headnoun vgp do&io
TRANSCRIPT
What is a head noun?
The word that is modified by other
elements in a noun phrase, Verspoor
& Sauter (p. 120, 2000).
Head noun
Noun Phrase
(determiners) (pre-modifiers)Head noun
(post-modifiers)
NP
Elements:
Head noun
Possible constituents
(determiners) (pre-modifiers)Head noun
(post-modifiers)
NP
Elements:
Head noun
Central element of a
noun phrase
(determiners) (pre-modifiers)Head noun
(post-modifiers)
NP
Elements:
(determiners)Head noun
Introduce the noun
phrase.
(Greenbaum, p. 47 ,
2002)
(determiners) (pre-modifiers)Head noun
(post-modifiers)
NP
Elements:
(pre-modifiers)Head noun
•Adjective phrases•Other nouns•Genitive noun
Phrases(Greenbaum, p. 47
, 2002)
(determiners) (pre-modifiers)Head noun
(post-modifiers)
My beautiful girlfriend's father
Where:
AdjP
NP
N’
NP
Adj
Det
N
POSS
Det
My beautiful girlfriend's father
N
How do we find the head noun
inside a NP?
• According to (Greenbaum p. 88, 2002) we had to:
Remember, that the head of a noun phrase may be preceded by a determiner or pre-modifier, but NOT by a preposition.
Remember also that the head of a noun phrase cannot be terribly far into the phrase, unless there happen to be a bunch of pre-modifiers, which is very seldom the case.
NP
Elements:
Head noun
(post-modifiers)
•Relative clauses
•Prepositional Phrases
(Greenbaum, 2002):
(determiners) (pre-modifiers)Head noun
(post-modifiers)
What is a relative clause?
• A noun phrase can contain a sentence which is called a relative clause (Fabb, p. 59 2002).
• One very common type of (head noun) post-modifier is the relative clause which is embedded in the NP. (Greenbaum, p. 47 2002).
Embedded?
• According to Celce-Murcia & Larsen-Freeman(p. 572, 1999) the embedding processconsists of a clause within an NP that at thesame time modifies the head noun.
Example:
The fans who were attending the rock concert had to wait in line for three hours.
The fans who were attending the rock concert had to wait in line for three hours.
The embedded clause [who were attending the rock
concert] is closely associated with the head N of the NP
“fans”, it tells us which "fans” had to wait in a long
line.
This relative clause identifies for us which noun[s] of
all nouns in the same set we are speaking about (in
Other words: anybody who could be called "a fan").
What is the function of a relative
clause?
• It introduces a kind of subsidiary sentence into the main one Thomas (p. 95, 2002).
• It may be added to a noun phrase to help identify the head noun Verspoor & Sauter (p. 127, 2000) .
Head noun
Head noun
(pre-modifiers)(pre-modifiers)
(post-modifiers)(post-modifiers)
so many questions to my girlfriend who met them last night at my mother´s house.
so many questions to my girlfriend who met them last night at my mother´s house.
AdjP
N’
Adj
N
NP
S3
Adv
Det
NP
P
PP
N’
N
Verb
Is word that expresses time while
showing an action, condition , or the fact
that something exists. Some verbs tell
what the subject does.
Types of verbs
According to Thomas (1993,pg. 37-53)
• Transitive verb– Normally has to have a direct object to be
complete.
• Intransitive– Is a class of verb which does not take an
object, requires nothing else to complete theverb phrase.
• Di-transitive– Requires two objects one of these is the familiar
direct object, the other an indirect object.
Types of verbs
• Intensive
– Include the verb like: be (most commonly)
seen, appear, become, look. Follows the
verb in a sentence relates back to what
precedes the verb. The bit that comes
after the verb functions as the SUBJECT
COMPLEMENT.
Types of verbs
• Complex transitive
– The complement relates to the object not
the subject, the complement is therefore
an object complement. Two elements are
obligatory to complete the verb phrase.
Verb group
• Verbs can consist of one or more thanone element to form the VERB GROUP(Vgp).The part of the Vgp whichcarries the meaning is called LEXICALVERB.
• All complete verb groups have toinclude a lexical verb which appearslast in the group and form the HEAD ofthe verb group.(Thomas, 1993,pg. 61)
Verb group
• These additional elements are called
AUXILIARIES (AUX). Auxiliary verbs
modify the lexica verb by indicating
MODALITY, or ASPECT , or VOICE and
TENSE. (Thomas, 1993,pg. 61)
TENSE
Thomas (1993, pg. 62-77) says that:
• There are two tenses in English:
PRESENT and PAST. (future does not
exist as a tense in English but is
indicated in other ways, for example by
the use of auxiliaries.)
Modal auxiliary
Expresses whether a state of affairs islikely, possible, necessary and so on.
Example will, would, can, could, may, might, shall,
should, must, ought to and marginally.
• Will and would signify volition or prediction.
• Can, could, may, and might indicates possibility orprobability.
• Shall, should, must, and ought signify obligation.
A modal auxiliary does not carry tense.
Primary Auxiliaries
• Have, be ,do. Signify aspect and voice.
• Aspect: has to do with time and
relationship of actions or states to
periods of time or duration. PERFECT
and PROGRESIVE.
Do
• Do turns up to lend support to the lexicalverb only in certain constructions andwhere there is no other auxiliary verbalready present.
• Do as an auxiliary is the first constituentof the verb group and therefore carriestense.
• Do when it appears as an auxiliary isfollowed by a bare infinitive.
Perfect Aspect
• Is indicated by the presence of the
auxiliary verb have.
• It carries tense and is always the first
element which is marked. for tense;
that is the element immediately
following TENSE (Thomas, 1993, pg.
66)
Progressive Aspect
• Indicated by the presence of auxiliary
verb be (Thomas, 1993, pg. 69).
• The form of the verb which follows the
progressive auxiliary is called the
PRESENT PARTICIPLE. It is easy to
spot as it is the –ing form of the verb.
Passive Voice
• Voice refers to whether a sentence isin the ACTIVE or PASSIVE.
• The passive is signified within the verbgroup by the presence of the verb be.
• When it is acting as a passiveauxiliary, the verb be is followed by thepast participle or –en form.
Order of auxiliaries
1. Tense or modal + infinitive
2. Perfect: have + -en
3. Progressive: be + -ing
4. Passive: be + -en
My beautiful girlfriend’s father and my crazy friend who is living in New York city may
have been asking so many questionsto my girlfriend who met them last night at
my mother’s house.
It is THE DIRECT OBJECT = D.O.
It is THE INDIRECT OBJECT= I.O.
THE DIRECT OBJECT = D.O.
• so many questions = D.O.
• The Direct Object (D.O): Refers to a person or
thing directly affected by the action
described in the sentence (Greenbaun &Nelson, 2002, pag.26).
• Whenever you have a transitive verb, itmeans a main verb which requires a directobject to complete the sentence(Greenbaun & Nelson, 2002, pag.26), you
should answer the questions “what” or
“whom” after the verb (Vespoor &
Sauter, 2000, pag. 69).
• For example, in this case: …
may have been asking WHAT?
so many questions = D.O.
• The D.O. can often be replaced with theword “it” (Vespoor & Sauter, 2000, pag. 69).
My beautiful girlfriend’s father and my crazy friend who is living in New York city may
have been asking so many questionsto my girlfriend who met them last night at
my mother’s house.
It is THE DIRECT OBJECT = D.O.
It is THE INDIRECT OBJECT= I.O.
THE INDIRECT OBJECT = I.O.
• to my girlfriend who met them last night at my mother’s house. = I.O.
• The Indirect Object (I.O.): Refers to a personindirectly involved in the action affected bythe action described in the sentence.(Greenbaun & Nelson, 2002, pag.30).
• The I. O. is usually equivalent to phrase
introduced by “to” or “for” (Greenbaun
& Nelson, 2002, pag.30).
• The I.O. answers the questions:
to/ for what? and to/for whom?
• For example; in this case:
• …may have been asking so many
questions to whom?To my girlfriendI.O.
• The I.O. comes after the direct object(Greenbaun & Nelson, 2002, pag.30).
• It means there is no I.O. without a D.O.
• If you have a D.O. then you can have an
I.O.
• You will never find an I.O. alone in a sentence.
References
Celce-Murcia, M., & Larsen-Freeman, D. (1999). The Grammarbook. London: International Thompson Publishing.
Fabb, N. (2002). Sentence Structure. Longdon/New York:
Routledge.
Greenbaum, S. (2002). An introduction to English grammar.
London: Longman.
Thomas, L. (1993). Beginning Syntax. Oxford: Blackwell
Publishers.
Verspoor, M., & Sauter, K. (2000). English sentence analysis. An Introductory Course. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John
Bejamins Publishing Company.