Headings

Vocabulary

Important Information

Terminology

• Tissues – group of cells that carry out specialized activities• Histo = Tissue

• …ology = study of

• Pathologists – Study of cells and tissue; diseased• Patho = disease

Four Main Types

• Epithelial • Body surfaces, hollow

organs, glands

• Connective• Binds organs together,

energy reserves for fat

• Muscle • Movement and force

application

• Nervous• Stimulates action

potential to activate body functions

Germ Layers

• Ectoderm – The primary layer which give rise to nervous system and the epidermis of skin

• Mesoderm – Middle germ layer which gives rise to connective tissue, blood, muscles

• Endoderm – Lower germ layer that gives rise to the GI tract, urinary bladder,and respiratory tract

Cell Junctions – Point of contact between adjacent membranes of various cell types

•Tight Junctions – Fluid tight seal between cells to prevent leaking of substances into blood or surrounding tissues; stomach lining & urinary bladder, and intestines

Anchoring (Adhesion) Junction (Desmosomes)

•– Fasten cells to on another, common in stretched areas such as heart uterus outer skin

http://youtu.be/XdaUthOUvIo

Gap Junction • Allow passage of chemical/electrical signals

through connexons (protein tunnels-hollow cylinders) from cell to cell; i.e. muscular contraction,pain

•Covering and Lining

2.Glandular Epithelium

Protection, Filtration, Secretion, Absorption, and Excretion

Divisions:

Functions:

Tissue Arrangements

Layer Arrangement

Simple Stratified Pseudostratified

Single Layer Two or More layers One layer of mixed cells

Osmosis, Diffusion, Absorption, Secretion Protect underlying tissues

In areas of wear and tear

Mucus Secretion And Movement

Cell Shapes

Cell Shapes

Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Transitional

Flat Thick Cubed Tall, Cylindrical Varies

A. Simple Squamous• Function: Filtration, diffusion, osmosis, and

secretion in serous membranes • Location: Kidneys Glomeruli (water, glucose,

and wastes), Air Sac of Lungs (Gas Exchange), Heart and Blood Vessels (Nutrients & Medicine)

B. Simple Cuboidal• Function: Secretion and Absorption

• Location: Kidney Tubules (Wastes), Ovary Surface (Ova)

C. Ciliated Simple Columnar• Function: Moves fluids and particles

along passageways• Location: Found in respiratory tract

(mucosal Movement), fallopian tubes (Ova movement), sinuses (Pathogen removal→ Runny Nose)

Cilia

C. Non-Ciliated Columnar• Function: Microvilli secretion and Absorption

• Location: GI tract lining (Absorption of nutrients and water) & Gallbladder (Secretion of Bile)

A. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

• Functions: Mucus movement by cilia action• Location: Found in upper respiratory tract and

urethra, and gonads of males (Sperm maturation)

B. Stratified Squamous• Functions: Protection of superficial layers of skin;

vagina, mouth, esophagus, tongue• Location:

• Keratinized = Superficial Layers of Skin• Non-Keratinized = Wet Surfaces (Mouth, Vagina,

Tongue)

C. Stratified Cuboidal• Functions: Protection and limited secretion of sweat

glands

• Location: Sudoriferous Glands (SWEAT)

D. Transitional Epithelium• Function: Accommodate Distension in the urinary

tract and vaginal walls as fluid pressures vary.• Stretched = Squamous• Relaxed = Cuboidal  

• Location: Lining of the ureters, urethra, and bladder

Glandular Epitheliu

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A. Glandular Epithelium: Endocrine

• Function: Produce hormones • Location: Thyroid, Pituitary Gland, Ovaries,Testicles

B. Exocrine Glands • Merocrine (or Eccrine) secretion

• Forms the product and discharge from the cell entirely• Salivary Glands

• Apocrine secretion• Product forms at apical surface and pinches off from rest of cell

• Mammary gland • Holocrine secretion

• Accumulates secretory product in cytosol, cell dies and is discharge with its product

• Sebaceous Gland (Acne)

Binds organs together, energy reserves for fat

Connective Tissue•Three basic characteristics-•1.Cell Types•Fibroblasts – Large, flat

immature cells responsible for mitosis & chemical secretion of matrix compds

•Macrophages – Fixed vs. Wandering = Local or systemic Phagocytosis

•Plasma Cells – Synthesis of B Lymphocoyte ~ Antibodies

•Mast Cells – Histamine production, Heparin & Warfarin (Anticoagulants)

2.Ground Substance (Matrix)

• Hyaluronic Acid • Cell binding, wound

healing• Chondroitin Sulfate

• Adhesiveness for bone, cartilage

• Dermatan Sulfate• skin, tendons, heart

valves• Keratan Sulfate

• Bone, Cartilage

3.Fibers (Matrix)• Collagen – Strength for tissues,

most abundant

• Elastin – Elasticity of tissues up to 150% of normal size

Areolar Loose Con.

Tissue

Cardiac Muscle

Hyaline Cartilage Skeletal

Muscle Tissue

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Nervous

Tissue

Adipose Loose Con. Tissue

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Smooth Muscle Tissue

BoneConnective

Tissue

Compact vs. Spongy

•Provides for support, Movement-Marrow (blood-forming)

Haversian Canal

Calcium

Cartilage

•Extremely strong, but very flexible and elastic

•Smooth surface for reduction of friction

•Movement of Joints, Flexibility

•Support (Trachea), Ossification

Ground Substance

Chondrocyte

Lacuna

Fibrocartilage•Extremely tough

•Acts as a shock absorber

•Ex: ball and socket joints, intervertebral disc

Elastic Cartilage

• Abundance of elastin for stretching capability

• Nose, Ears, epiglottis, larynx

Dense Fibrous Connective

Tissue

•Dense, Closely packed collagen fibers that provide high tensile strength

•Strong attachment for Tendons (Muscle to Bone), Ligaments (Bone to Bone)

Loose Connective

Tissue

•Provides strength, elasticity, and support to subcutaneous layer and pappilary regions of skin

•Consists of Collagen, Elastic, Reticular fibers

Fibroblasts

ElastinCollagen

InsulationEnergy Reserves

Fat Storage

Blood Vessel

Nucleus

Adipose Fat (White):

• Used for insulation, energy reserve, fat storage

Adipose Fat (Brown):

• Generates body heat in newborns that do not shiver• After infants grow up, most

of the mitochondria (gives the brown color) disappears, becomes similar to white fat.

• Recent Research=brown fat is related not to white fat, but to skeletal muscle

Loose Conn. TissueReticular Cartilage• Reticular –

Form covering of many internal organs (Stroma)

• Oxygen Transport

•Clotting (platelets)

•Immunity (WBC’s)

•Nutrient delivery

Movement and force application

•Composes the heart wall

•Functions in pumping blood to all parts of the body

•Intercalated discs contain Gap Junctions (Communication) & Desmosomes (Anchor)

Skeletal Muscle Tissue• Attached to bones by tendons • Functions in body movements, posture,

thermogenesis• Only Muscle tissue controlled voluntarily

Smooth Muscle Tissue• Forms walls of many internal organs

ie: Stomach, GI tract, Uterus, Anus• Functions in motion of internal

organs

NucleusAxon Dendrite

•Consists of Neuron and Neuroglia

•Neuron – Conversion from stimulus response to action potential (Sensory, Motor, Interneuron)

•Dendrites – Reacts to stimuli

•Axons – Conductor of impulse

Sad? Need a Tissue?

Areolar Loose Con.

Tissue

Cardiac Muscle

Hyaline Cartilage Skeletal

Muscle Tissue

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Nervous

Tissue

Adipose Loose Con. Tissue

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Smooth Muscle Tissue

BoneConnective

Tissue

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS SIMPLE

COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM

PSEUDO-STRATIFIED

CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

DENSE REGULAR FIBROUS TISSUE

(TENDON)