He who seeks a friend without a

faultremains without

ONE!

Aristid Victor Grosse Born

January 4th , 1905

Isolated protactinium (Pa)Element 91

Who arranged the chart according to atomic number?

• Moseley

Who arranged the chart according to atomic mass and is considered the father of the

chart?

• Mendeleev

There are ____ number of naturally occuring elements in

nature?

• 92

What 2 elements did Mendeleev leave blank

spaces for?

• Gallium - Ga and Germanium - Ge

Who discovered Silicon?

• Berzelius

Who arranged the chart according to triads?

• Doberener

What element composes 27.7% of the earth’s crust?

• Silicon

What 2 early day languages were used to name the

elements?

• Latin and Greek

Who arranged the chart according to octaves?

• Newland

Mendeleev named what element eka-aluminum?

• Gallium - Ga

Who is credited with discovering the periodic law?

• Meyer

Arranging the Table

Lesson 2

Mendeleev

Periodic table

The periodic table arranges all the elements in groups according to their properties.

Horizontal rows are called PERIODS

Vertical columns are called GROUPS

Group or Family

• Runs Vertical• Elements have the same properties.• Group number can help determine

the oxidation number.• Tell the number of valence

electrons.

HHe

LiBe

B C N O FNe

Na

Mg

Al Si P S Cl Ar

KCa

Fe

NiCu

Zn

Br Kr

Ag

IXe

PtAu

Hg

The Periodic TableFact 1: (Most important) All of the elements in the same group have similar PROPERTIES. This is how I thought of the periodic table in the

first place. This is called PERIODICITY.

E.g. consider the group 1 metals. They all:

1) Are soft

2) Can be easily cut with a knife

3) React with water

HHe

LiBe

B C N O FNe

Na

Mg

Al Si P S Cl Ar

KCa

Fe

NiCu

Zn

Br Kr

Ag

IXe

PtAu

Hg

The Periodic TableFact 2: Elements in the same group

have the same number of electrons in the outer shell (this correspond to

their group number)

E.g. all group IA metals have __ electron in their outer shell

These elements have __ electrons in their outer shell

These elements have __ electrons in their outer shells

Electrons

• Negative charged particles found outside the nucleus.

• If atom is neutral – protons will equal electrons.

Hydrogen atom

Oxidation Number

• Tells the number of electrons that an atom will lose or gain.

• (+) means the element is losing electrons.

• (-) means the element is gaining electrons.

Valence Electron

• The number of electrons in the outer energy level.

What element is below?

Helium

Lewis Dot Diagram

• Represents the number of valence electrons in an atom.

Period

• Horizontal Row

• Period number tells the number of energy levels in an atom.

Energy Level

• Area where the electrons are found orbiting outside the nucleus.

HHe

LiBe

B C N O FNe

Na

Mg

Al Si P S Cl Ar

KCa

Fe

NiCu

Zn

Br Kr

Ag

IXe

PtAu

Hg

The Periodic TableFact 3: Most of the elements are

metals:

These elements are metals

Zig Zag line divides metals from non-metals

These elements are non-metals

Along the Zig Zag line is the metalloids.

Metals

• Tend to be (+) charged particles (cations).

• Properties: Luster (shiny), conduct heat and electricity.

• Malleable• Ductile• Loosely held valence electrons.

Metal Properties

Flame Test

Malleable

• Can be hammered into thin sheets.

Ductile

• Can be drawn into wire.

Physical Properties of Matter

Zig Zag line -

• To the left is the metals. To the right is the nonmetals. Along the line is the metalloids.

Group 1 – The Alkali Metals

Li

Na

K

Rb

Cs

Fr

Alkali Metals

• Group IA

• Lose 1 electron

• Oxidation number (+1)

• Most active group

Alkaline Earth Metals

• Group IIA

• Lose 2 electrons

• Oxidation Number (+2)

Transition Elements

• Group B’s• Most have varying oxidation

numbers.

• Exceptions: • Zn (+2)• Cd (+2)• Ag (+1)

Coinage metals

• Copper, Silver, Gold• In 1934 the U.S. eliminated gold

from it’s coins even though gold bullion is still stored at Fort Knox, KY.

• Silver was eliminated in 1971.• Nickel and Zinc has been used to

replace more costly elements.

Group IIIA- Boron Family

• Oxidation Number (+3)

• Loses 3 electrons

Group IVA – Carbon Family

• Oxidation Number (+4) or (-4)

• Loses or gains 4 electrons.

• Two exceptions: Tin (+2 and +4) and Lead (+2 and +4).

• Metals of this group are always positive.

Group VA- Nitrogen Family• Gains 3 electrons.

• Oxidation number (-3)

Chalcogen• Group VIA

• Gain 2 electrons

• Oxidation number -2• Many things that stink, contain

sulfur (rotten eggs, garlic, skunks,etc.)

Metalloids

• Tend to have properties of both metals and nonmetals.

Nonmetals

• Non- Lustrous

• Poor conductors, • Semiconductor - an element that

does not conduct electricity as well as a metal

• Tightly held valence electrons

Properties of Metals vs Nonmetals

Group VIIA – The Halogens

F

Cl

Br

I

At

Halogens

• Group VIIA

• Gain 1 electron

• Oxidation Number (-1)

Group VIIIA – The Noble Gases

He

Ne

Ar

Kr

Xe

Rn

Noble Gases

• Group VIIIA• All have 8 valence electrons , except

He it only has 2.• Oxidation Number 0

• Filled outer energy level. So do not lose or gain electrons.

• Does not form bonds naturally.• Referred to as the Inert gases.