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Head and Neck

Prof. Dr. Abdelrazek A. Sheta

Professor of Anatomy &

Embryology

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The skull iscomposed

of 21 bones joinedtogether by

sutures.

The Skull

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For simplicity, the boneof the head can bedivided into 3 essential

parts: the cranium, faceskeleton and themandible.

The cranium is the bonybox enclosing the brain.It has a base and avault. The vault is thearched roof of the skull.

The Skull

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The vault (superior aspect) of the skull

Composed of 3 bones, frontal, 2 parietaland occipital.

Sutures of the vault : Coronal : between frontal and parietalbones. Sagittal : in the midline between the 2

parietal bones. Lambdoid : between occipital and the 2

parietal bones.

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The vault (superior aspect) of the skull Other features in the vault: 1- Bregma (anterior fontanel). 2- Vertex: the highest point on the sagittal

suture. 3- Frontal eminence: maximum convexity of

frontal bone. 4- Parietal eminence: maximum convexity of

parietal bone. 5- Parietal foramina: about 3 cm above the

lambda. 6- Temporal lines.

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Anterior aspect of the skull

(face skeleton)A- The frontal bone:Forms the forehead and shows the following:1- Frontal eminences.2- Superciliary arches: overly the frontal air sinuses.3-Glabella: median eminence above the nose

continuous laterally as the superciliary arches.4- Nasion: the center of the fronto-nasal suture.5- Supraorbital margin: the upper margin of the

orbit.6- Supraorbital notch : passes the supraorbital

vessels & nerves.

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Face skeleton

7- Metopic suture: in the middle of the frontal bone.Obliterated at the 8 th year.B-The nasal bones :Forms the dorsum of the nose.C- the maxillary bone :It consists of a body and four processes:

frontal, zygomatic, alveolar and palatine.It shows:1- Anterior nasal aperture and anterior nasal spine.

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Face skeleton

2- Subnasal fossa: below the anterior nasalaperture.

3- Canine eminence: lateral to the subnasal fossa

and medial to the canine fossa. It lies oppositethe canine tooth.4-Infra-orbital foramen: Transmits infra-orbital

nerve and vessels.D- Zygomatic bone : forms the prominence of the

cheek and shows:1- Zygomatico-facial foramen: transmits the

zygomatico-facial nerve and vessels.

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The Lateral aspect of the skull

Formed of the following bones:frontal, parietal, greater wing of the sphenoid and

temporal bones. It shows the following:

1- Pterion : formed by the meeting of 4 bones:frontal, parietal, squamous temporal and greaterwing of the sphenoid.

2- Asterion : the meeting of parietal, occipital and

mastoid bone3- Zygomatic arch : attachment of masseter andtemporal fascia.

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The Lateral aspect of the skull

4- Glenoid fossa : articulate with head of themandible

5- Articular eminence (in front of glenoid

fossa)6- Temporal fossa : origin of temporalismuscle.

7- Infratemporal crest : Gives origin toupper head of lateral ptrygoid muscle.

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The Lateral aspect of the skull

8- Origin of lower head of lateral ptrygoid :lateral surface of the lateral ptrygoid plate.

9- Origin of buccinator muscle : from alveolarmargin of maxilla opposite the molar teeth.

10- Maxillary tuberosity : Gives origin to thesuperficial head of medial ptrygoid muscle.

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FIRST LECCTURE OF ANATOMY

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The Posterior aspect of the skull

Formed by occipital bone and shows:1- External occipital protuberance :Gives attachment to ligamentum nuchae and

trapezius muscle.

2-External occipital crest :Gives attachment to ligamentum nuchae.3-Superior nuchal line : Gives attachment to

trapezius muscle medially, andsternomastoid muscle laterally.4- inferior nuchal line.

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The Posterior aspect of the skull

5-Highest nuchal line : epicranial aponeurosis andoccipitalis muscle.6- Mastoid notch (digastric notch):Gives attachment to posterior belly of digastric

muscle.7- Occipital condyle : Related to atlanto-occipital

joint.8- Posterior condylar canal : Transmit an

emissary vein9- Foramen magnum: Transmit spinal cord,

meninges, medulla oblongata, spinal arteries,vertebral arteries, cerebellum and many otherstructures

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Any Questions?

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