with singular, countable

nouns to refer to a thing or an idea for the first time. We have a cat and a dog. There’s a supermarket in Adam Street.2 The definite article the is used with singular and plural, countable

and uncountable nouns when both the speaker and the listener know the thing or idea already.

We have a cat and a dog. The cat is old, but the dog is just a puppy. I’m going to the supermarket. Do you want anything? (We both

know which supermarket.)

Indefinite articleThe indefinite article is used:1 with professions. I’m a teacher. She’s an architect.2 with some expressions of quantity. a pair of a little a couple of a few3 in exclamations with what + a count noun. What a lovely day! What a pity!Definite articleThe definite article is used:1 before seas, rivers, hotels, pubs, theatres, museums, and

newspapers. the Atlantic the British Museum The Times the Ritz2 if there is only one of something. the sun the Queen the Government3 with superlative adjectives. He’s the richest man in the world. Jane’s the oldest in the class.No articleThere is no article:1 before plural and uncountable nouns when talking about things in

general. I like potatoes. Milk is good for you.2 before countries, towns, streets, languages, magazines, meals,

airports, stations, and mountains. I had lunch with John. I bought Cosmopolitan at Paddington Station.3 before some places and with some forms of transport.

at homeat/to school/universityby car

in/to bedby busby train

at/to workby planeon foot

She goes to work by bus. I was at home yesterday evening.4 in exclamations with what + an uncount noun. What beautiful weather! What loud music! Note In the phrase go home, there is no article and no preposition. I went home early. NOT I went to home.




1 Write C (count) or U (uncount).1 butter ___ 5 banana ___2 time ___ 6 sugar ___3 advice ___ 7 child ___4 girl ___ 8 weather ___

2 Find and correct the mistake in each sentence. 1 The water are cold. 2 Chocolate taste nice. 3 I want some informations. 4 Are there any coffee? 5 She needs moneys. 6 The people is very friendly.7 Would you like a broccoli?8 We don’t have any homeworks tonight.

3 Write how much, how many, much or many. 1 ________ time have we got left?2 There isn’t _______ milk. 3 ________ hours do you work every day? 4 There weren’t ______ people at the party.5 ________ children has Sue got?

4 Complete the sentences with some or any.1 Bill usually takes ____ sandwiches and an apple to work. 2 Did they give you ________ advice? 3 No, sorry, I haven’t got _____ cigarettes. I don’t smoke.4 Jodie has had ____ great news. 5 He says he can’t give us ____ information.6 Please have _____ more juice. 7 The supermarket didn’t have ___ eggs!8 Pete’s got ____ money for you.

5 Use a word from the box to complete the conversations.

something anything (x2) someone/somebody anywhere (x2) no-one/nobody anyone/anybody (x2) somewhere (x2)

1 A I think I can hear _______________ walking on the stairs! B Hello, is there _______________ there? A I can’t see _______________ . B O.K. There’s obviously _______________ there.

2 A Let’s go _______________ nice for a picnic this weekend. B Great idea, should I bring _______________ ?

3 A What’s the matter? B Oh, I’m going to a party on Saturday and I can’t find

_______________ to wear! A Don’t worry. I’ve got _______________ you can borrow.

4 A Are you doing _______________ special for your birthday? B Yes, we might go _______________ nice for dinner. Can

you recommend _______________ ?

6 Choose the correct option.1 Just a few/a little milk in my coffee, please. 2 There’s lots of/a few sugar in the cupboard.3 Let’s play a few/a little more songs. 4 I don’t know anything/something about it.

5 There isn’t a lot of/many time, but we’ll get there.6 Luke’s got something/anything to tell you. 7 There is a few/a lot of traffic in Athens. 8 Is nobody/anybody in the house?

7 Choose the correct answer.1 Sue’s wearing ____ pair of jeans. A a B the2 We saw a great film yesterday – ____ film was about a spy. A a B the3 Your books are in ______ living room. A the B a4 Would you like ____ apple or a banana? A a B an5 Suzanne is ____ architect. A an B no article6 We need ____ couple of things from the supermarket. A the B a7 What ____ wonderful surprise! A no article B a8 Hey, look! I’ve got ___ email! A an B a

8 Complete the sentences with a, an, the or – (no article).1 There’s ___ post office next to the bank. 2 Are you having ____ lunch today? 3 _____ British Museum is free. 4 I think you’re ____ best in the class. 5 The train leaves from ____ Paddington station. 6 What ___ shame you can’t come!7 ____ government makes the laws. 8 Harry is _____ small, black dog. 9 What ___ lovely weather! 10 I love swimming in ___ Pacific Ocean.

9 Complete the conversation with a, an, or the.A Is there ____ cinema near your flat?B Yes, it’s on ____ corner of ____ High Street. A Would you like to go and see ____ film tonight?B Yes, let’s go and see ____ new Hollywood blockbuster.A That’s ____ good idea. I hear it has ____ interesting story.

10 Correct these sentences using a, an or the.

1 I’m going to shops. Would you like anything?2 My brother’s architect in big company in London.3 Tokyo is capital city of Japan.4 I bought pair of sunglasses on Oxford Street.5 Excuse me, is there bank near here?6 I live in small village in mountains in Switzerland.7 What beautiful new coat you’re wearing!8 I’m reading interesting book at the moment.9 I really love walking on beach near my house. 10 The life is wonderful when the sun is shining.

theY



Verb patterns Exs. 1–3Here are four verb patterns. There is a list of verb patterns on p22.1 Verb + to + infinitive They want to buy a new car. I’d like to go abroad.2 Verb + -ing We love going to parties. I enjoy travelling abroad.3 Verb + -ing or + to + infinitive with no change in meaning It started to rain/raining. I continued to work/working in the library.4 Verb + preposition + -ing We’re thinking of moving house. I’m looking forward to having more free time.

like doing and would like to do Exs. 2–31 Like doing and love doing express a general enjoyment. I like working as a teacher. = I am a teacher and I enjoy it. I love dancing. = This is one of my hobbies.2 Would like to do and would love to do express a preference now or

at a specific time. I’d like to be a teacher. = When I grow up, I want to be a teacher. Thanks. I’d love to dance. = At a disco. I’m pleased you asked me.

Question Short answer

Would you like to dance?Would you like to come for a walk?

Yes, I would./Yes, I’d love to.Yes, I would./No, thank you.

NoteNo, I wouldn’t is not common because it is impolite.

will Exs. 4–7Form

will + infinitive without toWill is a modal auxiliary verb. There is an introduction to modal auxiliary verbs on p14. The forms of will are the same for all persons.



’ll (will)won’t

come.help you.invite Tom.

Question

When will he/you/they help me?

Short answer

Will you help me? Yes, I will.

NoteNo, I won’t is impolite. It means ‘I don’t want to help you.’A polite way of saying ‘no’ here is ‘I’m afraid I can’t.’‘Will you give me a lift?’. ‘Sorry, I’m afraid I can’t.’

Use

Will is used:1 to express a future intention made at the moment of speaking. ‘It’s Jane’s birthday.’ ‘Is it? I’ll buy her some flowers.’ I’ll give you my phone number. ‘Do you want the blue or the red pen?’ ‘I’ll take the red one.’2 to express an offer. I’ll carry your suitcase. We’ll do the washing-up.

Other uses of will are covered in Entry Checker 8.

Entry ChECkEr 4

going to Exs. 5–7Form

am/is/are + going + to + infinitive


I ’m (am)’m not

going to leave.He/SheIt

’s (is)isn’t

WeYouThey

’re (are)aren’t

Question

When

am I

going to arrive?is he/she

it

areweyouthey

Short answer

Are they going to get married? Yes, they are./No, they aren’t.

Use

Going to is used:1 to express a future decision, intention, or plan made before the

moment of speaking. How long are they going to stay in Rome? She isn’t going to have a birthday party. Note The Present Continuous can be used in a similar way for a plan or

arrangement, particularly with the verbs go and come. She’s coming on Friday. I’m going home early tonight.2 when we can see or feel now that something is certain to happen

in the future. Look at these clouds! It’s going to rain. Watch out! That box is going to fall.

will or going to?Look at the use of will and going to in these sentences.I’m going to make a chicken casserole for dinner.(I decided this morning and bought everything for it.)What shall I cook for dinner? Er … I know! I’ll make a chicken casserole!(I decided at the moment of speaking.)

-ing/-ed adjectives Exs. 8–91 -ing adjectives describe a situation, person, or thing. The weather is depressing. She’s a very interesting teacher. This exercise is confusing.2 -ed adjectives describe how people feel. It’s raining. I’m depressed. The students are always interested in her lessons. We’re confused by this exercise.




6 Choose the best answer.1 I think Chelsea will win/is winning the match tonight. 2 ‘The phone’s ringing!’ ‘OK, I’ll answer/I’m answering it.’3 I’m seeing/I’ll see the dentist tomorrow at 10.00. 4 I’ve decided I’m going to get/I’ll get a new job.5 Helen’s pregnant. She’s going to have/She’ll have a baby. 6 Look at the mess! I’ll help/I’m going to help you clear it up.7 Oh dear, I think I’ll sneeze/I’m going to sneeze.8 I’m not sure which one to buy. OK, I’ll take/I’m going to take

the blue one.

7 Tick (✓) the correct option.1 I’m going to go to bed early tonight. decision already made sudden decision 2 Pete’s going to ask Amanda to marry him. decision already made sudden decision 3 You look tired. I’ll cook dinner. You can relax. decision already made sudden decision 4 ‘The baby’s crying.’ ‘I’ll go.’ decision already made sudden decision

8 Find and correct any sentences that are wrong.1 It’s nearly my birthday! I’m so exciting!2 The instructions were very confusing. 3 What an amazing wedding that was!4 There’s nothing to do here. It’s a very bored village.5 The film was so frightened that the kids hid behind the sofa. 6 Are you excited about going on holiday?7 The TV news can be very depressing.8 I can see you’re not very interesting in my problems. 9 They’re very worried about the future. 10 I was absolutely amazing that Bob got the job.

9 Choose the correct answer.1 It’s very ___ when the TV doesn’t work properly. A annoyed B annoying 2 We were all ___ to hear about the accident. A shocking B shocked3 Are you ___ that you didn’t pass your driving test? A disappointing B disappointed4 This is a ___ book about whales. A fascinating B fascinated5 You’re so ___! That’s the third time I’ve heard that story. A bored B boring6 She finds working at the hospital extremely ___ . A tired B tiring7 He was ___ to learn about Zanzibar. A fascinating B fascinated8 Why are you ___? There’s so much you can do in this city! A boring B bored9 No one seems ___ in going out tomorrow. A interested B interesting 10 I’m sure my cat’s ___ . He sleeps all day. A depressed B depressing

1 Find and correct five sentences that are wrong. 1 Sarah wants to buy a pair of jeans. 2 I finished to read the report last night. 3 It started to rain just after six. 4 Are you thinking to go to university? 5 I really don’t like to cook. 6 We’d both love to travel. 7 Phil likes working as an engineer. 8 We’re looking forward to see each other. 9 You want being an astronaut, don’t you? 10 They enjoy listening to jazz.

2 Read the sentences and answer the questions. 1 I’d like to be a train driver. Am I a train driver now? Yes/No2 Jo likes working as a teacher. Is Jo a teacher? Yes/No3 Simon loves going to clubs. Does Simon go to clubs? Yes/No4 We’d like some coffee. Are we drinking coffee now? Yes/No5 Yes, I’d love to spend the weekend with you. Have you asked me to spend the weekend with you? Yes/No

3 Complete the sentences with the infinitive or the -ing form of the verbs in brackets. 1 They want _______ (go) for a walk. 2 She loves _______ (dance). 3 I’d like _______ (see) you very soon. 4 We’re thinking of ______ (change) our car. 5 I’m looking forward to ______ (hear) from you soon.

4 Write sentences to respond to these statements. Use will.1 This bag’s heavy. __________________________________2 I need a cup of coffee. __________________________________3 Do you want cheese or ham? __________________________________4 I haven’t got your email address. __________________________________5 I’m tired and I haven’t done the washing-up. __________________________________

5 Write the sentences and questions in the correct order.1 I / am / on business / New York / going / to __________________________________ .2 How long / are / stay / with / to / Suzy / going / you / ? __________________________________ ?3 You / be / are / to / going / very surprised __________________________________ .4 his mind / going / isn’t / Jim / to / change __________________________________ .5 I / rain / it’s / to / going / think __________________________________ .

I’ll carry it for you.



Entry ChECkEr 5

What . . . like? Exs. 1–2Form

what + to be + subject + like?

What

’s (is) your teacherare his parentswas your holidaywere the beaches

like?

She’s very patient.They’re very kind.Wonderful. We swam a lot.OK, but some were dirty.

NoteWe don’t use like in the answer.She’s patient. NOT She’s like patient.

Use

What … like? means ‘Describe somebody or something. Tell me about them. I don’t know anything about them.’Like in this question is a preposition, not a verb:‘What’s Jim like?’ ‘He’s intelligent and kind, and he’s got lovely blue eyes.’In the following sentences like is a verb:‘What does Jim like?’ ‘He likes motorbikes and playing tennis.’NoteHow’s your mother? asks about health. It doesn’t ask for a description.‘How’s your mother?’ ‘She’s very well, thank you.’

Comparative and superlative adjectives Exs. 3–8Form

1 Look at the chart.

Comparative Superlative

Short adjectives cheapsmall*big

cheapersmallerbigger

cheapestsmallestbiggest

Adjectives that end in -y

funnyearlyheavy

funnierearlierheavier

funniestearliestheaviest

Adjectives with two syllables or more

carefulboringexpensiveinteresting

more carefulmore boringmore expensivemore interesting

most carefulmost boringmost expensivemost interesting

Iregular adjectives

fargoodbad

furtherbetterworse

furthestbestworst

* For short adjectives with one vowel + one consonant, double the consonant: hot/hotter/hottest fat/fatter/fattest.

2 Than is often used after a comparative adjective. I’m younger than Barbara. Barbara’s more intelligent than Sarah. Much can come before the comparative to give emphasis. She’s much nicer than her sister. Is Tokyo much more modern than London?3 The is used before superlative adjectives. He’s the funniest boy in the class. Which is the tallest building in the world?

Use

1 We use comparatives to compare one thing, person, or action with another.

She’s taller than me. London’s more expensive than Rome.2 We use superlatives to compare somebody or something

with the whole group. She’s the tallest in the class. It’s the most expensive hotel in the world.3 As … as shows that something is the same or equal. Jim’s as tall as Peter. I’m as worried as you are.4 Not as/so … as shows that something isn’t the same or equal. She isn’t as tall as her mother. My car wasn’t so expensive as yours.




1 Match the questions and answers.1 What’s Phil like? 2 What does Phil like?3 How’s Phil? a Very well, thanks. b Oh, the usual things – good food and nice people. c He’s tall, funny and very kind.

2 Answer these questions so they are true for you.1 What’s your best friend like? _________________________________________________2 What does he/she like? _________________________________________________3 What are you like? _________________________________________________4 What do you like? _________________________________________________

3 Write the comparative and superlative of each adjective. 1 easy ________ _________2 expensive ________ _________3 far ________ _________4 sad ________ _________5 interesting ________ _________6 big ________ _________7 good ________ _________8 funny ________ _________

4 Choose the correct sentence in each pair.1 (a) My essay is better than yours. (b) My essay is more good than yours. 2 (a) This is the heavyest bag I have. (b) This is the heaviest bag I have.3 (a) It’s the worse place in the world. (b) It’s the worst place in the world.4 (a) Florida is hotter than France. (b) Florida is hoter than France. 5 (a) Revising is boringer than shopping. (b) Revising is more boring than shopping.

5 Complete the sentences with the superlative form of the adjective in bold.1 He’s a very rich man. He’s _____________________________ in the world.2 I’m a very fast runner. I’m _____________________________ in my club.3 It was an exciting experience. It’s _____________________________ I’ve ever had.4 She’s a beautiful girl. She’s _____________________________ I’ve ever seen.5 This class is very noisy. It’s _____________________________ in the school.6 It’s a really sunny day. It’s _____________________________ of the year so far!7 It was a really difficult exam. It’s _____________________________ I have ever taken.

the richest man

easier easiest

taller than

6 Complete the sentences with the comparative or superlative form of the adjective in brackets.1 This restaurant is _____________ (cheap) than the other

one in this street. The food is really good. I think it’s the _____________ (delicious) food in town.

2 Who is the _____________ (popular) actor in your country?3 Michael is a good player, but John is a _____________ (good)

player than him. But Peter is the _______________ (talented) player in the team.

4 Could you tell me the _____________ (quick) way to get to London from here?

5 Eva is generous, but Laura is even _____________ (generous) than her.

6 I’ve never been _____________ (happy). This is the _____________ (happy) day of my life.

7 Complete the sentences. Use as … as and a word from the box.

long difficult exciting tall much fast hot quiet high spicy

1 I don’t think a hippopotamus can run _______________ a lion.

2 This summer is warm, but it’s not _______________ last summer.

3 I’m a bit early. The journey didn’t take _______________ I expected.

4 The Eiffel Tower isn’t _______________ the Empire State Building.

5 The children are asleep, so I’ll be _______________ I can.6 I got an A in my exam! It wasn’t _______________ I thought

it would be.7 I don’t like oranges _______________ apples.8 The Alps aren’t _______________ the Himalayas.9 My curry isn’t _______________ yours. 10 I didn’t expect the film to be _______________ it was!

8 Complete the sentences. Use than or as … as and the adjective in bold.1 Jake isn’t as tall as Philip. Philip is ___________________________ Jake.2 Rome isn’t as expensive as London. London is _____________________________ Rome.3 I’m not a very good singer. Carol is. Carol is a _____________________________ me.4 We laughed the most. No one laughed _____________________________ us.5 Shanghai is bigger than Moscow. Moscow isn’t _____________________________ Shanghai.6 He doesn’t work very hard. I do. I work much _____________________________ him.7 You’re taller than me. I’m not _____________________________ you are.



Entry ChECkEr 6

Present Perfect Exs. 1–7Form

have/has + -ed (past participle)The past participle of regular verbs ends in -ed. There are many common irregular verbs. See the list on p22.


IWe/You/They

’ve (have)haven’t

worked in the music business.He/She/It ’s (has)

hasn’t

Question

Have Iwe/you/they

been to the United States?Has he/she/it

Short answerHave you been to Egypt?Has she ever written poetry?

Yes, I have./No, I haven’t.Yes, she has./No, she hasn’t.

NoteWe cannot use I’ve, they’ve, he’s, etc. in short answers.Yes, I have. NOT Yes, I’ve.Yes, we have. NOT Yes, we’ve.

Use

1 The Present Perfect looks back from the present into the past, and expresses what has happened before now. The action happened at an indefinite time in the past.

I’ve met a lot of famous people. (before now) She has won awards. (in her life) She’s written twenty books. (up to now) The action can continue to the present, and probably into the

future. She’s lived here for twenty years. (she still lives here)2 The Present Perfect expresses an experience as part of someone’s

life. I’ve travelled a lot in Africa. They’ve lived all over the world. Ever and never are common with this use. Have you ever been in a car crash? My mother has never flown in a plane.3 The Present Perfect expresses an action or state which began in the

past and continues to the present. I’ve known Alice for six years. How long have you worked as a teacher? Note that the time expressions for and since are common with this

use. We use for with a period of time, and since with a point in time.

We’ve lived here for two years. (a period of time) I’ve had a tattoo since I was a teenager. (a point in time)

Note In many languages, this use is expressed by a present tense. But in

English, we say: Peter has been a teacher for ten years. NOT Peter is a teacher for ten years.4 The Present Perfect expresses a past action with results in the

present. It is often a recent past action. I’ve lost my wallet. (I haven’t got it now.) The taxi’s arrived. (It’s outside the door now.) Has the postman been? (Are there any letters for me?) The adverbs just, already, and yet are common with this use.

Yet is used in questions and negatives. She’s just had some good news. I’ve already had breakfast. Has the postman been yet? It’s 11.00 and she hasn’t got up yet.

Present Perfect and Past Simple Ex. 81 Compare the Past Simple and Present Perfect.

Past Simple1 The Past Simple refers to an action that happened at a

definite time in the past. He died in 1882. She got married when she was 22. The action is finished. I lived in Paris for a year (but not now).2 Time expressions + the Past Simple in 1999. last week. I did it two months ago. on March 22. for two years.

Present Perfect1 The Present Perfect refers to an action that happened at

an indefinite time in the past. She has written short stories. He’s made five albums. The action can continue to the present. She’s lived there for twenty years (and she still does.)2 Time expressions + the Present Perfect for twenty years. I’ve worked here since 2002. since I left school. We’ve never been to America.

2 Compare these sentences.

✗✓

I’ve broken my leg last year.I broke my leg last year.

✗✓

He works as a musician all his life.He has worked as a musician all his life.

✗✓

When have you been to Greece?When did you go to Greece?

✗✓

How long do you have your car?How long have you had your car?




6 Make sentences in the Present Perfect.1 You / do / homework? __________________________________2 You / see / Sarah? __________________________________3 I / never / ride / motorcycle. __________________________________4 You / make / decision / yet? __________________________________5 You / be / very / patient. __________________________________6 How long / know / Jamie? __________________________________7 She / be / Sweden / twice. __________________________________8 Their plane / just / land. __________________________________9 Where / you / be? __________________________________ 10 What / happen / your leg? __________________________________

7 Find and correct a mistake in each sentence. 1 I am here since last week.2 Kevin had his new job for nine months. He loves it.3 I lived here for ten years but I’m going to move soon. 4 Bridgit knows Philip for a year and a half.5 We have been to China in 2005.6 How long do you have your dog?7 They have known each other since three days.8 She’s had a sore throat for this morning.9 Jane was a vet for thirty years and she still enjoys it. 10 How long do you live in this city?

8 Choose the best answer.1 Did you ever hear/Have you ever heard of an actor called

Sylvia Halliwell?2 I never went/I’ve never been to Zimbabwe.3 He never met/He’s never met his father. He died before

he was born.4 I never read/I’ve never read a Harry Potter book.5 I never saw/I’ve never seen you before. 6 Did you talk/Have you talked to Maggie yesterday?7 I’ve never heard/I never heard this music before. 8 Have you seen/Did you see the news last night? 9 I never won/I’ve never won a competition in my life. 10 Did you ever dream/Have you ever dreamt of being invisible?

Have you done your homework?

1 Read the sentences in the Past Simple. Write new sentences using the Present Perfect, without the time expression.1 I bought some plants on Saturday. __________________________________2 We put up some new pictures last week. __________________________________3 My husband fixed the shelves at the weekend. __________________________________4 We painted the outside of the house 3 years ago. __________________________________5 John cleaned all the windows on Sunday morning. __________________________________6 We replaced all the windows last year. __________________________________

2 Answer the questions so that they’re true for you. Use short answers.1 Have you ever lived abroad? 2 Has your teacher ever given you a very difficult test? 3 Have you ever smoked? 4 Have your parents ever visited the United States?5 Have you ever been in a helicopter?

3 Add for or since to these sentences.1 A Have you been here ______ a long time? B Yes, quite a while, ______ 1 o’clock.2 I’ve studied English ______ seven years.3 A How long have you had that jacket? B Oh, I’ve had it ______ months! Haven’t you seen it before?4 It’s ages ______ we had a Chinese takeaway!5 I haven’t seen Hannah ______ a few days now.6 We’ve lived here ______ May last year.

4 Write Present Perfect questions for these answers.1 ________________________________________________ ? No, I’ve never been to Brazil. But I’d like to go.2 ________________________________________________ ? Yes, I saw an elephant when I was on holiday in Thailand.3 ________________________________________________ ? No, but I’d love to win some money one day!

5 Use the Present Perfect and the words in brackets to describe these situations.1 He’s carrying a suitcase. (He / be / on / holiday) ________________________________________________2 His plate is empty. (He / eat / everything) ________________________________________________3 She can’t find her bag. (She / lose / bag) ________________________________________________4 Her leg is in plaster. (She / broke / leg) ________________________________________________5 The final score is 3–1 to our team. (Our / team / win / match) ________________________________________________6 I haven’t got any more money. (I / spend / all / my / money) ________________________________________________

He’s been on holiday.

I’ve bought some plants.



Entry ChECkEr 7

have to Exs. 1–2Form

has/have + to + infinitive


IWe

YouThey

havedon’t have

to work hard.He/SheIt

hasdoesn’t have

Question

Do IWe

youthey have to work hard?

Does he/she/it

Short answer

Do you have to wear a uniform?Does he have to go now?

Yes, I do.No, he doesn’t.

Note1 The past tense of have to is had to, with did and didn’t in the question

and the negative. I had to get up early this morning. Why did you have to work last weekend? They liked the hotel because they didn’t have to do any cooking.2 The forms of have got to + infinitive are the same as have got + noun.

Use

1 Have to expresses strong obligation. The obligation comes from ‘outside’ – perhaps a law, a rule at school or work, or someone in authority.

You have to have a driving licence if you want to drive a car. (That’s the law.) I have to start work at 8.00. (My company says I must.) The doctor says I have to do more exercise.2 Have got to expresses an obligation on one particular occasion. I’m going to bed. I’ve got to get up early tomorrow. She’s got to work hard. Her exams start next week.3 Don’t/doesn’t have to expresses absence of obligation (it isn’t necessary). You don’t have to do the washing-up. I’ve got a dishwasher. She doesn’t have to work on Monday. It’s her day off.

introduction to modal auxiliary verbs Exs. 3–6Form

These are modal auxiliary verbs.can could might must shall should will would

They are looked at in different units of Headway.They have certain things in common:1 They ‘help’ another verb. The verb

form is the infinitive without to. She can drive. I must get my hair cut.2 There is no do/does in the question. Can she sing? Should I go home now?3 The form is the same for all

persons. There is no -s in the third person singular:

He can dance very well. She should try harder. It will rain soon.

shouldForm

should + infinitive without toThe forms of should are the same for all persons.


IWe

YouThey

should do more exercise.shouldn’t tell lies.

Question

Should I/she/they see a doctor?

Do you think I/he/we should see a doctor?

Short answer

Should I phone home?Should I buy a motorbike?

Yes, you should.No, you shouldn’t.

Use

Should is used to express what the speaker thinks is right or the best thing to do. It expresses mild obligation, or advice.I should do more work. (This is my opinion.)You should do more work. (I’m telling you what I think.)Do you think we should stop? (I’m asking for your opinion.)Shouldn’t expresses negative advice.You shouldn’t sit so close to the TV. It’s bad for your eyes.NoteShould expresses the opinion of the speaker, and it is often introduced by I think or I don’t think.I think politicians should listen more.I don’t think people should get married until they’re 21.

mustForm

must + infinitive without toThe forms of must are the same for all persons.


IWe

YouThey

must try harder.mustn’t steal.

Questions with must are possible, but have to is more common.

Question Short answer

Must I take exams?Do I have to take exams?

Yes, you must.Yes, you do.

Use

1 Must expresses strong obligation. Generally, this obligation comes from ‘inside’ the speaker.

I must get my hair cut. (I think this is necessary.)2 Because must expresses the authority of the speaker, you

should be careful of using You must … . It sounds bossy! You must help me. (I am giving you an order.) Could you help me? is much better.3 You must … can express a strong suggestion. You must see the Monet exhibition. It’s wonderful. You must give me a call when you’re next in town.

4 To form the negative, add n’t. There is no don’t/doesn’t.

I wouldn’t like to be a teacher. You mustn’t steal. Note will not = won’t. It won’t rain tomorrow. 5 Most modal verbs refer to the

present and future. Only can has a past tense form, could.

I could swim when I was three.




1 Rewrite the sentences. Use a form of have to.1 It’s necessary for the children to wear a uniform. The children _______________ a uniform.2 I can stay in bed until late tomorrow. I _____________ get up early tomorrow.3 Why was it necessary for you to go to the office? Why _______________ the office?4 Must you leave so soon? ____________ so soon? 5 I needed to make a phone call. I _____________ a phone call. 6 It wasn’t necessary for us to buy anything. We ______________ anything.

2 Write questions with have to.1 I have to learn a lot of words for homework. How many __________________________ ?2 They have to wear school uniform. What __________________________ ?3 I had to wait a long time for my train this morning. How long __________________________ ?4 They have to leave early tomorrow What time __________________________ ?5 I’m working all day on Saturday. Do you __________________________ Sunday too? 6 I had to pay a parking fine yesterday. How much __________________________ ?7 She has to work late sometimes. How often __________________________ ?

3 Find and correct any sentences that are wrong.1 I think you should smoke less. 2 Do you can drive a car?3 Joseph thinks it may rain later. 4 You must tidy your bedroom. 5 Cindy musts go to the dentist soon. 6 I’m afraid we must to leave now. 7 The dog doesn’t should bury bones in the garden. 8 Could you lend me your mobile?9 She cans sing very well. 10 I don’t wouldn’t like to be a politician.

4 Complete the sentences with a modal from the box. Use some modals more than once.

can can’t could must mustn’tshouldn’t may might should

1 _________ you pass me the mayonnaise, please?2 I don’t think it’s a good idea for you to stay. You _________ stay. 3 It’s possible it’ll be hot next week. It _________ be hot next week.4 Do you have the ability to drive? _________ you drive?5 Do not leave luggage here. You _________ leave luggage here.

words do you have to learn

6 Is it OK if I use your bathroom? _________ I use your bathroom?7 It’s very important that you stop smoking.

You _________ stop smoking. 8 It’s possible I’ll ask you to help me. I _________ ask you to help me. 9 Janet is unable to play an instrument.

Janet _________ play an instrument. 10 I think it would be a good idea to apologize.

You _________ apologize.

5 Choose the correct option.1 We mustn’t / don’t have to forget to buy some milk.2 She doesn’t have to / mustn’t work so hard, but she does.3 Must / Should we pay for this by credit card?4 We should / must remember to thank Lorna and Adrian for

the wedding present they gave us.5 Footballers has to / have to train very hard to keep fit.6 You mustn’t / don’t have to smoke in the office.7 I don’t think you should / You mustn’t read that book. It’s not

very good.8 You should / have to show your passport at the airport.9 Does he has to / have to finish the project by Friday? 10 I think we should / must take something to the dinner party.

6 Complete the sentences. Use must, mustn’t, should or shouldn’t and a phrase from the box. Sometimes more than one answer is possible.

go to Sydney Harbour Bridge tell anyone! try the new pizzeria have a haircut I do? remember to send him a card stop smoking immediately we call their mobile smoke so much apply for it

1 It’s your uncle’s birthday next week. You say: I _______________________________________________ .2 You see your perfect job advertised in the newspaper. Your sister says: You ________________________________ .3 You know your friend would like the new pizzeria in town. You say: You ________________________________ in town.4 You have a problem and ask your friend for advice. You ask: What ____________________________________ ?5 You are going to Australia. Your Australian friend says: You _____________________________________________ .6 You tell your friend a secret. You say: You _____________________________________ . 7 a) Your friend smokes 50 cigarettes a day. You say: You __________________________________________ . b) Your friend goes to see a doctor about his smoking.

The doctor says: You __________________________________________ .8 Your hair is much too long. You say to yourself: I _______________________________________________ .9 You are expecting dinner guests but they are an hour late. You say to your partner: ____________________________ ?



Entry ChECkEr 8

time clauses Exs. 1–41 Look at this sentence. I’ll give her a call when I get home. It consists of two clauses: a main clause I’ll give her a call, and a

secondary clause when I get home.2 These conjunctions of time introduce secondary clauses.

when while as soon as after before until

They are not usually followed by a future form. They refer to future time, but we use a present tense.

When I get home, I’ll … While we’re away, … As soon as I hear from you, … Wait here until I get back.

will Ex. 5Form

For the forms of will, see p7.

Use

1 Will expresses a decision or intention made at the moment of speaking.

Give me your case. I’ll carry it for you.2 It also expresses a future fact. The speaker thinks ‘This action is

sure to happen in the future’. Manchester will win the cup. Tomorrow’s weather will be warm and sunny. This use is like a neutral future tense. The speaker is predicting

the future, without expressing an intention, plan, or personal judgement.

First conditional Exs. 6–8Form

If + Present Simple, will + infinitive without to


If

I work hard, Ishe has enough money, shewe don’t hurry up, weyou’re late, I

’ll (will)won’t

pass my exams.buy a new car.be late.wait for you.

Question

WhatWhere will you do

she go ifyou don’t go to university?she can’t find a job?

Short answerWill you go to university if you pass your exams?

If we look after the planet, will we survive?

Yes, I will.No, I won’t.Yes, we will.No, we won’t.

NoteThe condition clause if … can come at the beginning of the sentence or at the end. If it comes at the begining, we put a comma at the end of the clause. If it comes at the end, we do not use a comma.If I work hard, I’ll pass my exams.I’ll pass my exams if I work hard.

Use

1 The first conditional is used to express a possible condition and a probable result in the future.

If my cheque comes, I’ll buy us all a meal. You’ll get wet if you don’t take an umbrella. What’ll happen to the environment if we don’t look after it?Note1 English uses a present tense in the condition clause, not a future

form. If it rains … NOT If it will rain … If I work hard … NOT If I’ll work hard …2 If expresses a possibility that something will happen; when

expresses what the speaker sees as certain to happen. If I find your book, I’ll send it to you. When I get home, I’ll have a bath.




1 Choose the correct sentence in each pair.1 A I’ll get a newspaper when I go to the shops. B I get a newspaper when I will go to the shops.2 A She’s going to wait until he’ll come. B She’s going to wait until he comes.3 A As soon as you turn left, you’ll see the church. B As soon as you’ll turn left, you’ll see the church.4 A Pietro’s going to meet us before he sees Janet. B Pietro’s going to meet us before he’ll see Janet.

2 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets.1 While you’re away, I _______ (look after) your house for you.2 I’ll let you know as soon as Tony ______ (decide) what to do. 3 Just stay here until we _______ (get) back. 4 He won’t do anything before he _______ (receive) your offer.5 I promise I’ll send you an email when my computer ______

(be) fixed.

3 Choose the correct answer. Sometimes two answers are possible.1 We were really surprised ______ he arrived unexpectedly. a) if b) when c) as soon as2 I’m really hungry! Let’s go for dinner ______ the film finishes. a) before b) as soon as c) when3 Don’t eat that chocolate now. Wait ______ after lunch! a) until b) after c) when4 I’m very busy, but I’ll go shopping ______ I have time. a) until b) when c) if5 Could you phone your parents ______ dinner? You won’t

have time after. a) before b) after c) until 6 Oh no! I forgot to feed the cat! I’ll do it ______ we get home. a) after b) as soon as c) when7 We’ll go skiing this weekend ______ it snows enough this week. a) when b) after c) if8 We’re staying in a guesthouse _______ our new house is built. a) until b) when c) before

4 Choose the correct answer.Rachel is preparing to go to work in a school in Ecuador for her gap year. She has a lot to organize. She tells her mum everything she has to do today:

O.K. First of all, I have to phone the passport office to ask (1) if /when my passport is ready for collection. (2) If /When it is, I’ll go into town to collect it. (3) When /Before I’ve done that, I’ll go to the travel agent’s and book my flights. I want to do that because the tickets are cheaper (4) if /when you book early. I can’t confirm my arrival date with the school in Ecuador (5) until / if I have my plane tickets. (6) As soon as /If I’ve booked my flights, I’ll phone them to let them know (7) when /if I’ll arrive. I hope I can get all this done (8) before /until 2pm because there’s a time difference between the UK and South America. I don’t want to phone (9) when /if the school is closed! After that I’ll go shopping for sun cream and insect repellent. I’ll wait in town (10) until /when Dad finishes work and come home with him. Then I’ll pack my bags (11) until /before dinner.

5 Make statements about the future using will or won’t and a suitable verb.1 I’m sure it ________ all day today. Just look at the clouds!2 Valerie _______ 24 on her next birthday, she’ll be 23. 3 Do you think your team _____ the game on Saturday? 4 The lecturer _______ about the economy of South America.

6 True or false?1 If I can’t find my wallet, I won’t come tonight. If I find my wallet, I’ll come tonight. These two sentences mean the same thing: True False

2 I’ll be happy if I get into university. If I get into university, I’ll be happy. One of these sentences is incorrect: True False

3 If I will go to Manhattan, I’ll see my friends. If I go to Manhattan, I’ll see my friends. Both of these sentences are correct: True False

4 If I remember the address, I’ll let you know. This sentence is about the present, not the future: True False

7 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets. 1 If it’s sunny, we ______ (go) to the beach. 2 What ______ you _____ (do) if you fail the exam? 3 If we ________ (not/leave) soon, we’ll be late. 4 You ________ (get) wet if you go out. It’s raining!5 If Sonya _______ (lie) to me once more, I’ll be furious!

8 Complete the First Conditional questions.1 Perhaps it’ll rain. What _____________________ if it rains?2 It’s possible David will lose his job. What _____________________ if he loses his job?3 It’s possible there won’t be any tickets. What will I do if _____________________ any tickets?4 Perhaps Toby will miss his flight. What _____________________ if he misses his flight?5 It’s possible you will get lost in the forest. What will we do if _____________________ in the forest?6 Perhaps Alice will go shopping in New York. What will Alice buy if _____________________ in New York?7 It’s possible that your taxi will be late. What _____________________ if the taxi is late?8 Perhaps Alan won’t reply to your email. What will I do if _____________________ to my email?

will you do



Entry ChECkEr 9

the passive Exs. 1–7Form

am/is/arewas/werehas/have beenwill

+ -ed (past participle)

The past participle of regular verbs ends in -ed. There are many common irregular verbs. See the list on p22.

Present

Positive and negativeEnglish is spoken all over the world.Nikon cameras are made in Japan.My children aren’t helped with their homework.Coffee isn’t grown in England.

QuestionWhere is rice grown?Are cars made in your country?

Past

Positive and negativeMy car was stolen last night.The animals were frightened by a loud noise.He wasn’t injured in the accident.The thieves weren’t seen by anyone.

QuestionHow was the window broken?Were the plants watered last night?

Present Perfect

Positive and negativeI’ve been robbed!X-ray machines have been used for many things.They haven’t been invited to the party.

QuestionHow many times have you been hurt playing football?Has my car been repaired?

will

Positive and negative10,000 cars will be produced next year.The cars won’t be sold in the UK.

QuestionWill the children be sent to a new school?

Short answersAre cars made in your country?Were the plants watered last night?Has my car been repaired?Will these cars be produced next year?

Yes, they are./No, they aren’t.Yes, they were./No, they weren’t.Yes, it has./No, it hasn’t.Yes, they will./No, they won’t.

Note1 The rules for tense usage in the passive are the same as in the active. Present Simple to express habit: My car is serviced regularly. Past Simple to express a finished action in the past: America was discovered by Christopher Columbus. Present Perfect to express an action which began in the past and

continues to the present: Diet Coke has been made since 1982.2 The passive infinitive (to be + -ed) is used after modal auxiliary

verbs and other verbs which are followed by an infinitive. Driving should be banned in city centres. The house is going to be knocked down.

Use

1 The object of an active verb becomes the subject of a passive verb. Notice the use of by in the passive sentence.

Object

Active Shakespeare wrote Hamlet .

Passive Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.

Subject

2 The passive is not just another way of expressing the same sentence in the active. We choose the active or the passive depending on what we are more interested in.

Hamlet was written in 1600. (We are more interested in Hamlet.) Shakespeare wrote comedies, histories, and tragedies. (We are more

interested in Shakespeare.)Note1 The subject of an active sentence is not mentioned in the passive

sentence if it is not really important. Active They built this house in 1937. Passive This house was built in 1937. NOT This house was built in 1937 by them. Active People speak German in parts of Italy. Passive German is spoken in parts of Italy. NOT German is spoken in parts of Italy by people.

2 Some verbs, for example, give, send, show, have two objects, a person and a thing.

She gave me a book for my birthday. In the passive, we often make the person the subject, not the thing. I was given a book for my birthday. She was sent the information by post. You’ll be shown where to sit.




5 Rewrite these sentences using a form of the passive.1 People will eat six million hamburgers this year. ________________________________________________2 They cancelled the football match because of heavy rain. ________________________________________________3 A man told us not to walk on the grass. ________________________________________________4 How do people use chopsticks? ________________________________________________5 Someone cleans the kitchen every morning. ________________________________________________6 The police arrested the escaped prisoner late last night. ________________________________________________7 How did scientists discover DNA? ________________________________________________

6 Write questions for these answers. Use the correct active or passive form of the verb.1 ________________________________________________ The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell.2 ________________________________________________ Yes, I have repaired your TV. 3 ________________________________________________ Aluminium is used for making drink cans.4 ________________________________________________ Tea is grown in the mountains of India.5 ________________________________________________ The letter was posted last Tuesday.6 ________________________________________________ I’ve fallen off my horse seven times.

7 Find and correct two sentences that are wrong.1 The money was stole from the shop.2 Dinner is usually served at 6 o’clock. 3 A new bridge will be built next year.4 Spanish spoken in Latin America.5 These teddy bears are made in Germany.

Six million hamburgers will be eaten this year.

Who invented the telephone?

1 Which answer is better, A or B?1 Do these cars come from Poland or Taiwan? A People make these cars in Taiwan. B These cars are made in Taiwan.2 So, what happened when the cat saw the bird? A The bird was chased by the cat. B The cat chased the bird.3 What happened to the robbers? A The robbers were arrested a few hours later. B The police arrested the robbers a few hours later.4 What do nurses do? A Nurses help people who are ill. B People who are sick are helped by nurses.

2 Rewrite the active sentences in the passive.1 Someone sells tickets at the box office. ________________________________________________2 People built Stonehenge thousands of years ago. ________________________________________________3 Someone has serviced my car. ________________________________________________4 They opened three new hospitals last year. ________________________________________________

3 Complete the sentences with the correct passive form of the verb in brackets.1 The hotel ___________ (sell) next year.2 Chewing gum ___________ (make) for more than a century.3 The first Harry Potter book ___________ (publish) in 1997.4 Whisky ___________ (produce) in England – it’s Scottish.5 The road ___________ (close) for three days next month.

4 Complete the sentences with the correct passive form of the verbs in the box.

discover make invent build paint write give steal invite employ

1 Around £50,000 __________________ from a bank in Oslo last night.

2 The first train __________________ by George Stevenson in the mid 19th century.

3 In China, red envelopes full of money __________________ to children at New Year.

4 X-rays ______ accidentally __________________ by Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen in 1896.

5 Hundreds of new homes __________________ since March.6 Next year 3 million mobile phones __________________

in Finland.7 Do you think we __________________ to Helen’s wedding?8 Many people in Scotland __________________ in the

whisky industry.9 Romeo and Juliet _________________ by William

Shakespeare. 10 La Giocanda _________________ by Picasso.



Entry ChECkEr 10

Second conditional Exs. 1–4Form

If + Past Simple, would + infinitive without toWould is a modal auxiliary verb. There is an introduction to modal auxiliary verbs on p13.The forms of would are the same for all persons.


If

I had more money, Ishe knew the answer, shewe lived in Russia, weI didn’t have so many debts, I

’d (would)

wouldn’t

buy a CD player.tell us.soon learn Russian.have to work so hard.

QuestionWhatWhich countries would you do

you go to if you had a year off?you travelled round the world?

Short answerWould you travel round the world?If they had the money, would they buy a new car?

Yes, I would./No, I wouldn’t.Yes, they would./No, they wouldn’t.

Note1 The condition clause can come at the beginning or the end of the sentence.

If it comes at the beginning, we put a comma at the end of the clause. If it comes at the end, we do not use a comma.

If I had more time, I’d help. I’d help if I had more time.2 Were is often used instead of was in the condition clause. If I were you, I’d go to bed. If he were cleverer, he’d know he was making a mistake.

Use

The second conditional is used to express an unreal or improbable condition and its probable result in the present or future.The condition is unreal because it is different from the facts that we know. We can always say ‘But … ’.If I were Prime Minister, I’d increase tax for rich people. (But I’m not Prime Minister.)If I lived in a big house, I’d have a party. (But I live in a small house.)What would you do if you saw a ghost? (But I don’t expect that you will see a ghost.)Note1 The use of the past tense (If I had) and would does not refer to past time.

Both the first and second conditional refer to the present and the future. The past verb forms are used to show ‘This is different from reality’.

If I win the tennis match, I’ll be happy. (I think I have a good chance.) If I won a thousand pounds, I’d … (But I don’t think I will.)2 We do not use would in the condition clause. If the weather was nice … NOT If the weather would be nice … If I had more money … NOT If I would have more money …

might Exs. 5–7Form

might + infinitive without toMight is a modal auxiliary verb. For an introduction to modal auxiliary verbs, see p13.The forms of might are the same for all persons.


IHeItWe

mightmight not

go to the party.be late.rain tomorrow.go out for a meal tonight.

QuestionThe inverted question Might you … ? is unusual. It is very common to ask a question with Do you think … + will … ?

Do you thinkyou’ll get here on time?it’ll rain?they’ll come to our party?

Short answerDo you think he’ll come?Do you think it’ll rain?

He might.It might.

Use

1 Might is used to express a future possibility. It contrasts with will, which, in the speaker’s opinion, expresses a future certainty.

England will win the match. (I am sure they will.)

England might win the match. (It’s possible, but I don’t know.)

2 Notice that, in the negative, these sentences express the same idea of possibility.

It might not rain this afternoon. I don’t think it’ll rain this afternoon.

so, such (a), so many, so much Ex. 8

Form

so + adjectiveHe always drives so fast.such a + adjective + singular nounShe’s such a nice person.such + adjective + plural/uncountable nounThe Smiths are such friendly neighbours.so many + plural nounsSome children have so many toys.so much + uncountable nounsFootballers earn so much money these days.

Use

So and such are used for emphasizing an adjective or noun. They are used more in spoken than written English. They are often exclamations, with an exclamation mark (!).He works so hard! is stronger than He works very hard.Thierry Henri has scored so many goals!is stronger than Thierry Henri has scored a lot of goals.




6 Choose the correct answer.1 It’s going to be -10˚C tonight. Be careful, it will /might be icy

on the roads.2 Might you /Do you think you will be free this afternoon?3 I might /will be out later. I’m going to my yoga class.4 I might not /won’t be able to go to the concert on Saturday.

My mum is thinking of coming to visit me.5 These birthday cards might /will be for Tony. I think it’s his

birthday today, but I’m not sure.6 If you don’t go now, you might /will be late. You can never

be sure what the traffic will be like!7 Claire’s a very clever girl. I’m sure she might / will get into

university.8 I might not /won’t be here tomorrow. It’s my day off.9 I think I’m getting a cold. I might not /won’t come to work

tomorrow. 10 We might /will buy Jo’s car. It depends on the price.

7 Complete the conversations with might/might not or will/won’t.1 A Are you going to watch the football tonight? B Yes I am. Who do you think _______ win? A Well, I’m not sure. Barcelona are the better team, but

Porto are playing well at the moment, so they _______ win tonight.

B If no one wins, they _______ have to play again next week.

2 A Are you going to Mark’s party this Saturday? B I’m not sure. I’m tired, so I _______ go. I _______ just

watch a DVD and relax instead. A Oh, go on, I _______ go if you go. It _______ be fun. B OK then, I _______ pick you up at 8.00. 3 A Hi Nora. I’m sorry, but we _______ be able to get to the

cinema on time. Our bus has broken down. B That’s OK. Do you think you _______ be able to get here

by 9.00? There’s another showing of the film then. A Well, the driver thinks they _______ be able to fix the

problem soon. If not, they _______ send another bus to take us into town.

8 Complete the sentences with so, such, so much or so many.1 It was _______ a nice day that we decided to have a picnic.2 That book was _______ interesting I couldn’t put it down.3 I’ve got _______ work to do. I won’t finish it by this evening.4 You’ve worked _______ hard all week. You deserve a break.5 It was _______ a great party that no one wanted to leave!6 There were _______ people in town it took ages to do the

shopping.7 That’s _______ a fantastic dress. You look _______ smart.8 I’m looking forward to my holiday _______ .9 Some people have _______ money they don’t know what to

do with it! 10 That film was _______ bad! I’ve never seen _______ an

awful film.

1 Choose the correct answer.1 If we didn’t/don’t have to work, we’d travel round the world. 2 If you took/take more exercise, you’d be fitter. 3 I’d help/I’ll help you if I had more time. 4 If I am/were you, I’d forget all about it. 5 If I win/won the lottery, I’d give all the money to charity.

2 Match the two halves of each sentence.1 He’d move to Spain2 If she got the job,3 If the weather was nicer,4 I’d drive to work5 I’d take an aspirin,a she’d be very happy.b if I were you.c if I had a car.d we’d have a barbecue.e if he spoke Spanish.

3 Write conditional sentences.1 We haven’t got enough time. We won’t stay longer. ________________________________________________2 It isn’t warm. We won’t eat outside. ________________________________________________3 I won’t stay in this job. The pay isn’t good. ________________________________________________4 I don’t speak English often. I don’t find it easy. ________________________________________________5 We don’t live near each other. We don’t see each other often. ________________________________________________6 I won’t buy the coat. It isn’t blue. ________________________________________________7 You’re disorganized. You lose things. ________________________________________________8 You never help me so I don’t help you. ________________________________________________

4 Use the Second Conditional to finish these sentences.1 If I were the leader of my country, ________________________________________________2 If I could travel anywhere in the world, ________________________________________________3 If I could meet any famous person in the world, ________________________________________________4 If you asked me to cook a meal, ________________________________________________

5 Rewrite these sentences using might.1 It’s possible I’ll be away in August. ___________________________2 It could rain tomorrow. ___________________________3 We’re not sure whether we’ll go away. ___________________________4 It’s possible that she’s ill. ___________________________

If we had enough time, we’d stay longer.

I’d create more public holidays.




1 Choose the best answer.1 At last! I’ve understood /been understanding the question.2 The athletes are tired. They’ve trained/been training all day. 3 So, what have you done /been doing recently? Anything fun?4 My friend has been buying /bought a new computer.5 Have you swum /been swimming? Your hair looks wet.6 Great news! Joanna has been having /had a baby boy!7 I’ve never believed /been believing in horoscopes. 8 Oh, there you are! I’ve looked /been looking for you everywhere!

2 Make sentences using the Present Perfect Continuous.1 A You’re a really good singer! B I / practise / a lot / recently ______________________________________ .2 A You’ve done a lot of work. B We / work / hard / this week. ______________________________________ .3 A Your English is good! B Thanks. I / learn it / eight years. ______________________________________ .4 A Have I got blue paint in my hair? B Yes. What / you / paint? ______________________________________ ?5 A You both look really brown! B We / sunbathe / at / beach. ______________________________________ .

3 Complete the sentences with the Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous form of the verb in backets.1 A What (1) ________________ (do) to your arm? B I (2) ________________ (play) tennis a lot this week, and I

(3) ________________ (hurt) my elbow.2 A Your house looks fantastic! You (1) ________________

(decorate) it beautifully. B Yes, but it’s hard work. I (2) ________________ (paint) the

bedroom all afternoon and I (3) ________________ (only paint) three walls.

A Never mind. It will look great when you (4) ________________ (finish) it.

3 A Hi Jack. I (1) ________________ (not / see) you for ages. What (2) ________________ (you /do) recently? B I (3) ________________ (travel). A That’s fantastic! Where (4) ________________ (you / be)? B I (5) ________________ (be) to Asia. Have

(6) ________________ (you / ever / go) there? A No, I haven’t, but I (7) ________________ (want) to go for

a long time.4 A Hi. (1) ________________ (have) a good day? B Yes. I (2) ________________ (shop). But I

(3) ________________ (spend) a lot of money! A Show me what you (4) ________________ (buy). B Well, I’m afraid I (5) ________________ (not buy)

anything for you! I (6) ________________ (try) to find you a birthday present for ages, but I (7) ________________ (find) anything yet.

Entry ChECkEr 11

Present Perfect Continuous Exs. 1–3Form

has/have + been + -ing (present participle)


IWeYouThey

’ve (have)haven’t

been working?HeSheIt

’s (has)hasn’t

Question

How long

have

Iweyouthey been working?

hashesheit

Short answerHave you been running?Has he been shopping?

Yes, I have./No, I haven’t.Yes, he has./No, he hasn’t.

Use

The Present Perfect Continuous is used:1 to express an activity which began in the past and continues to the

present. We’ve been waiting here for hours! It’s been raining for days.2 to refer to an activity with a result in the present. I’m hot because I’ve been running. I haven’t got any money because I’ve been shopping.Note1 Sometimes there is little or no difference in meaning between the

Present Perfect Simple and Continuous. How long have you worked here? How long have you been working here?2 Think of the verbs that have the idea of a long time, for example,

wait, work, learn, travel, play. These verbs can be found in the Present Perfect Continuous. I’ve been playing tennis since I was a boy. Think of the verbs that don’t have the idea of a long time, for

example, find, start, buy, die, lose, break, stop. It is unusual to find these verbs in the Present Perfect Continuous.

I’ve bought a new dress. My cat has died. My radio’s broken.3 Verbs that express a state, for example, like, love, know, have for

possession, are not found in the Present Perfect Continuous. We’ve known each other for a few weeks. NOT We’ve been knowing each other for a few weeks. How long have you had your car? NOT How long have you been having your car?4 The Present Perfect Simple looks at the completed action. This

is why, if the sentence gives a number or a quantity, the Present Perfect Simple is used. The Continuous is not possible.

I’ve written three letters today. NOT I’ve been writing three letters today.



irrEGULar VErBS

Base form Past Simple Past Participlebe was/were beenbecome became becomebegin began begunbreak broke brokenbring brought broughtbuild built builtbuy bought boughtcan could been ablecatch caught caughtchoose chose chosencome came comecost cost costcut cut cutdo did donedrink drank drunkdrive drove driveneat ate eatenfall fell fallenfeel felt feltfight fought foughtfind found foundfly flew flownforget forgot forgottenget got gotgive gave givengo went gone/beengrow grew grownhave had hadhear heard heardhit hit hitkeep kept keptknow knew knownlearn learnt/learned learnt/learnedleave left leftlose lost lostmake made mademeet met metpay paid paidput put putread /ri:d/ read /red/ read /red/ride rode riddenrun ran runsay said saidsee saw seensell sold soldsend sent sentshut shut shutsing sang sungsit sat satsleep slept sleptspeak spoke spokenspend spent spentstand stood stoodsteal stole stolenswim swam swumtake took takentell told toldthink thought thoughtunderstand understood understoodwake woke wokenwear wore wornwin won wonwrite wrote written

VErB PattErnS

Verb + -ing

likeloveenjoyhatefinishstop

swimming

cooking

NoteWe often use the verb go + -ing for sports and activities. I go swimming everyday. I go shopping at the weekend.

Verb + to + infinitive

choosedecideforgetpromisemanageneedhelphopetrywantwould likewould love

to go

to work

Verb + -ing or to + infinitive

beginstart raining/to rain

Verb + preposition + -ing

think oflook forward to going

Modal auxiliary verbs

cancouldmusthad toshallshouldwillwould

go

arrive

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