HE EUGENICS REVIEOCTOBER 1957

VOL. XLIX, No. 3

The Eugenics Society is notresponsible for statementsmade or opinions expressed byauthors of articles, reviews andletters.

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A

CONTENTSPAGE

Notes of the Quarter - - - - - 107

Legal Aspects of Mental Infirmity Sex Differences inMortality: The Long Life of Recessive Mutations: TwoSwedish Studies: The Fertility of a Gifted Group:Changes in Genetic Characteristics Occasioned byMigration: A New Demographic Journal: E. 0. Lewis,C.B.E.: Our Contributors.

Population Problems in the British Caribbean - 115C. M. STEWART

Biology and Medicine - - - - - 127SIR MACFARLANE BURNET

Inheritance of Mental Ability - - - - 137SIR CYRIL BURT

Notes and Memoranda - - - - - 141

Reviews of BooksPOPULATION - - - - - 143PHYSIOLOGY - - - - - - 145

ZOOLOGY - - - - - - 146

PSYCHOLOGY - - - - - - 147

MARRIAGE - - - - - - 148

Other Notices - - - - - - - 149

Periodicals - - - - - - - 151

From the Press CuttingsGeorge Villiers and Other Studs - - - 156

JOHN FISCHER

PERIODICALSThe American Journal of HumanGeneticsMarch 1957. Vol. 9. No. 1.The Local Eugenics Society-By Sheldon C. Reed-The present Secretary of the Minnesota HumanGenetics League recounts the origin and history ofthis local society and discusses its many activities,which include furthering research and helping topring the science of human genetics before thepublic.

The Estimation of the Size of Isolates Based onCensus Data-By 0. Frota-Pessoa-Correctedformulae for dealing with populations in the processof growth are derived in this paper. Comparisonof results obtained in three Brazilian States withthose based on Dahlberg's formulae show thelatter to be substantially lower estimates.

Genetic and Non-Genetic Factors in the Etiology ofCongenital Heart Disease: a Study of 1,188 Cases-By M. Lamy, J. de Grouchy and 0. Schweisguth-Differences between this group of children withcongenital heart disease and a control seriesincluded a higher mean birth rank (though notmaternal age), a higher average coefficient ofrelationship between parents, a raised incidence ofinfection, threatened miscarriage, etc., duringpregnancy, and a greater risk of C.H.D. in siblingsin the group under study. Subdivision into eightdifferent clinical groups brought out furtherfeatures. For instance, in kinships with more thanone case of C.H.D. there was little intrafamilyspecificity in the type of defect. Patent ductusarteriosus occurred three times as often in femalesas in males and truncular pulmonary atresia, whichinay be related developmentally to patent ductuswas also found more often in girls. Aortic mal-formations, on the other hand were more frequentin boys. " Irregularities during pregnancy" werefeature of the group with patent ductus arteriosus,in which there was also the greatest frequency ofantenatal rubella.About i8 per cent of the propositi showed a

second congenital malformation, notably mon-golism.The authors conclude that probably both genetic

and nongenetic factors play a part and that theirrelative importance varies according to the typeof cardiac defect.

Cytologic Maps of Some Isolated Human PachyteneChromosomes-By George Yerganian-Tissuefrom human testes was used for this study and themethod of preparation is given in detail. Nineisolated bivalents are described- and photographed,including the "nucleolar chromosome " previouslyidentified by Schultz and St. Lawrence.

Further Scoring Types in Sequential Linkage Tests,with a Critical Review of Autosomal and PartialSex Linkage in Man-By Newton E. Morton-This paper, fourth in a series on the application ofprobability ratio (lod) scores to human linkage,extends the scores to multiple alleles, pseudoallelesand partial sex linkage. Using these tests theauthor fails to confirm partial sex linkage inconditions such as retinitis pigmentosa andxeroderma pigmentosum, etc., for which it had beenclaimed. Further, he reviews possible instances ofautosomal linkage and in only two-(i) ellipto-cytosis and the Rh system and (2) the nail-patella syndrome and ABO blood group-doeshe find the evidence irrefutable.Of the several ways in which linkage analysis

may prove useful that of resolving genetic hetero-geneity has already been demonstrated in the caseof elliptocytosis. Some pedigrees show closelinkage with the Rh system while others fail toshow linkage at all, suggesting two distinct geneticentities.

A Genetic Study of B-Aminoisobutyric AcidExcretion-By J. de Grouchy and H. E. Sutton-Chinese and Japanese families were studied becauseof the higher frequency of excretors of " BAIB"in people of Mongoloid extraction. There is noevidence that individuals fall into discrete cate-gories of " high " or " low " excretors-rather doesit appear that the trait is a continuous variable.However, significant parent-child correlationfigures and higher variance between than withinsibships suggest partial genetic control.

Achondroplasia: An Account of the Condition inNorthern Ireland-By A. C. Stevenson-Completeascertainment of living subjects was attempted inthis study. The great majority were isolated cases,probablv recipients of fresh dominant genemutations, and for them the excess of mean ageof fathers over mean age of mothers was signifi-cantly greater than that found in a control series.(This agrees with data previously published, inwhich Penrose was able to show the influence ofpaternal age.) In each of two families out of thetotal thirty-nine found, two sibs were affected butboth parents were normal; there was parentalconsanguinity in one family. A recessive gene mayhave been responsible in these two kindreds.The author also distinguishes a group of cases

diagnosed at or before birth characterized byhydramnios during pregnancy, associated defectsand low viability. Parental age is not involvedhere and these cases may be " phenocopies."

HELEN BLYTH.

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THE EUGENICS REVIEW .-

Annals of Human GeneticsJune 1957. Vol. 21. Part 4.Familial Distribution of Erythrocyte SedimentationRate-By M. Fraccaro-Data previously publishedby Boi (I953) have been further investigated toanalyse the familial distribution of the erythrocytesedimentation rate (E.S.R.). The logarithm of theE.S.R. is approximately normally distributed.In fifty families of two parents and one child, withapparently healthy children, the parent-child andmid-parent child correlations were close to thoseexpected on the hypothesis of multiple additivegenes, i.e. i and IIx/2. In I20 families with thechild affected by an infectious disease the parentchild correlation was o03o and significantlylower than 0o5.

Body Size and Weight in Relation to Varicocoeleand Hernia-By Sheila Maynard Smith-Theproblem of the relation between body-build andsusceptibility to disease has been studied forvaricocoele and hernia. The method used is to tryto find a function of height and weight that willbest discriminate between affected groups and thegeneral population. With varicocoele a quadraticfunction gives the best results. But with herniathe body-build index (height) / 3/ (weight) issatisfactory, individuals with values of the indexbelow an appropriate constant being mostsusceptible.

Defective Colour Vision, P.T.C. Tasting andDrepanocytosis in Samples from Fifteen BrazilianPopulations-By H. Kalmus-This paper givessome information on the incidence of defectivecolour vision, P.T.C. tasting and the sickle-celltrait in several Brazilian communities. No greatdifferences in the incidence of defective colourvision were found. Non-tasters were rare orabsent in two Indian groups; comparativelyinfrequent amongst negroes, mulattos, cabaclosand Japanese; and similar in frequency to WestEuropeans amongst whites. Sickling was ingeneral absent except in negroes and mulattos.

Dystrophia Myotonica with Special Reference toNorthern Ireland-By Margaret A. Lynas-Asurvey has been made of all persons in NorthernIreland known to be suffering from dystrophiamyotonica. The paper discusses the clinical,hereditary and biochemical aspects of the disease,and also the problem of differential diagnosisbetween it and the group of diseases characterizedby myotonia and the primary muscular dystro-phies. A rough estimate of mutation rate is alsogiven.

Genetics of Dermal Ridges: Sib Pair Correlations forTotal Finger Ridge-count-By Sarah B. Holt-Fresh data on total finger ridge-counts have beenanalysed for 210 sibships with 523 members.

Earlier results are confirmed that the sib-sibcorrelation is not significantly different from o'5.(Compare below.)

On the Estimation of Intraclass Correlation-ByC. A. B. Smith-Intraclass correlations are ofconsiderable importance in genetics, and thismathematical paper discusses their calculation,as well as the use of the relevant analysis ofvariance in standard, weighted and semi-weightedforms.

Le Nombre de Dermatoglyphes dans un Echantillonde Jumeaux-By Maurice Lamy, Jean Frezal,J. De Grouchy et Mme. J. Kelley.-A sample of584 pairs of twins has been investigated withregard to total finger ridge-counts. -Using clinicalcriteria, including hair and eye colour, P.T.C.sensitivity and blood groups, 3I2 pairs were judgedto be dizygotic and I72 pairs monozygotic. Thecorrelation between dizygotic sibs was not signifi-cantly different from o-s, while that betweenmonozygotic sibs was of the order of o095. Thisfits in with the view that the total ridge-count isvery largely genetically determined and thatadditive genes without dominance are involved.(Compare above.)

The Log Likelihood Ratio Test (the G-test). Methodsand Table for Tests of Heterogeneity in ContingencyTables-By Barnet Woolf-This paper recommendsthe log likelihood ratio test in contingency tablesfor heterogeneity, instead of the more usual X2test. The use of the test, which has certain theoreti--cal advantages, is described, and tables areprovided which it is claimed result in an appreciablesaving in computation time compared with theordinary x2.

Further Families Showing Linkage Between theABO and Nail-patella Loci, with no Evidence ofHeterogeneity-By Sylvia D. Lawler, J. H.Renwick and L. S. Wildervanck-Further data onthe linkage between the nail-patella syndrome andthe ABO blood group system are presented. Noheterogeneity between families has been detected,and the revised estimate of recombination fractionis IO-7 i 2*8 per cent.

Blood Groups and Hemoglobin Variants inNigerian (Yoruba) Schoolchildren-By J. P. Garlickand N. A. Barnicot-Blood samples from 317 WestNigerian schoolchildren of about six years of agewere examined. Frequencies are given for theA,A2BO, MN, Lutheran and Henshaw bloodgroups. The incidences of certain haemoglobinvariants are also reported. The sickling frequencywas found to be about 27 per cent, and theproportion of positives for malarial parasitaemiawas 83 per cent, though these two classificationswere quite independent of one another.

NORMAN T. J. BAILEY.

PERIODICALS I 53

Eugenics Quarterly.March 1957. Vol. 4. No. 1.Differential Fertility by Duration of Marriage-ByChristopher Tietz and Wilson H. Grabill-A paperread at the annual meeting of the AmericanSociological Society in I956 which concludes that" the average size of family for the white populationof the United States, as reflected by the number ofchildren born during the first ten to fourteen yearsof marriage, remained approximately stablebetween the marriage cohorts of I925-29 and thoseof I935-39. Fertility differentials between socio-economic classes, defined in occupational oreducational terms, were substantially reduced."

Traits, Factors and Genes-By William R.Thompson-This paper discusses in considerabledetail the question of finding rational units ofbehaviour or " unit traits " which can be measuredindependently and " whose genetic causation canreadily be traced." The method of factor analysisis particularly stressed and suggestions are made'regarding possible relationships between " traits,factors and genes."

Family Planning among Japanese on Public Relief-By Yoshio Koya-Describes and discusses thedata obtained in the third year of a five-yearexperiment and survey in " giving guidance ofconception control to all classes of our nation"with particular reference to 418 families whichwere receiving Public Assistance. These familiesforming the group under investigation were notnecessarily " Problem Families "-many of themhaving lost their homes and property owing to airaction.

Uniqueness of Man-By G. W. Beale-An articlebased on the Presidential Address to the AmericanAssociation for the Advancement of Science inI956 and referred to editorially as an " address ofexceptional significance," and might be describedas a thumb-nail sketch of cosmogony.

Some Relations between Thyroid Disease andGenetics-By Sidney C. Werner-Despite generalagreement that genetic factors seem to be involvedin thyroid disease opinions vary on certain aspectsof the problem. This paper aims at summarizingthose aspects and brings forward allied physio-logical matters of genetical interest.

Consanguineous Marriages in Italy-By MarcoFraccaro-A note on the frequency of first cousin,uncle-niece and aunt-nephew marriages contractedin I953. The 4uthor concludes that the data fromofficial Italian statistics is not suitable in itspresent form for an efficient analysis.

Book ReviewsOverpopulation and Family Planning: Report ofthe Proceedings of the Fifth International Confer-

ence on Planned Parenthood, October 24-29, 1955,Tokyo, Japan. English and Japanese editionspublished by the International Planned ParenthoodFederation London. A full and interesting reviewby Dorothy H. Brush, Chairman of the BrushFoundation for Race Betterment.

The Hazards to Man of Nuclear and Allied J?adia-tions. Medical Research Council. H.M. StationeryOffice, London-Dr. Gordon Allen speaks of thispublication as " probably the most complete andauthoritative summary now available on thissubj ect."

Mental Disorders in Later Life-Edited by OscarJ. Kaplan. Stanford University Press, California-A second edition, the first having been publishedin 1945, thus bringing the work up to 1956. Fourfresh contributors now make a total of twenty-one,and one chapter on " Genetic Aspects of MentalDisorders in Later Life " and one on " The Use ofElectric Shock Therapy in Older Patients" areentirely new.

Zwillingstuberkulose III-Nachuntersuchung nach20 Jahren an der Serie tuberkuloser Zwillinge-byHelmut Mitschrich-Verlag. Stuttgart-reviewedby Karel Planansky-It is suggested that thismonograph will interest those clinicians who willenjoy checking their prognoses with these uniquecase reports. It seems of genetic significance thatonly in identicals with both infected did bothmembers die of tuberculosis.

Land of the Moon-Children-By Clyde E. Keeler-An ethnographic study derived from five summersspent among the Cuna-Caribe Indians on the SanBlas Islands off the north coast of Panama. Theactual " Moon-Children " are a small number ofalbinos-, believed to result from the pregnantmother gazing at the moon.

Warbasse History-By James Peter Warbasse-Aschplarly investigation by the author, a surgeon,into his family history. He finds no geniuses andno crime or abnormality. From 1753, 325 individ-uals are noticed-all " wholesome, respectedpeople."

C. W. USHER.

Phylon. The Atlanta University Reviewof Race and Culture.

Vol. 17. Fourth Quarter, 1956.This number is largely devoted to the memory of

Charles Spurgeon Johnson, whose " sudden anduntimely death " is mourned and whose position asan outstanding international figure is proclaimedand extolled by the Editor and in three furtherarticles by leaders of the Negro cause, who have" contributed an illuminating profile." Those whoremember Dr. Johnson's visit to this country only

154 THE EUGENICS REVIEW

a short time ago will recollect him not only as theNegro President of a great American University(Fisk) but as a very charming man.

How Le Machoquette was Changed into a Tornado-By Turenne Des Pres-A Haitian Folk Talewhich shows how, in the Caribbean at least, theDevil is white.

The Right Way is not a Moderate Way-By LillianSmith-is a protest against the " hypnoticpsychology" of neutrality and moderation.

In The Local Church and Race Relations, C. E.Lincoln implores the Church to give up its " grossand undignified ostriching" and embrace trueChristianity which, of course, means not mereacceptance but actual love for other races.

Spanish Guinea: Enclave Empire By SanfordBerman-is a most interesting account of Spanishcolonialism and colonial aspirations " revitalisedand increased since the Franco ascension topower."

Other notable articles are Symbolism of theNegro College in Three Recent Novels-By JuanitaG. Starke; Negro Intellectual Leadership in theNational Association for the Advancement ofColoured People: 1910-1940-By Wilson Record;Language and Prejudice towards Negroes-BySimon Podair.

This number contains six Phylon Poems whichare rather charming and a dozen Book Reviewsvarying from The Peculiar Institution: Slavery inthe Ante-Bellum South by Kenneth M. Stampp:Knopf, 1956, $5.75 (Charles H. Nichols) to TheFrench Faust: Henri de Saint Simon by MaturinDondo: Philosophical Library, I955. $3.75 (JohnH. Morrow).

Vol. 18. First Quarter, 1957.A Long Hard Look at the Ghetto: A CriticalSummary of Literature by and about Negroes in1956-By John Lash-has a useful bibliography.

Facing the Challenge of a New Age-By MartinLuther King Jr.-" the inspirational, philosophicaland religious leader of the now famous Mont-gomery, Alabama, bus boycott-a social movement-places the problem into a historical, philosophicaland moral perspective." From Heraclitus throughHegel and Emerson to Ghandi he finds that" justice can best be achieved through techniquesof non-violence."

Desegregation, Education and the South's Future-By Nick J. Demerath-suggests " moderationrather than extremism" differing sharply fromMiss Lillian Smith in the previous number.

Southern Resistance Forces-By Frederick B. Routhand Paul Anthony-and Southern White Citizensand the Supreme Court-By Grady Fowler-alsodeal with the attitude of the South. The latterbelieves that contrary to their " leaders," " loyalwhite. citizens want no part in the attack on theSupreme Court."

The Gold Coast begins Self Government-ByAlphonso A. McPheeters-gives an analysis of theimpact of national and international events and awarning of the importance of achieving success inthis important experiment.

Chinese Refugees in Hong Kong-By EdvardHambro-A Norwegian who has recently con-ducted a survey for the United Nations on refugeeproblems in Hong Kong makes various usefulsuggestions.

The Status of Colored Peoples in Britain-By EyoB. Ndem-should be read by all who wish tounderstand a complicated situation increasinglyin our midst.

This number is interspersed with the usualtantalising Phylon Verse, if not always the highestpoetry:

"The foxes chase the hounds upon a moor...Now listen if you never did before"

Called Pause for Station Identification by LilithLorraine.

The Book Reviews have their usual wide range.Under the general heading " Light and Dark inBritish Novels " all the six novels criticised andsummarised by Edward Clark go to show thatinter-racial love enobles and integrates both heroand heroine and gives their lives a purpose andsatisfaction unknown hitherto.

URSULA GRANT DUFF.

Population StudiesJuly 1957. Vol. 11. No. 1.A Demographic Study of the British Ducal Families-By T. H. Hollingsworth-The number of legiti-mate offspring of British kings and queens anddukes and duchesses born between I330 and 1955was nearly two thousand. Their lives are fairlywell documented, even for the early years, and theavailable material has been used as the basis for aninteresting study of the mortality, marriage andfertility of the aristocracy. The results are com-pared with figures for the royal families of Europe.

The Measurement of Population Distribution-ByOtis Dudley Duncan-An account of the variouspossible ways of measuring and expressing popula-tion density, concentration and spacing. This is arelatively new subject deserving of greaterattention in the future than in the past.

PERIODICALS '55

Social Ambitions of the Bourgeoisie in EighteenthCentury France, and their Relation to FamilyLimitation-By J. G. C. Blacker-Historicalresearch shows that before the Revolution it waspossible in certain circumstances to buy one's wayinto the French nobility. To do so was not soexpensive as to be prohibitive but it was costlyenough to require the accumulation of wealthgradually over a long period. This was conduciveto family limitation.

Death Rates, Age Distribution and Average Incomein Stationary Populations-By Leif Johansen-This is an example of a kind of research that isbecoming popular and for which there is a needto-day: the investigation of demographic-economicinterrelationships. Here production and consump-tion functions are introduced into populationmathematics in order to ascertain the effect offalling death rates in certain circumstances.

The Fertility of Teachers in England and Wales-By Wolf Scott-An analysis of cohort fertilitybased on a sample survey made in I955. A subse-

quent paper will discuss some possible determinantsof fertility, particularly social mobility.

Applicants for Assisted Migration from the UnitedKingdom to New Zealand-By L. B. Brown-Most migration data relate to actual migrants. Thissurvey was conducted in order to see whetherwould-be emigrants show any different features.Some differences are revealed in this way, butthese are probably attributable in large measure tothe selective conditions of the assisted migrationscheme.

A New Method for Calculating Lotka's r - theIntrinsic Rate of Growth in a Stable Population-By Ansley J. Coale-A rapid and satisfying methodof finding a solution to the fundamental equationof the " stable " population.

Books Reviewed in this number include Migrationand Mental Disease (Malzberg and Lee) and SocialCharacteristics of Urban and Rural Communities(Duncan and Reiss).

P. R. C.

the Review of theITALIAN COMMITTEE FOR THE STUDY OF POPULATION PROBLEMS

and of theITALIAN SOCIETY OF GENETICS AND EUGENICS

edited under the auspices of the National Research CouncilEditor: CORRADO GINI

Sumnmary of Volume XII, December I956.C. GINI Un'inchiesta sugli emigranti italo-americani.C. CANALI DE RossI Appunti sociologici su tre centri di emigrazione (S. Giovanni Incarico,

Ceccano, Ricigliano).A. NADDEO Ulteriori studi sulla fecondita e fecondabilit'a delle primipare.A. NADDEO Su una nuova funzione rappresentativa dello sviluppo demografico.C. A. ANDERSON A Footnote to the Social History Modern Russia; The Literacy and

Educational Census of I897.F. PEDRONI Sviluppo e situazione attuale dell'istruzione pubblica dell'Unione Sovietica.L. E. TAVENER New Light on the Adventure and Beagle Expedition, I826-36.C. GINI Facolta extra-sensoriali e subcosciente.C. GINI E la Sociologia estranea alla cultura italiana oppure chi lo dice ignora i

sociologi italani?C. D'AGATA Intelligenza e prolificita.Review of Italian, English, American, French, German, Dutch, Belgian, Chinese, South-Americanbooks.

G E N U Saccepts scientific articles, papers, notes and communications written in Italian, English, French, Germanand Spanish in the field of the different sciences related to population problems (Demography, Sociology,Economics, General Biology, Genetics, Eugenics, Anthropology, Social Hygiene, Psychology, Geography)Orders should be addressed to: Segreteria del Comitato Italiano per lo Studio dei Problemi della

Popolazione, Via delle Terme di Diocleziano, no lO-Roma (M-8@) (Italy).

FROM THE PRESS CUTTINGSInstead of the selection of press cuttings which usually appears in this column, we reproduce

below a leading article from Harper's Magazine* (New York) by its Editor, John Fischer,to whom we are grateful for permission to reprint it.

George Villiers and Other StudsA dreadful book has recently been published in

England. God grant that it may never be publishedhere.

It masquerades under an innocent-soundingtitle: Uncommon People. Its author, Paul Bloom-field, purports to be a decent citizen, with anegative Wasserman test and no record of subver-sive activity. Its subject looks harmless; it isadvertised as the story of George Villiers, who died350 years ago, and the history of his descendantsand those of five other respectable Englishmen.The unwary might mistake it for another of thosetedious volumes of genealogy which are read byold ladies in Boston and Richmond.

Actually it oozes poison of high virulence.Nothing Marx or Lenin ever wrote poses such asneaky threat to the American Way of Life. Theirham-handed arguments can be immediatelyrecognized, by most Americans, as preposterous;but Bloomfield's are so plausible and seductivethat it is doubtful that even the Daughters of theAmerican Revolution could hold out against them.(The Daughters may, in fact, be especiallysusceptible to his evil whisperings.)So if the Bloomfield Heresy were widely circu-

lated in this country it might, in time, undermineour political institutions, our habits of courtshipand marriage, our school system, and the wholetone of our social life. We can feel safe only if thecustoms officers do their duty with relentlessefficiency, burning every copy of this book theymay discover in the luggage of smugglers andreturning tourists.

Bloomfield opens his work with a deceptivelysimple tale. He tells how Sir George Villiers livedthrough the reign of Queen Elizabeth I in com-fortable obscurity, marrying twice and raising ninechildren. In his lifetime no one remarked him asexceptional. Yet, as the story of his familyunravels through the centuries, it becomes plainthat this farmer was one of the most exceptionalmen who ever lived. He may, indeed, have beenthe all-time champion sire-a sort of humanMan-o'-War.For his stud-book record is thick with genius.

Villiers' descendants-legitimate or otherwise-have run the affairs of England for much of thelast three hundred years. Of those now living, thebest known are Sir Winston Churchill and Queen

* Harper's Magazine, August I957. No. I287 (Vol.2I5).

Elizabeth II, but they are by no means unique.Other members of the clan-the great Duke ofMarlborough, for example, and the two Pitts-saved England in their times of crisis just asbrilliantly as Churchill did in his. Whenever theisland is in mortal peril, an offspring of Villiersseems to turn up at the head of the government,or the armies, or both; and he wins. (Unlike mostEnglishmen, these people are not good losers; theylike to win, and make a habit of it.)They also make a habit of running the kingdom,

in peacetime as well as in war. Ever since SirGeorge's day there has hardly been a cabinet-except during the Labour governments-whichdid not contain at least one of them. They collectresponsibilities, honours, and titles the way a blueserge suit collects lint, so that even to Americanears a list of their names sounds like a roll call ofchieftains-Salisburys, Cecils, Pakenhams, Stanleys. .. the Dukes of Berwick, Manchester, Atholl,Hamilton, and Grafton ... the Stanhopes, Gran-villes, Cavendishes, Ponsonbys, Howards, Russells,and " the proud fighting Napiers " . . . the Earls ofSussex, Jersey, Portland, Clarendon, Desmond,Denbigh, and Lichfield . . . Melbourne, CharlesJames Fox, Castlereagh, and Eden . . . plusmiscellaneous lords, knights, and Big Wheels bythe dozen.Nor is their genius limited to politics and

fighting. The Villiers Connection (as Bloomfieldcalls it) also produces far more than its share ofbrilliant performers in other fields-BertrandRussell in mathematics and philosophy, HenryFielding in fiction, Lord David Cecil in history, tomention only a few. (Though so far as I candiscover, it has yet to come up with a really goodmusician or painter.) Never has there been anotherblood line like it anywhere.But a few have come close. Bloomfield goes on to

trace the records of five other uncommon families:(a) the Quaker dynasty, descended from RobertBarclay, which spawned a remarkable brood ofbankers, reformers, abolitionists, scientists, and ofcourse politicians; (b) the Salisbury Cecils, whotend to interbreed with Villiers, and who governas naturally as they breathe; (c) the Wedgwood-Darwin clan, which runs heavily to scientists andindustrialists; (d) the Macaulay-Trevelyan strain,which produces mostly historians, poets, critics,novelists, educators, and painters (Aldous Huxleyand Rose Macaulay are samples of the currentgeneration); and (e) the Strachey-Stephen con-nection, which specializes in empire builders,

156

FROM THE PRESS CUTTINGS '57

teachers, and writers (including Virginia Woolf andDavid Garnett).

Altogether these six clans, in all their generations,add up to a tiny fraction of the British population.Yet they have been responsible for a very largefraction of British civilization. An inordinateshare of all that is good, enduring, wise, beautiful,or merely famous in contemporary England hassprung from this handful of uncommon men andwomen.Among all of them it is noteworthy that five

uncommon characteristics show up in generationafter generation. Not every member of the SixFamilies has all five, by any means, but manyhave two or three and the truly eminent display afull hand. They are:

(i) Intelligence. The most universal of the fivetraits; a really stupid person is hard to find on anyof these family trees. This is not surprising, sinceall of them began with a brainy sire, and the scionsgenerally took care to mate with brains. Occasion-ally an impulsive male would pick a beautiful butflannel-headed wife; but the women-like femaleseverywhere-were less romantic and more prac-tical. They almost never took up with an inferiorman.

(2) Energy. These people seem able to work,make love, and fight harder than ordinary mortals.Their sheer vitality often carries them to extremes;many are nearly as famous for their drinking,wenching, roaming, and riotous behaviour as fortheir more respectable achievements. When thefirst Duke of Buckingham-one of the handsomestmen who ever pinched a thigh-made improperadvances to a French queen, he wore for theoccasion a bejewelled suit that cost £8o,ooo;the Marlborough scandals were notorious; andLady Hester Stanhope, after a series of tempestuousromances, finally ran off to an Arab sheik andlived happily ever afterwards in his desert tent.Even Winston Churchill can scarcely be describedas moderate in his drinking and working habits.

(3) Charm. Most of them had it to burn. Again,Churchill and Buckingham are the obviousexamples-but countless lesser members of the SixFamilies had (and still have) a curious power tofascinate other people. This is particularly true ofthe Villiers women, who frequently became themistresses of kings. But it is also true of such oddfish as Charles Darwin and Virginia Woolf, theunfortunate Cornwallis, and such swashbucklersas Colonel David Barclay and Sir Charles Napier.

(4) Ruthlessness.- These' clans-even Barclay'sgentle Quakers-specialize in 4riving straightahead for whatevpr it is they wa4t, and God helpanylody who gets in the way. Their most famousmembers often were not " good " people in theChristian sense; they broke most of the Command-ments whenev'er they seemed a nuisance, and leftbehind then a trail of -broken hearts and heads.But they -were effective. They got their own way,and they got things done.

(5) -Responsibility. However sharply they kept

their eyes on the main chance, they also had asense of duty. As Bloomfield points out, " theuncommonness that ran in the great families ...

went with solicitude either for the common peopleor for the decent and efficient conduct of publicbusiness, or both."The horrid moral of this book is inescapable:

A nation depends for most of its culture, for itsgovernment, and for its survival on a relativelyfew uncommon people-and these come from astill smaller number of blood strains. As in otherspecies, from the influenza virus to thoroughbredhorses and Santa Gertrudis cattle, these strainsstart with a mutation. Suddenly and unpredic-tably, an exceptional individual crops up in afamily of no previous distinction. One of hisunusual qualities is purely genetic; he is what thebiologists call a pre-potent sire-the founder of aline which breeds true-thus producing exceptionaloffspring for uncounted generations. Such anevent is as rare as it is precious. It would seem tofollow, then, that a nation would do well to cherishand foster these uncommon people; for on themrests its hope of greatness.The hierarchical society of Britain, with jts

privileged ruling class, was well designed toaccomplish precisely this. It gave to exceptionalfamilies-once they had broken into the privilegedgroup-the money, leisure, education, and oppor-tunities they needed to develop and use theircreative talents. The system was far from perfect,as Bloomfield acknowledges. It also gave specialprivileges to many families of scant talent, atgreat cost in money and class hatred; and in thelast two centuries before World War I it wasincreasingly hard for able men in the lower ranksto fight their way toward the top. (In the turbulenttimes when the Villiers, Cecil, and Barclay clansgot their start, it was fairly easy for a shrewd andruthless man to climb fast; the hierarchicalstructure had not yet frozen, and the choppingblock created a rapid turnover in the aristocracy.)Nevertheless, Bloomfield's book is about the mostpersuasive defence of the aristocratic principlethat has appeared since Edmund Burke.No idea could be more subversive to mid-century

America, dedicated as it is to The Common Man.Our whole way of life is now based on the theorythat only the mediocre and ineffectual deserve tobe especially cherished by society. The notion thatexceptional people ought to get exceptional con-sideration-and that their abilities might betransmitted by heredity-is felt to be shockinglyundemocratic and un-American.

So if a man is stupid, lazy, and feckless enough,there is nothing our society won't do for him-particularly if he comes from a long line of stupid,lazy, and feckless ancestors. When he has a job,

* In passing he notes yet another odd trait. Manyof the ilite, especially in the Sidney line, " had a knackof dying interesting deaths and uttering memorablelast words.'

I55& THE EUGENICS REVIEW

the union sees to it that he is never fired for any-thing short of the most outrageous sloppiness andshirking. When he doesn't, a relief cheque isalways waiting. If he absent-mindedly begetsmore children than he can support, the state takescare of them. For good measure, we ply him withsubsidized housing, free medical care, and thetender ministrations of social workers; and weentertain him lavishly with free television pro-grammes carefully tailored to his sluggish wits.

His children become the darlings of the publicschools, which are primarily designed to keepmediocre youngsters (and their parents) happy.Here little Willie Jukes is taught " life adjust-ment," including how to dance, play the clarinet,and drive a hot-rod-but rarely does any teacherinsist that he learn to read and spell properly,because the effort might bruise his fragile soul.*Here, moreover, he need fear no penalty forstupidity or laziness. If he can't pass his examina-tions, he gets a " social promotion " anyhow,it might make Willie feel inferior if he were leftbehind his class. The fact that he is inferior isconsidered irrelevant.Behind all this lies a double theory: (a) it is our

Christian duty to help the unfortunate-and whocan tell whether a man is unfortunate or just plaincopeless? (b) if we give the Jukes family a betterenvironment, they may in time become betterpeople. There is something to be said for this, andfor at least fifty years the liberals have been sayingit at the top of their voices. But in our flurry ofconcern for The Common Man, it is only naturalthat we should come to believe that hardly any-body else matters.

So too in our public life. Ever since the Jackson-ian revolt against government by the Rich-and-Wise, we have insisted that every man is just asgood as any other, and suspicion of the Hamilton-ian gentry still lies heavy on our racial memory.We make no effort, therefore, to attract superiorpeople into either politics or the public service.On the contrary, we go to some lengths to dis-courage them. The top pay in these fields, for aman who reaches the peak of his profession-aSenator, Governor, or high-level civil servant-comes to about one-tenth the income of a second-rate TV comic. Moreover, even the best of themlive in constant jeopardy of harassment andvilification; and they can hope for none of thehonours, titles, and emoluments with which lessdemocratic nations reward their outstandingpublic men. Small wonder, then, that we some-

* It is true that a few schools are beginning toexperiment with special classes for bright children; butmany professional educators-notably the powerfulbarons of the teachers' colleges-still seem to viewthese " undemocratic " experiments with distrust. Asa consequence, any youngster with an I.Q. above I20is likely to spend most of his school years in brain-numbing. boredom, entangled (and ignored) in amachine geared to the dull and plodding.

times find a very common type of common man inoffice. The real miracle is that we occasionally geta first-class public servant, too.

In view of all this, we might assume that theAmerican mind is well fortified by habit andtradition against the aristocratical propaganda ofMr. Bloomfield. But can we afford to be so smug?Wasn't it precisely this kind of complacent think-ing that led to Pearl Harbour, the BlennerhassetPlot, and the Pumpkin Papers? Is it possible thatwe may be in deadly danger of falling prey toBloomfieldism without even knowing it?

It is, indeed. For, in the- back of our skulls,every one of us already is half-convinced that theremight be something in what the man says.We all believe, for example, in the aristocracy of

cattle. If you were planning to stock a ranch or adairy farm, you would think nothing of paying$30,000 for a herd bull-provided that his pedigreedemonstrates his ability to produce outstandingoffspring. If you race thoroughbreds, you mightpay up to $io,ooo for the right to breed a singlemare to a stallion with good blood lines and arecord of many victories. Moreover, the owner ofsuch a stud will, quite sensibly, spare no expenseto pamper- the horse with everything that mighthelp him give a good performance. With suchexamples constantly before us, it would be an easystep to conclude that similar attention to theheredity and conditioning of exceptional humanbeings might also pay off.Some Americans already have taken this fateful

step. One of them is Dr. William H. Sheldon, whohas spent twenty years in studying the effects ofheredity on human physique, temperament, andintelligence. His findings, published in a series ofcarefully documented studies, go even further thanBloomfield's; they indicated that bad character-istics, as well as good, tend to run in families formany generations-pretty much regardless of howgood or bad the families' environment may be.Anyone who has spent much time around gaols

and penitentiaries, as I have, can bear out at leasthalf of his conclusions. The fact that strikes avisitor most forcibly, as he looks at a crowd ofconvicts in a prison mess hall, is that these aresorry specimens of humanity. The majority ofthem look inadequate-under-sized, misshapen,slack-faced, and dim-and their records, in fact,suggest that most of them took to crime out ofsheer stupidity, or because they could not competein the normal fields of human endeavour. Theyare, in Sheldon's phrase, samples of " poorprotoplasm podrly put together." And it issurprising how often the records show an anc,storwho also fell afoul the law. (The criminal mistermind of fiction may exist in fact, though I doubtit; if so, he presumably is too smart to get caught.)

Other Americans, better known than Sheldon,have also been infected by the Bloomfield Heresy.The most eminent, perhaps, was Abraham Lincoln,ordinarily regarded as a man of the people. He did

FROM THE PRESS CUTTINGS 159

not so regard himself. His law partner and closefriend, William H. Herndon, relates how Lincolnonce told him that his mother was the illegitimatedaughter of Lucy Hanks by " a well-bred butobscure Virginia farmer or planter." And Lincolnargued that from this nameless grandfather " camehis power of analysis, his logic, his mental activity,his ambition, and all the qualities that distinguishedhim from the other members and descendants ofthe Hanks family." This passage, from the firstchapter of Herndon's biography, is not very wellknown-perhaps because it is so hard to fit intothe Lincoln legend, and into the equalitariandoctrine of our times.No one has yet made a study of eminent American

families comparable to Bloomfield's study of theBritish dlite. When one is made, it probably willnot show anything like the same concentration oftalent in a very few blood lines. For one thing, ourmobile and diverse society has offered no oppor-

tunity for the inbreeding which has characterizedthe relatively small, close-knit British ruling class;then, too, we have developed talent from manylevels-including a Kansas City haberdashery-which the more rigid British system seldom tapped.

Nevertheless thare are some clues which suggestthat Bloomfield's main conclusions might holdnearly as true here as in England. Each of us canname offhand a dozen families which have contri-buted far more than their share to American lifethrough a number of generations-the Adamses,above all, and the Lees, Tafts, Roosevelts, VanDorens, La Farges, Mavericks, Lodges, Strausses,Blairs, and Saltonstalls, to mention a few atrandom. ,But this is too dangerous a subject to pursue

further. It could lead to the most upsetting kindof revolution in American thought and conduct-a genuine respect for, and effort to foster, theUncommon Man.

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FULL LIST OF CONTENTS INSIDE

VOLUME 49 NUMBER 3 OCTOBER 1957

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.OFFICERS 'OF THIE SOCIETY

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SIR CHARLES DARWIN, K.B.E., Sc.D., F.R.S.

PAUL BLOOMFIELD, ESQ.MRS. B. BOSANQUET, B.A.PETER R. COX, ESQ., F.I.A., F.S.S.PROF. F. GRUNDY, M.D., MAi.C.P., D.P.H.R. PILKINGTON, ESQ., M.C., M.P.J. M. TANNER, ESQ., M.D., Ph.D., D.P.M.

G. AIRD WHYTE, ESQ., M.C., B.Sc.

C. P. BLACKER, ESQ., M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P.

CECIL BINNEY, ESQ., M.A.

THE REV. D. SHERWIN BAILEY, Ph.D.C. 0. CARTER, ESQ., B.A., B.M., M.R.C.P.THE EARL OF CRANBROOK, C.B.E.PROF. C. D. DARLINGTON, D.Sc., F.R.S.SIR CHARLES DODDS; M.V.O., M.D., F.R.C.P., F.R.S.THE HON. MRS. GRANT DUFFGEOFFREY ELEY, ESQ., C.B.E., M.A.SIR ARTHUR ELLIS, O.B.E., M.A., D.M., F.R.C.P.MRS. ELEANOR FRENCHD. F. HUBBACK, ESQ., M.A.K. HUTTON, ESQ., M.A., D.Phil.D. CARADOG JONES, ESQ., M.A.-PROF. A. KENNEDY, M.D., F.R.C.P.MISS EVELYN LAWRENCE, B.Sc.(Econ.), Ph.D.MRS. HILDA LEWIS, M.D., M.R.C.P.CHRISTOPHER OUNSTED, ESQ., M.A., D.M., D.C.H.A. S. PARKES, ESQ., C.B.E., M.A., Ph.D., Sc.D., F.R.S.R. C. PRITCHARDMRS. M. A. PYKEJ. A. FRASER ROBERTS, ESQ., M.D., D.Sc., F.R.C.P.G. C. SELIGMAN, ESQ., M.A.J. P. M. TIZARD, ESQ., M.A., B.M., M.R.C.P., D.C.H.R. F. TREDGOLD, ESQ., M.A., M.D., D.P.M.C. W. USHER, ESQ.PROF. P. E. VERNON, M.A., Ph.D.

G. C. L. BERTRAM, ESQ., M.A., Ph.D. (as from September I1957)

MISS K. LANE

MISS F. B. SCHENK

3

CONSULTATIVE COUNCIL

BEVERIDGE, THE LORD, K.C.B., F.B.A., LL.D., Staverton4 House, 104 Woodstock Road, Oxford.BRAMWELL, CRIGHTON, ESQ., M.D., F.R.C.P., Orchard Cottage, Outgate, Ambleside, Westmorland.BURT, PROF. SIR CYRIL, D.Sc., 9 Elsworthy Road, N.W.3.

CAMPBELL, MAURICE, ESQ., O.B.E., M.D., F.R.C.P., 47 Arkwright Road, Hampstead, NW.V.3.CANN, R. J., ESQ., M.S., ioi Harley Street, W.I .

DAYTON, DR. NEIL A., M.D., American Association on Mental. Deficiency, P.O. Box 96, Willimantic, Conn.,U.S.A.

ELDER, SIR STEWART DUKE, K.C.V.O., D.Sc., Ph.D., M.D., F.R.C.S., 63 Harley Street, \V.I.ENSOR, SIR ROBERT, M.A., The Beacon, Sands, High Wycombe, Bucks.

FLEURE, PROF. H. J., D.Sc., F.R.S., 45 Canfield Gardens, N.W.6.FORMAN, L., ESQ., M.D., M.R.C.S., M.R.C.P., i9 Devonshire Street, Portland Place, W.i.

GARDINER-HILL, H., ESQ., M.B.E., M.D., 78 Wimpole Street, W.i.GATES, PROF. R. RUGGLES, M.A. Ph.D., D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S., i8 Mallen Street, Cambridge 38, Mass., U.S.A.

HARRIS, PROF. H. A., D.Sc., M.D., School of Anatomy, New Museum, Cambridge.HILL, A. BRADFORD, ESQ., D.Sc., Green Acres, Little Kingshill, Great Missenden, Bucks.HINDLE, PROF. EDWARD, F.R.S., The Athenaeum, Pall Mall, S.W.I.HUTTON, W. L., ESQ., M.D., Public Health Office, City of Brantford, Ontario, Canada.

LAWRENCE, R. D., ESQ., M.D., F.R.C.P., I49 Harley Street, W.i.

NIXON, PROF. W. C. W., F.R.C.O.G., Obstetric Hospital, University College Hospital, W.C.i.

-OSBORN, FREDERICK, ESQ., Room 2715, 230 Park Avenue, New York, U.S.A.OSMAN, A. A., ESQ., D.S.C., F.R.C.P., ii5a Harley Street, Devonshire Street, W.i.

PINEY, A., ESQ., M.D., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., I52 Harley Street, W.i.

RORKE, DR. MARGARET, 2I Harley Street, W.i.

SHAW, M. E., ESQ., M.D., F.R.C.P., The West London Hospital, W.6.

THURSTONE, PROF. L. L., Psychometric Laboratory, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NorthCarolina, U.S.A.

TIETZ, DR. J. W., New York University, School of Education, Washington Square, New York, 3, N.Y'., IU.S.A.,- Press Building, 26.

TIETZE, F. F., ESQ., M.D., LL;D., 25 Castellain Road, W.9.

WITTS, L, J., ESQ., M.D., F.R.C.P., Nuffield Professor of Clinical Medicine, The Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford.

4

Fellows-LONDON

ADAMS, MRS., 3 Gloucester Gate, Regent's Park, N.W.i.ADDISON, S. R. J., ESQ., Pinners Hall, Austin Friars, E.C.2'.

BARLOW, SIR THOMAS, G.B.E., 49 Strand on the Green, W.4.BINNEY, CECIL, ESQ., M.A., 6 King's Bench Walk, Temple, E.C.4.BLOOMFIELD, PAUL, ESQ., 2 Thurlow Road, Hampstead, N.W.3.BRAIN, SIR RUSSELL, BART., D.M., P.R.C.P., 142 Harley Street, W.i.BRANDER, J. P., ESQ., Palace Court Hotel, 44 Inverness Terrace, W.2.BROWN, R. CHRISTIE, ESQ., M.B., B.S., F.R.C.S., F.R.C.O.G., I17 Harley Street, W.i.

CAMACHO, J. A., ESQ., O.B.E., 8 Fawley Road, W. Hampstead, N.W.6.CAREW-SHAW, E., ESQ., F.R.C.S., 94 Harley Street, W.i.CARR-SAUNDERS, SIR ALEXANDER, K.B.E., M.A., LL.D., 5I Brompton Square, S.W.3.CARRUTHERS, G. B., ESQ., M.D., I5O Harley Street, W.i.*CARTER, MISS F. A., 6o Redcliffe Close, Old Brompton Road, S.W.5.COX, PETER R., ESQ., F.I.A., F.S.S., Government Actuary's Dept., Caxton House East, Tothill Street, S.W.i.

DODDS, PROF. SIR CHARLES, M.V.O., M.D., F.R.C.P., F.R.S., The Courtauld Institute, The MiddlesexHospital, W. i.

DRYSDALE, C. V., ESQ., C.B., O.B.E., D.Sc., Athenaeum Club, Pall Mall, S.W.i.DUFF, THE HON. MRS. GRANT, i6 Mulberry Walk, Chelsea, S.W.3.

ELEY, GEOFFREY, ESQ., C.B.E., M.A., i Pembroke Villas, W.8.ELLIS, SIR ARTHUR, M.D., F.R.C.P., Bedford House, Chiswick Mall, W.4.EYSENCK, PROF. H. J., Ph.D., io Dorchester Drive, S.E.24.

GLASS, PROF. D. V., B.Sc. (Econ.), Ph.D., The London School of Economics, Houghton Street, Aldwych,W.C.2.

GOODALL, MISS F. G., C.B.E., The Royal College of Nursing, Henrietta Place, Cavendish Square, W.i.

HILL, J. DENIS, ESQ., M.B., B.S., M.R.C.S., M.R.C.P., D.P.M., Teaching and Research Laboratory, MaudsleyHospital Medical School, 107/9 Denmark Hill, S.E.5.

HOPKIN, W. A. B., ESQ., 30 Laurier Road, N.W.5.HOURMOUZIOS, STELIO, ESQ., 34 Sloane Court West, S.W.3.HUBBACK, D. F., ESQ., M.A., io Wellgarth Road, Golders Green, N.W.ii.HUME, MRS. M. C., B.A., I3 Wildwood Road, Golders Green, N.W.ii.HUXLEY J. S., ESQ., D.Sc., F.R.S., 31 Pond Street, Hampstead, N.W.3.

ISAAC, DR. JULIUS, 84 Fellows Road, N.W.3.

JENKINS, MRS. W. J., 53 Gloucester Terrace, W.2.

LASKI, MRS. F., Devon Lodge, 5 Addison Bridge Road, W.I4.LAWRENCE, MISS EVELYN, B.Sc. (Econ.), Ph.D., 3oa Primrose Hill Road, N.W.3.LEWIS, PROF. AUBREY, M.D., F.R.C.P., Maudsley Hospital, Denmark Hill, S.E.5.LEWIS, MRS. HILDA, M.D., M.R.C.P., Caversham Lodge, Vine Road, Barnes, S.W.13.LEYTON, MRS. HELEN G., M.D., 69 Courtfield Gardens, S.W.5.

* Honorary.

London-.(contd.)-MAKINS, BRIG.-GEN. SIR ERNEST, K.B.E., C.B., D.S.O.,, M.P., igo Queen's Gate, S.W.7.MALCOMSON, LT.-COL. C. E., I.M.S. (Retd.), 20 Abbey Road, N.W.8.MATHIESON, MISS M. C., 7 Crescent Road, Chingford E.4.MILLER, EMANUEL, ESQ., M.A., F.R.C.P., D.P.M., 77 Harley House, Marylebone Road, N.W.i.MOURANT, A. E., ESQ., M.A., D.Phil., D.M., M.R.C.P., Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine, Chelsea Bridge

Road, S.W.i.MURCHIE, F., ESQ., M.B., Ch.B., Junior Carlton Club, Pall Mall, S.W.I.

NORRIS, D. C., ESQ., M.D., F.R.C.S.,' 55 Portland Place, W.i.

PARKES, A. S., ESQ., C.B.E., M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway,Mill, Hill, N.W.7.

PEEL, J. H., ESQ., M.A., B.M., F.R.C.S., M.R.C.O.G., 86 Harley Street, W.i.PHILIPS, MAJOR R. E., M.C., c/o Regimental Headquarters, Coldstream Guards, Birdcage Walk, S.W.i.PILKINGTON, RICHARD, ESQ., M.C., M.P., I4 Grove End Road, N.W.8.PILKINGTON, DR. ROGER, 7 View Road, Highgate, N.6.PITMAN, F. A. HUGO, ESQ., 43 Bishopsgate, E.C.2.PRITCHARD, R. C., ESQ., Messrs. Chase, Henderson & Tennant, 56-6o New Broad Street, E.C.2.

RAPHAEL, MRS. NANCY, 45a Sloane Street, S.W.I.RATHBONE, MISS MAY, BM/BBKs, London, W.C.i.RAYLEIGH, LORD, i8 Hyde Park Square, W.2.REDDING, MISS MARY, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., 21 Wimpole Street, W.i.RELF, MISS, i6 Cascade Avenue, Muswell Hill, N.io.ROBERTS, J. A. FRASER, ESQ., M.D., D.Sc., F.R.C.P., F.R.S.E., Clinical Genetics Research Unit, Institute

of Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street, W.C.i.RUMBOLD, RICHARD, ESQ., 24 Royal Avenue, Chelsea, S.W.3.

SAVIL, DR. AGNES, 7 Devonshire Place, W.i.SELIGMAN, G. C., ESQ., M.A., 9-I2 King William Street, E.C.4.SHARPE, MISS D. ANDERTON, 53 New Cavendish Street, W.i.SLATER, ELIOT T. O., ESQ., M.D., F.R.C.P., Maudsley Hospital, Denmark Hill, S.E.5.SORSBY, PROF. ARNOLD, M.D., F.R.C.S., The Royal College of Surgeons, Lincoln's Inn Fields, W.C.2.STRATHCONA & MOUNTROYAL, LORD, 2 Curzon Place, W.i.

TANNER, J. M., ESQ., M.D., Institute of Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street, W.C.r.TATE, CAPT. C. T., Rosehill Lodge, io6 Bayswater Road, W.2.TITMUSS, PROF. R. M., 32 Twyford Avenue, W.3.TYLDEN, DR. ELIZABETH, 5I Westbourne Terrace, W.2.

VEREKER, SIR GORDON, K.C.M.G., M.C., c/o The Foreign Office, Whitehall, S.W.i.

WALKER, MRS. A., 84 Alleyn Road, S.E.21.WHYTE, G. AIRD, ESQ., M.C., B.Sc., I99 Piccadilly, W.Ii.WILLIAMS, DR. URSULA E., M.D., D.R.C.O.G., io Pembroke Studios, Pembroke Gardens, W.8.WILSON, DR. ISABEL G. H., 37 The Mansions, 252 Old Brompton Road, S.W.5.WOODSIDE, MRS. M., 5i Ormonde Terrace, Regent's Park, N.W.8.WOOTTON, PROF. BARBARA, M.A., J.P., Department of Social Studies, Bedford College for Women, Regent's

Park, N.W.Ii.WRIGHT, DR. HELENA, The Stone House, 9 Weymouth Street, W.i.

6

COUNTRY

ADRIAN, LADY, M.A., J.P., The Master's Lodge, Trinity College, Cambridge.ALSTON, ROWLAND, ESQ., Watts Galleries, Compton, near Godalming, Surrey.

BAILEY, THE REV. DR. D. S., Church of England Moral Welfare Council, 85 Fountain Road, Edgbaston,Birmingham, I7.

BAIRD, PROF. D., M.D., D.P.H., F.R.C.O.G., Fae-Me-Well, Dyce, Aberdeenshire, Scotland.BAKER, DR. J. R., The Mill, Kidlington, near Oxford.*BARRACLOUGH, MISS JESSIE, I6 Broom Terrace, Rotherham, Yorks.BATEMAN, MRS. F. D., 2I Cranmer Road, Cambridge.BAWDEN, MRS. CHARLOTTE, Brick House, Great Bardfield, Braintree, Essex.BERRY, R. J., ESQ., M.D., F.R.C.S., F.R.S.E., 3 All Saints Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8.BERTRAM, G. C. L., ESQ., M.A., Ph.D., St. John's College, Cambridge.BIBBY, CYRIL, ESQ., M.A., M.Sc., F.L.S., I4 The Avenue, High Barnet, Herts.BICKERTON, H. R., ESQ., M.B., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Pentrecoch Manor, Ruthin, Denbighshire.*BLACKER, C. P., ESQ., M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P., Pasturewood, Shamley Green, near Guildford, Surrey.BLACKER, MISS C., Pasturewood, Shamley Green, near Guildford, Surrey.BLACKER, J. G. C., ESQ., Pasturewood, Shamley Green, near Guildford, Surrey.BOOTLE-WILBRAHAM, BRIGADIER, D.S.O., M.C., Trunk House, Cove, Farnborough, Hants.BOSANQUET, MRS. BARBARA, Rock Moor, Alnwick, Northumberland.BRAMWELL, J. B., ESQ., M.A., M.D., The Lodge, Clifford Chambers, Stratford-on-Avon.BREWER, HERBERT, ESQ., 31 Mundon Road, Maldon, Essex.*BROCKINGTON, PROF. C. FRASER, M.A., M.D., D.P.H., Dept. of Social and Preventive Medicine, The

University, Manchester, 13.BROWN, VICE-ADMIRAL F. CLIFTON, The Paddocks, Pusey, Faringdon, Berks.BUCHANAN, SIR CHARLES, St. Anne's Manor, Sutton Donington, Loughborough, Leics.BULLARD, SIR READER, C.B., K.C.M.G., Honey Bottom, Dry Sandford, near Abingdon, Berks.BUXTON, D. A. J., ESQ., Caister Hall, Great Yarmouth, Norfolk.

CADBURY, L. J., ESQ., O.B.E., The Davids, Northfield, Birmingham.CADBURY, PAUL S., ESQ., C.B.E., Low Wood, 32 St. Mary's Road, Harborne, Birmingham, I7.CARTER, C. O., ESQ., B.A., B.M., M.R.C.P., 140 Crofton Road, Orpington, Kent.CHAMBERS, SIR THEODORE, K.B.E., J.P., Lochletter, Balmain, by Inverness.CHAMBERS, LADY, Lochletter, Balmain, by Inverness.CHANCE, M. R., ESQ., 2 Innage Road, Northfield, Birmingham, 3I.CHAPMAN, P. D. H., ESQ., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Woodrow, Trinity Road, Bridlington, Yorks.*COATES, W., ESQ., M.A., County Education Officer, The Castle, Winchester.CONRAD, MRS. RACHEL, I7 Panton Street, Cambridge.CRANBROOK, THE EARL OF, C.B.E., Great Glemham House, Saxmundham, Suffolk.CREW, PROF. F. A. E., M.D., D.Sc., M.R.C.P., F.R.S., F.R.S.E., Usher Institute, Warrender Park Road,

Edinburgh, 9.* Honorary.

7

Country-(contd.)

DARLINGTON, PROF. C. D., D.Sc., F.R.S., Dept. of Botany, Oxford.DARWIN, SIR CHARLES, K.B.E., Sc.D., F.R.S., Newnham Grange, Cambridge.DAVEY, PROJF. T. H., O.B.E., M.D., D.T.M., Tropical School of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Pembroke

Place, Liverpool, 3.DAVIES, W. TWISTON, ESQ., Plas Hebog, Beddgelert, Caernarvon, N. Wales.DILLON, FREDERICK, ESQ., M.D., 6 "Beaconsfield," 22 Marine Parade, Hythe, Kent.DOUGLAS, J. W. B., ESQ., B.A., B.Sc., B.M., B.Ch., Department of Public Health and Social Medicine, The

University, Edinburgh.

ELLIOTT, T. R., ESQ., C.B.E., D.S.O., M.D., F.R.C.P., M.A., F.R.S., Broughton Place, Broughton, Biggar,Scotland.

ESPINASSE, PAUL G., ESQ., University College, Hull.EVANS, R. WINSTON, ESQ., T.D., B.Sc., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., David Lewis Northern Hospital, Leeds Street,

Liverpool, 3.

*FINNEY, D. J., ESQ., M.A., F.R.S., Department of Statistics, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, OldAberdeen, Scotland.

FISHER, PROF. SIR RONALD A., Sc.D., F.R.S., Whittingehame Lodge, 44 Storey's Way, Cambridge.FRENCH, MRS. ELEANOR, 4 St. Dunstan's Terrace, Canterbury.FRY, MISS AGNES, Orchard Hill, Brent Knoll, Highbridge, Somerset.

GILLETT, C. R. E., ESQ., Crossways. Shiplake, Henley-on-Thames, Oxon.GOODHART, C. B., ESQ., M.A., Ph.D., Department of Zoology, Downing Street, Cambridge.GROVE-HILLS, MRS., Gayswood Copse, Haslemere, Surrey.*GRUNDY, PROF. F., M.D., M.R.C.P., D.P.H., Department of Preventive Medicine, Welsh National School of

Medicine, The Parade, Cardiff.GUNN, R. H., ESQ., Concrete House, The Ridgeway, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol.

HARRIS, C. R. S., ESQ., c/o Westminster Bank, Oxford.HARRISON, PROF. R. G., M.A., D.M., Department of Anatomy, The University, Liverpool.HARROD, R. F., ESQ., Christ Church, Oxford.HISLOP, W. ALEXANDER, ESQ., M.B., Ch.B., Dragontail Cottage, Haddenham, Bucks.HOBHOUSE, SIR JOHN, Glebe Court, West Monkton, near Taunton, Somerset.*HOLLAND, SIR EARDLEY, M.D., F.R.C.S., F.R.C.P., F.R.C.O.G., West Dean Cottage, West Dean, Chichester,

Sussex.HOPE-JONES, W., ESQ., Grist Hill Farmhouse, Shamley Green, near Guildford, Surrey.*HOUSDEN, LESLIE, ESQ., O.B.E., M.D., Roundhead Cottage, Old Basing, Basingstoke, Hants.HUTTON, GRAHAM, ESQ., Thatched House, Tubney, Abingdon, Berks.HUTTON, KENNETH B., ESQ., M.A., D.Phil., 2 Vigor's Croft, Hatfield, Herts.

JAMES, MRS. A. G., Upwood Park, near Abingdon, Oxford.JEFFERSON LADY M.R.C.S. L.R.C.P. D.P.M. High Bank, Didsbury, Manchester, 20JONES, D. CARADOG, ESQ., M.A., Penny Green, Finchingfield, Essex.

* Honorary.

8

.Country-(contd.)KENNEDY, PROF. A. M., M.D., F.R.C.P., M.R.C.S., 2 Arboretum Road, Edinburgh, 4.KEYNES, W. M., ESQ., M.D., 3 Brunswick Walk, Cambridge.

LANGHAM, MISS E. M., " Uplands," Tring Road, Aylesbury, Bucks.LEHMANN, HERMANN, ESQ., M.D., Ph.D., F.R.I.C., 24 St. James's Road, Tunbridge Wells, Kent.LETHBRIDGE, COMMANDER M. H., The White House, Stringer's Common, Guildford, Surrev.LEVVY, MRS. G. A., Cairnhill, Prospecthill Road, Bieldside, Aberdeenshire.LEWIS-FANING, E., ESQ., Ph.D., D.Sc., The Welsh National School of Medicine, Department of Preventive

Medicine, The Parade, Cardiff.LIDBETTER, E. J., ESQ., 42 Trent Road, West Worthing, Sussex.LIMERICK, THE COUNTESS OF, D.B.E., Chiddingley, West Hoathly, Sussex.LLOYD, E. M. H., ESQ., C.M.G., Tillingbourne Hey, Gravel Hill, Boxmoor, Herts.

MALPAS, PERCY, ESQ., Ch.M., M.B., F.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.R.C.O.G., 72a Rodney Street, Liverpool, I.MARTIN, F. M., ESQ., Ph.D., Usher Institute, Warrender Park Road, Edinburgh.MASON, E. D., ESQ., Ph.D., ii Highfield Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham.MAYER-GROSS, W., ESQ., M.D., F.R.C.P., Department of Experimental Psychiatry, The Medical School,

Birmingham, I5.MAXWELL, JAMES, ESQ., M.A., B.Ed., Moray House Training College, Edinburgh.McCONNELL, R. B., ESQ., M.D., M.R.C.P., 3I Rodney Street, Liverpool, i.MINNS, C. E., ESQ., Anne of Cleves House, Ditchling, Sussex.MINNS, F. C., ESQ., 42 Heaton Road, Manchester, 20.MITCHISON, MRS. N., Carradale House, Carradale, Campbeltown, Argyll.MORRELL, C. CONYERS, ESQ., M.D. (Brux.), L.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. (Edin.), D.P.H. (Lond.), Mudeford House,

Mudeford, Christchurch, Hants.

*NEWFIELD, MRS. S., c/o Mrs. Holmes, Eastwood, Park Avenue South, Harrogate, Yorks.NORTON, R. G., ESQ., Cronkbourne House, near Douglas, Isle of Man.

OLLIVER, CAPTAIN A. G., R.N., Down End, Twyford, near Winchester.OUNSTED, CHRISTOPHER, ESQ., M.A., D.M., D.C.H., 31 Sandfield Road, Headington, Oxford.OWEN, A. E., ESQ., Fairford, 64 The Avenue, Worcester Park, Surrey.

PARFITT, D. N., ESQ., M.D., M.R.C.P., M.R.C.S., D.P.M., Pine Cottage, Ila-en Road, Canford Cliffs, nearPoole, Dorset.

PEASE, MICHAEL, ESQ., Reynold's Close, Girton, Cambs.PIDDINGTON, R. A., ESQ., South View, Monmouth.PITT-RIVERS, CAPTAIN G. H. L. F., Manor House, Hinton St. Mary, Dorset.*PYKE, MRS. MARGARET, Naylands, Balcombe, near Haywards Heath, Sussex.

* Hono ray.

9

Country-(contd.)

RAISMAN, SIR JEREMY, Fieldhead, Shamley Green, near Guildford, Surrey.REES, W.' LINFORD, ESQ., M.D., M.R.C.P., D.P.M., Strathallan, Oakwood Avenue, Purley, Surrey.RITCHIE, D. ROBERTSON, ESQ., H.D.D., L.D.S., Market House, Market Avenue, Chichester, Sussex.ROUS, THE HON. KEITH, Clovelly Court, North Devon.

*SANDON, FRANK, ESQ., M.A., 142 Rotton Park Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham, i6.SCOTT, MISS EILEEN M., M.A., Ph.D., 103 Dundee Road, West Ferry, Dundee.SELF, SIR HENRY, K.C.B., I6 Vernon Terrace, Brighton.SIMON OF' WYTHENSHAWE, BARON, Broomcroft, Ford Lane, Didsbury, Manchester.SMITH, DR. A. D. BUCHANAN, Animal Breeding Dept., The University, Edinburgh.SNAPE, THE REV. H. C., Whalley Vicarage, Blackburn, Lancs.SNOW, R., ESQ., B.Sc., Southerway, Dunstan Road, Old Headington, Oxford.SNOW, MRS., M.A., B.Sc., Southerway, Dunstan Road, Old Headington, Oxford.STEPHENSON, W. R. S., ESQ., Bennet Grange, Fulwood, Sheffield, Io.STEVENSON, PROF. ALAN CARRUTH, B.Sc., M.D., F.R.C.P., Department of Social Medicine, The Queen's,

University, Belfast.STOPES, DR. MARIE, Norbury Park, Mickleham, near Dorking, Surrey.

THODAY, J. M., ESQ., B.Sc., Department of Genetics, The University, Sheffield, io.TIZARD, J. P. M., ESQ., M.A., B.M., M.R.C.P., D.C.H., io Church Avenue, Ruislip, Middlesex.TREDGOLD, R. F., ESQ., M.A., M.D., D.P.M., Old Common, Cross-in-Hand, Sussex.TREVOR, J. C., ESQ., B.Sc., M.A., Ph.D., 8 Sherlock Road, Cambridge.TURNER, CLIVE J., ESQ., B.Sc., 53 Glanville Road, Bromley, Kent.TYSSEN-GEE, MRS., Fairways, Colley Manor Drive, Reigate, Surrey.THE LIBRARY, University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, N. Wales.

USHER, SQ.-LDR. C. W., R.A.F. (Retd.), The Bee House, Hockenden, near Swanley, Kent.

VERNON, PROF. P. E., M.A., Ph.D., 30 Sherrardspark Road, Welwyn Garden City, Herts.

WADDINGTON, PROF. C. H., Sc.D., F.R.S., Institute of Animal Genetics, King's Buildings, West Mains Road,Edinburgh, 9.

WATERHOUSE, J. A. H., ESQ., M.A., Ph.D., Department of Medical Statistics, Queen Elizabeth Hospital;Edgbaston, Birmingham, 15.

WILLEY, MRS. HAROLD, Manor House, Loxley, near Sheffield.*WOFINDEN, R. C., ESQ., M.D., D.P.H., Public Health Department, Central Health Clinic, Tower Hill,

Bristol, 2.

YARBOROUGH, THE EARL OF, Brocklesby Park, Habrough, Lincs.YATES, F., ESQ., M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts.

* Honorary.

I0

OVERSEAS

ARMSTRONG, C. WICKSTEED, ESQ., F.R.G.S., Rua Siqueira Campos 264, Apto 202, Copacabana, Rio DeJaneiro, Brazil.

BOWMAN, MAJOR J. H., c/o Foreign Office, S.W.i. By Buenos Aires Bag.BRETHERTON, A. K., ESQ., ii65 Fifth Avenue, New York, 29, N.Y., U.S.A.*BROWN, DR. HARRISON, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, U.S.A.*BUTCHER, H. H., ESQ., 9 Hilda Street, Brantford, Ont., Canada.

*CHANDRASEKHAR, PROF. S., Furz Bank, Kodai Kanal, South India.CHANCE, P. K., ESQ., " Five Way Hill," 135 Kambrook Road, Caulfield, Victoria, Australia.*CLARKE, S. S., ESQ., 44 Chestnut Avenue, Brantford, Ont., Canada.CUTHERBERTSON, MRS. W. R., P.O. Box 38, Tiburon, California, U.S.A.

*FORBES, STANLEY, ESQ., 40 Lorne Crescent, Brantford, Ont., Canada.

GOETHE, C. M., ESQ., Anglo Bank Building, Seventh and J. Streets, Sacramento I4, California, U.S.A.GRANTHAM, SIR ALEXANDER, Government House, Hong Kong.

HERCHENRODER, MARC, ESQ., Central Statistical Office, Rose Hill, Mauritius.HOPKINS, DR. PRYNS, 1375 S. Oak Knoll Avenue, Pasadena, 5, California.HUTT, W. H., ESQ., c/o The University of Cape Town, South Africa.

JACKSON, F. K., ESQ., c/o Bank of New South Wales, 2I0 Glenferrie Road, Hawthorn, E.2, N.S.W., Australia.

KALLMANN, PROF. F. J., M.D., Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, 722 West i68th Street,New York, 32, N.Y., U.S.A.

KANAVARIOTI, MRS. MARO, i Maros Street, Glyfada, Athens, Greece.KHOSLA, COLONEL R. N., The Family Planning Association-Punjab, South Gate, Simla-2, India.*KNIGHT, DR. R. W., 26 Waterloo Street, Brantford, Ont., Canada.

*LARGE, SPENCER, ESQ., I5I Brant Avenue, Brantford, Ont., Canada.

MURRAY, MRS. BLACKWOOD, Passfield, Morningside, P.O. Rivonia, Johannesburg, S. Africa.

NEWBOLD, MISS ESTHER L., Post Office, Irvine Warren Co., Pennsylvania, U.S.A.

*OLIVER, P., ESQ., 6 Waterloo Street, Brantford, Ont., Canada.ORMSBY, MISS EMMA, 4 Clarinda Park E., Dun Laoghaire, Co. Dublin, Eire.

PEIRIS, WALTER S. J., ESQ., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Sans Souci, Moratuwa, Ceylon.

*ROBERTS, FRED, ESQ., 24 Edgerton Street, Brantford, Ont., Canada.ROBERTS, G. W., ESQ., Hastings House, St. Michael i8, Barbados, B.W.I.

SANGER, MRS. MARGARET, 65 Sierra Vista Drive, Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A.SCOTT, W. C. M., ESQ., M.D., D.P.M., Allan Memorial Institute, I025 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, 2, P.Q.,

Quebec, Canada.SPROTT, DR. N. A., Thornfield, Route des Genets, St. Brelade, Jersey, C.I.STONE, ABRAHAM, ESQ., M.D., The Margaret Sanger Research Bureau, 17 West i6th Street, New York, ii,

N.Y., U.S.A.

TOTTENHAM, MISS L. E., Ballycurry, Ashford, Co. Wicklow, Eire.TROUNCER, H. O., ESQ., P.O. Box 364, Umtali, Southern Rhodesia.*TRtJEMAN, A. H., ESQ., Bank of Montreal, Lindsay, Ontario, Canada.

*WARD, HERBERT, ESQ., I8 Maple Avenue, Brantford, Ont., Canada.*WOODS, DOUGLAS, ESQ., 30 Avondale Road, Toronto, Ont., Canada.

* Honorary.

I I

Members iLONDON

AMOS, F. J. C., ESQ., 30 Burnt Ash Hill, Lee, S.E.12.APPELBE, AMBROSE, ESQ., 5 Millfield Lane, Parliament Hill Fields, Highgate, N.6.

BETT, WALTER R., ESQ., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.R.S.L., ii The Avenue, Bedford Park, W.4.BLOOM, DR. PHILIP M., 79 Harley Street, W.Ii.BROWN, MRS. ARNOLD, 69 Eccleston Square, S.W.I.BUCKLEY, DONALD F., ESQ., 20 York House, Kensington, \V.8.

,CAMPBELL, COL. J., I7 Meadway, N.W.ii.CARLEBACH, JULIUS, ESQ., Jewish Orphanage, Knight's Hill, West Norwood, S.E.27.CHESSER, DR. EUSTACE, 92 Harley Street, W.i.*COLLYER, MRS. G., Flat 4, 4o Buckingham Gate, S.W.I.COWIE, MRS. VALERIE, M.D., D.P.M., I5 Woodthorpe Road, Putney, S.W.15.CRAIG, ALEC, ESQ., Flat 5, Avenue House, Belsize Park Gardens, N.W.3.DRAPER, MRS. A. M., 28 Cavendish Square, W. i.

EARL, THE HON. MRS., i8 Pelham Street, S.W.7.

GRIFFITH, EDWARD F., ESQ., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., I94 Bickenhall Mansions, Baker Street, W.i.

HARRISS, KENDALL B., ESQ., i6 Palace Court, W.2.HARTFIELD, V. J., ESQ., 37 Blenkarne Road, Wandsworth Common, S.W.ii.HEMSTED, EDWARD C. E., ESQ., BM/VRLC, London, W.C.i-.HENSMAN, J. STUART, ESQ., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., 22 Chester Street, Grosvenor Place, S.W.iHIGHFIELD-JONES, DR. G., 3 Camp Vtiew, Wimbledon Common, S.W.I9.HILLS, E. G., ESQ., 26 Albert Road, Penge, S.E.20.HILLYER, MISS J. H., i8a Hillmarton Road, Camden Road, N.7.HOUGHTON, MRS. VERA. 69 Eccleston Square, S.W.i.HUPPERT, E. L., ESQ., Ph.D., F.S.S., F.R.Econ.S., I2 Montpelier Row, Blackheath, S.E.3.

JAY, B. S., ESQ., M.A., M.B., B.Chir., 28 Bickenhall Mansions, W.i.

KEYNES, LADY, I20 Regent's Park Road, N.W.i.KHUNER, MRS. H., 33 Platts Lane, Hampstead, N.W.3.LAWS, MRS. PAMELA, 22 Vicarage Drive, East Sheen, S.W.I4.LONG, VINCENT, ESQ., c/o Delisle Ltd., 238 Edgware Road, W.2.LOW, MRS. HELEN, 135 Hamilton Terrace, N.W.8.LUCAN, THE EARL OF, M.C., ii Hanover House, N.W.8.

MACADAM, LADY, i6 Upper Belgrave Street, S.W.i:MANASSEH, P. J., ESQ., 5I Campden Hill Road, W.8.MARTINEAU, A., ESQ., I33 Old Church Street, S.W.3.MEREDITH, MRS. FRANCES J., 56 Kensington Court, W.8.

NEWFIELD, J. G. H., ESQ., io Gloucester Drive, N.4.NORTH KENSINGTON MARRIAGE WELFARE CENTRE, THE, 12 Telford Road, Ladbroke Grove, W.io.

PALEY, P. J., ESQ., 44 Ebury Street, S.W.i.PANTEL, GEORGE, ESQ., M.D., 134 Leighton Road, N.W.s.PERCIVAL, N. S., ESQ., i8 Warwick Road, S.W.s.PICKARD, B. H., ESQ., M.B., F.R.C.S., D.L.O., 55 Blackheath Park, S.E.3.*POCOCK, MISS H. F., 5 Belgrave Mews West, S.W.I.PURCELL, F. M., ESQ., M.D., c/o The Royal Society of Medicine, i Wimpole Street, WV.i.

ROOKWOOD, R. M., ESQ., 5 Turners Wood, N.W. i ir.ROWNTREE, MISS G., 20 Crediton Hill, N.W.6.RUSSELL, DUNCAN C., ESQ., M.B., Ch.B., I9 Belvedere Grove, Wimbledon, S.W.ig.

SEDERGREEN, MISS R. C., 43 York Street Chambers, York Street, W.i.SHEARS, E. M., ESQ., 66 Wiltshire Road, Brixton, S.W.9.SHIELDS, JAMES, ESQ., M.A., 25a Worsley Road, N.W.3.SMITH, MRS. A., ii Markham Street, Chelsea, S.W.3.

ZANDER, MARTIN, ESQ., ii Pembroke Studios, Pembroke Gardens, W.8.* Honorary.

12

-MlembersCOUNTRY

ABBOTT, T., ESQ., 4 Brockton Road, Farndon, Newark, Notts.ALDRIDGE, MRS. L. S., Meadow Vale, Kingston Blount, Oxfordshire.ARTHUR, L. J. H., ESQ., M.B., B.Chir., ii Claremount Place, Newcastle-on-Tyne, 2.ASHTON, E. T., ESQ., B.A., D.P.A., University College, Southampton.ATHERTON, W. H., ESQ., M.Sc., 45 Arlington Road, Derby.

BAILEY, NORMAN T. J., ESQ., M.A., 6 Keble Road, Oxford.BARKER, MISS MARIAN, Elmfield, Esher, Surrey.BARLOW, SIR J. A. N., K.B.E., C.B., J.P., Boswells, Wendover, Bucks.BARNETT, S. A., ESQ., Department of Zoology, The University, Glasgow.BATCHELOR, I. R. C., ESQ., M.B., F.R.C.P., D.P.M., Strathview, Liff, by Dundee, Scotland.BEARDMORE, JOHN A., ESQ., Department of Genetics, The University, Sheffield, io.BENNETT, ARTHUR, ESQ., Kiln Wood Cottage, Preston, Hitchin, Herts.BILL, THE RT. REV. S. A., Instow Rectory, N. Devon.BLYTH, DR. HELEN, 33 Oxford Road, Wakefield, Yorks.BOARD, F. E., ESQ., Fountain House, Broomgrove Road, Sheffield, io.BOSANQUET, D. G., ESQ., M.A., LL.B., Wyndside, Ryarsh, West Malling, Kent.BOWDEN, MRS. W. L., Stubbs Farm, Hayfield, Via Stockport, Cheshire.BOYCE, L. J., ESQ., Wildacre, Lydwell Road, Torquay.BRAMWELL, MRS. J. B., The Lodge, Clifford Chambers, Stratford-on-Avon.BROOKE, MISS EILEEN M., 73 Lavender Vale, Wallington, Surrey.BROOKES, FRANK H., ESQ., Shama, 41 Mostyn Avenue, Littleover, Derby.BROWN, J. CHRISTIE, ESQ., Beaulieu, High Beech, Loughton, Essex.BRYANT, MRS. D., 36 Ashford Road, Tenterden, Kent.BULL, THE REV. JOHN, Otterham Rectory, Davidstow, Camelford, Cornwall.BURNETT, PROF. J. H., M.A., D.Phil., Thirdacre, Buchanan Gardens, St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland.BURTON, KENNETH J., ESQ., Mount Cottage, Hawk's Hill, Fetcham, Leatherhead, Surrey.BUTTERY, B. F., ESQ., 59 Highfield Grove, Stafford.

CAMROSE, THE VISCOUNTESS, Hackwood Park, Basingstoke, Hants.CHAMBRE, SQ./LDR. A. C. F., R.A.F., 59 Kenton Road, Kenton, Harrow, Middlesex.CARTER, MISS PHYLLIS M., B.A., The Cottage, Charmouth, Dorset.CHERRINGTON, S. P., ESQ., 27 Royal Crescent, Bath.CLARENCE, I. SOUTER, ESQ., 65 Pembroke Road, Bristol, 8.CLAYBORN, MRS. E. V., Wood Cottage, I79 Hunsworth Lane, Cleckheaton, Yorks.CRETNEY, E., ESQ., M.B., Ch.B., I69 Boothferry Road, Goole, Yorks.CULLINGWORTH, J. B., ESQ., B.Sc., Faculty of Social Administration, The University, Manchester, I3.DARKER, JOHN, ESQ., Dallington House, Geddington, near Kettering, Northants.DARTMOUTH, THE COUNTESS OF, Patshull House, Wolverhampton.DIXON, DR. MONTAGUE, The White House, Melton Mowbray, Leics.

ELEY, MAXWELL, ESQ., O.B.E., Old Place, Ugley Green, near Bishops Stortford, Herts.ELLIS, K. P., ESQ., Little Gassons, Fairwarp, Uckfield, Sussex.

FAWCETT, MRS. ANNE, The Mill House, Ickleton, Saffron Walden, Essex.FORBES, A. R., ESQ., 265 Corbets Tay Road, Upminster, Essex.FORSTER, THE LADY, G.B.E., Rose Cottage, Milford-on-Sea, Hants.FRENCHMAN, D., ESQ., Three Reefs, Springdale Road, Broadstone, Dorset.

13

Country-(contd.)

GAGE, THE VISCOUNT, K.C.V.O., Firle, Lewes, Sussex.GOODMAN, MRS.} Angharad, Corwen, Merioneth.GRASEMAN, MISS ALINE, I4 Wilman Road, Tunbridge Wells, Kent.GREBENIK, PROF. E., M.Sc.(Econ.), Department of Social Studies, The University, Leeds, 2.GREGORY, M. J., ESQ., Chine House, Shotover Hill, Headington, Oxford.

HALDANE, MRS., Cherwell, Oxford.HARRISON, G. AINSWORTH, ESQ., Department of Anatomy, The University, Liverpool.HARRISON, R. P., ESQ., Flat ii, Barry Court, 36 Southend Road, Beckenham, Kent.HARTSHORNE, J. N., ESQ., B.Sc., Ph.D., Department of Botany, The University, Manchester, 13.HEARNSHAW, PROF. L. S., Department of Psychology, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool.HEATHCOTE, H. J., ESQ., M,R.C.S., L.R.C.P., 32 Oldfield Road, Bath.HILL, MRS. E. M., 124 Salisbury Road, Moseley, Birmingham, 13.HILL, R. H., ESQ., A.C.W.A., F.R.Econ.S., Anbury, Wingate Drive, Whitefield, Manchester.HINDSON, COLIN, ESQ., Westholme, Durham Moor, Durham.HOUSEMAN, MRS. JOAN, M.B., B.S., Kingwell, South Hill Avenue, Harrow, Middlesex.HUBBARD, C. R., ESQ., 48 Beverley Avenue, Sidcup, Kent.

IRONSIDE, MRS. W. D., Crosswell Farm, Biddenden, Kent.IRVING-BELL, R. J., ESQ., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., D.P.H., 5a Oakfield Road, Clifton, Bristol.

JACKSON, DR. MARGARET C. N., Mount Jocelyn, Crediton, Devon.JACKSON, W. T.-J., ESQ., 35 Willow Road, Forty Hill, Enfield, Middlesex.JENKINS, G. NEIL, ESQ., M.Sc., Ph.D., Department of Physiology, Medical School, King's College, Newcastle.

on-Tyne, i.JOHNSON, GEORGE, ESQ., M.B., B.Chir., 57 East Parade, Harrogate, Yorks.JOHNSON, MRS. I., Windsor CotXtage, Trodds Lane, Merrow, Guildford, Surrey.JONES, DR. BARBARA, M.A., M.B., B.Chir., 6 South Road, The Park, Nottingham.JUBB, MICHAEL, ESQ., Hillcrest, Sandhills, Thorner, near Leeds.

KENNEDY, MRS. A. M., 2 Arboretum Road, Edinburgh, 4.KENT, MRS. D. B., 67 Linden Grove, Alverstoke, Gosport, Hants.KINDERSLEY, CAPT. THE HON. P., Plaw Hatch, East Grinstead, Sussex.KINVIG, T. H., ESQ., Kaduna, West Braes, Crail, Fife, Scotland.KITCHENER, EARL, Winnington Hall Club, Northwich, Cheshire.KRAUSS, STEPHEN, ESQ., M.D. (Basle), Ph.D. (Vienna) M.Sc., F.B.Ps.S., Fair Mile Hospital, Wallingford,

Berks.

LAMBERT, E. W., ESQ., M.A., M.Sc., A.I.C.S., F.C.S., io6 Talbot Street, Moss Side, Manchester, i6.LAWSON, 4VRS. JANET K., Coombe Cottage, Haslemere, Surrey.LILLY, MISS LORNA J., The Botany Department, The University, Liverpool, 3.LINDSAY, A. C., ESQ., Ch.B., 51 Preston Road, Longridge, near Preston, Lancs.LORIMER, LT.-COL. D. L. R., C.I.E., 32 Parkway, Welwyn Garden City, Herts.

MACALPINE, J. B., ESQ., M.B., Ch.B., F.R.C.S., Michael's Nook, Grasmere, Westmorland.MACBRYDE, MRS. L. M., Sun Patch, West End Lane, Pinner, Middlesex.

14

Country-(contd.)

McFEETERS, J. W., ESQ., M.D., B.Ch., Bramhall, Tattershall, Lincoln.MALLET, SIR VICTOR, G.C.M.G., C.V.O., Wittersham House,- near Tenterden, Kent.MATHERS, J. R., ESQ., M.B., Ch.B., go Middleton Hall Road, Kings Norton, Birmingham, 20.MILLS, MISS ENID E., 98 Purley Oaks Road, Sanderstead, Surrey.MONEY-KYRLE, MRS. R., B.Sc., Whetham, Calne, Wilts.MOONIE, MRS. JANET, 78 Newbattle Terrace, Edinburgh.MORGAN, LAWRENCE, ESQ., Ty Cwm, Llanthony, Abergavenny, Monmouthshire.

NISBET, JOHN D., ESQ., M.A., B.Ed., Department of Education, The University, Old Aberdeen, Aberdeen.

PARRY, K. M., ESQ., Bellenden, Sandy Drive, Cobham, Surrey.PEACOCK, E. C., ESQ., The Elms, Mareham Road, Horncastle, Lincs.PHILIP, DR. URSULA, 8 Roseworth Terrace, Gosforth, Newcastle-on-Tyne, 3.PREDDY, W. S., ESQ., Gregor House, Aston, near Stevenage, Herts.

RAFFERTY, MISS L. MAY, 55a North Road, Droylsden, near Manchester.RAMAGE, G., ESQ., M.A., M.D., County Medical Officer of Health, County Buildings, Stafford.REED, R. S., ESQ., M.Sc., M.I.Mech.E., J.P., Rossendale House, 6 Woods Orchard Road, Tuffley, Gloucester.ROBINSON, E. S. G., ESQ., Iwerne, Stepleton, Blandford, :orset.ROBINSON, JOHN E., ESQ., io Marlott Road, Windhill, Shipley, Yorks.ROBINSON, MRS. MARJORIE, Quinton Hill, Cleckheaton, Yorks.ROPER, W. F. ESQ., M.B., B.S., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Medical Officers House, H.M. Prison, Wakefield, Yorks.ROPER-POWER, E. R., ESQ., Ph.D., 37 Broad Street, Wokingham, Berks.

SCOTT, A. H., ESQ., Blissford Pool, Fordingbridge, Hants.SIMPSON, ALEX. M., ESQ., Hillgarth, Churt Road, Hindhead, Surrey.SMITH, A. H., ESQ., Evenlode, South Road, Swanage, Dorset.SMITH, L. A., ESQ., i8o Birch Road, Hagley Road West, Birmingham, 32.SMITH, R. SAUVAN, ESQ., M.B., B.S., Westgate, i Lexden Road, Colchester, Essex.SPARROW, MRS. MARGARET, New Barn, Ferry Hinksey, Oxford.SPEDDING, M. C., ESQ., Villa Languard, Middle Warberry Road, Torquay, S. Devon.STEWART, WILLIAM, ESQ., 56 Cleveden Drive, Glasgow, W.2.STRICKLAND, MRS. H., Moat Cottage, Ebdens Hill, Sedlescombe, Sussex.STRICKLAND, MRS. H. M., Canbury Oak, North Trade Road, Battle, Sussex.

TOMLINSON, C. G., ESQ., M.A., Banbury and District Hospitals Management Committee, Horton GeneralHospital, Banbury, Oxon.

*TRACEY, S. THORNHILL, ESQ., Saltings, Bramber, Sussex.

WALKER, J. H. MILNES, ESQ., F.R.C.S., M.R.C.P., Newfield Hall, Minshull Vernon, Middlewich, Cheshire.WATKIN, DR. J. H., Horton House, Horton, Epsom, Surrey.WATSON, G. M., ESQ., Poorsfield, High Halden, Ashford, Kent.WATSON, R. H. J., ESQ., B.Sc., Ph.D., 2 Galesway, Woodford Bridge, Essex.WATTS, MRS. J. E. L., Windwhistle, Hartfield, Sussex.WEATHERALL, R., ESQt, M.A., Sanatorium Cottage, Eton Wick, Windsor, Berks.WEBSTER, DOUGLAS, ESQ., Idlewild, Fountainhall Road, Aberdeen, Scotland.WEINER, J. S., ESQ., M.A., Ph.D., Dept. of Human Anatomy, University Museum, Oxford.WHEATLEY, MRS. S. C., 2 Pixholme Court, Dorking, Surrey.WHITEHOUSE, COMMANDER G. T., Pen-y-Bryn, Salisbury Road, Horsham, Sussex.WOOD, DR. JOHN C., Glendarnel, Abbey Road, Great Malvern, Worcs.WOLFF, WILLIAM D., ESQ., 85 Malden Hill, New Malden, Surrey.

YAGER, R. S., ESQ., M.B., B.S., go Oswald Road, Scunthorpe, Lincs.

* Honorary.

'5

OVERSEAS

ADAMOPOULOS, D:R. G., 8 Lamias Street, Athens (6), Greece.

BERMAN, MICHAEL, ESQ., Bank Chambers, Longmarket Street, c/o Long Street, Cape Town, S. Africa.-BOAS, DR. CONRAD VAN EMDE, M.D., Stadionweg 8o, Amsterdam-Z, Holland.BRUINS, DR. J. W., Zwolschestraat 6, Deventer, Holland.BRYANS, DR. A. M., Department of Paediatrics, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.

COLIN, E. C., ESQ., goo East 83rd Street, Chicago i9, Illinois, U.S.A.COLLIS-GEORGE, MRS. F., c/o Dr. N. Collis-George, School of Agriculture, University of Sydney, Sydney,

Australia.COLMEIRO-LAFORET, DR. C., Vigo Municipal Hospital, Colon 31, 20, Vigo, Spain.CUNHA-LOPES, DR. I. DA, Rua Alvaro Ramos 405, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, South America.

DEMPSTER, PROF. EVERETT R., 3I4 Hilgard Hall, Genetics Dept., University of California, Berkeley, 4,California, U.S.A.

DURAND-WEVER, DR. MED. ANNE-MARIE, Ansbacher Strasse 3, Berlin, W.3o, Germany.

FARQUHARSON, MISS MAY, Fort George, Stony Hill, Jamaica, B.W.I.FERNANDO, MRS. E. C., 2 Paget Road, Colombo, 7, Ceylon.

GOH KOK KEE, MRS., M.B.E., 15 Leedon Park, Singapore.GOLDMAN, B. \V., ESQ., DIPL.ING., A.M.I.E.E., Zlin-Co. Ltd., 173b Cecil Street, Singapore, i.GREGORY, IAN, ESQ., M.A., M.D., D.Psych., Ontario Hospital, London, Ontario, Canada.GROVE-WHITE, DR. MARY L., B.A., M.B., B.Ch., 32 Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, I i.

LOWE, CLIFFORD, ESQ., c/o 71 Cook Road, Centennial Park, New South Wales, Australia.

MACE, PROF. DAVID R., M.A., B.Sc., Ph.D., Drew University, Madison, New Jersey, U.S.A.

NAMENYI, L., ESQ., M.D., Jaszai Mari Ter. -5, Budapest XIII, Hungary.

PRAK, MISS R. G., Lammenschansweg 6, Leiden, Holland.

RABASA, SOL L., ESQ., Corrientes 2259, Casilda F.C.C.A., Argentine Republic.RAZACK, H. M. ABDUL, ESQ., Chirag Ali Lane, Hyderabad, Deccan, India.

SCOTT, MRS. URSULA, Bizana, 39 Southfield Road, Plumstead, Cape Province, South Africa.SCHAUDER, DR. RAY, 42 Buckingham Road, Port Elizabeth, South Africa.SANDON, HAROLD, ESQ., M.A., Ph.D., Zoology Department, Gordon Memorial University College, Khartoum,

Sudan, Africa.SLOMAN, J. G., ESQ., B.Sc., M.D., B.S., cdo Commercial Banking Co. of Sydney, 49 Berkeley Street, W.I.SMITH, PROF. H. FAIRFIELD, B.Sc., M.S.A., c/o Eric Ward, United Nations Building, Padre Faura, Manila,

Philippine Islands.

TAN, S. H., ESQ., F.C.C.S., F.S.S., Director, Marden Company, 82 Orchard Road, Singapore.TAYLOR, P. J., ESQ., B.Sc., M.B., B.S., M.R.C.P., R.A.F. Hospital, Akrotiri, B.F.P.O. 53, Cyprus.THOMPSON, NORMAN A., ESQ., I2 Square de Port-Royal, Paris I3, France.TIETZE, DR. CHRISTOPHER, M.D., 2532 Holmes Run Drive, Falls Church, Virginia,\U.S.A.TWITCHIN, E. E., ESQ., c/o Standard Bank of South Africa, Nairobi, Kenya, East Africa.THE EUGENICS SOCIETY OF VICTORIA, c/o Dr. Victor H. Wallace, " Lister House," 6I Collins Street,

Melbourne, C.i, Australia.

VILLACORTA, DR. 0. L., P.O. Box 632, 848 Rizal Avenue, Manila, Philippines.

WELLS, DARRELL G., ESQ., General Delivery, State College, Mississippi, U.S.A.

PRINTED BY THE GARDEN CITY PRESS LTD.,LETCHWORTH, HERTS., ENGLAND

Which 's reproduced o the froi t pap of

cover, is a lowering plant named in honour of Sir Francis GakoninisMOby Profesor J. Doeaisne of the Paris Museum of Naturl Bitoy

THE EUGENICS SOCII.~~~.

Honorar"y Past Presidents:SIR FRANCIS GALTON

MAJOR LEONARD DARWINSIR ALEXANDER CARR-SAUNDERS, M.A., LL.DD.

President:*SIR CHARLES DARWIN, K.B.E., Sc.D., F.R.S.

*PAUL BLOOMFIELDMRS. B. BOSANQUET, B.A.PETER R. COX, F.I.A., F.S.S.

Vice-Presidents:PROFESSOR F. GRUNDY, M.D., M.R.C.P., D.P.H.

*R. PILKINGTON, M.C., M.P.J. M. TANNER, M.D., Ph.D., D.P.M.

Hon. Secretary:*C. P. BLACKER, M.A., M.D.

Hon. Treasurer:*G. AIRD WHYTE, M.C., B.SC.

Hon. Librarian:*CECIL BINNEY, M.A.

MEMBERS OF COUNCIL:THE REV. D. SHERWIN BAILEY, Ph.D.C. 0. CARTER, B.A., B.M., M.R.C.P.THE EARL OF CRANBROOK, C.B.E., D.L., J.P.PROFESSOR C. D. DARLINGTON, D.Sc., F.R.S.SIR CHARLES DODDS, M.V.O., M.D.,

F.R.C.P., F.R.S.THE HON. MRS. GRANT DUFFGEOFFREY ELEY, C.B.E., M.A.SIR ARTHUR ELLIS, O.B.E., M.A., D.M., F.R.C.P.MRS. E. FRENCHD. F. HUBBACK, M.A.K. HUTTON, M.A., D.PhiL.D. CARADOG JONES, M.A.PROFESSOR A. KENNEDY, M.D., F.R.C.P.

MISS EVELYN LAWRENCE, B.Sc.(ECON.),Ph.D.

MRS. HILDA LEwIS, M.D., M.R.C.P.CHRISTOPHER OUNSTED, M.A., D.M., D.C.H.A. S. PARKES, C.B.E., M.A., Ph.D., Sc.D., F.R.S.R. C. PRITCHARDMRS. M. A. PYKEJ. A. FRASER ROBERTS, M.D., D.Sc. F.R.C.P.G. C. SELIGMAN, M.A.J. P. M. TIZARD, M.A., B.M., M.R.C.P., D.C.H.R. F. TREDGOLD, M.A., M.D., D.P.M.C. W. USHERPROFESSOR P. E. VERNON, M.A., Ph.D.

General Secretary:G. C. L. BERTRAM, M.A., Ph.D.

Business Secretary:Miss F. B. SCHENK

*Members of the Executive Committee.

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