hcu-commemoration and world heritage 2.pptx[読み取り専用]hyoshida/2009/2009_2/091202.pdfworld...

Commemoration and World Commemoration and World Heritage 2: Hiroshima Memory*Heritage 2: Hiroshima Memory*

HCU, Peace Studies LectureDecember 2 2009December 2, 2009

UNESCO C l l H iUNESCO C l l H iUNESCO Cultural HeritageUNESCO Cultural HeritageUNESCO l d ff t t f d th UNESCO leads efforts to safeguard the continuity of diverse cultural values represented in both TANGIBLE AND represented in both TANGIBLE AND INTAGIBLE HERITAGE.The 1972 Convention Concerning the The 1972 Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage forms the framework for ginternational action in the conservation of immovable tangible cultural heritage, which encompasses built structures sites and encompasses built structures, sites and landscapes.

UNESCO Principles for ConservingUNESCO Principles for ConservingUNESCO Principles for Conserving UNESCO Principles for Conserving Historic Built Heritage (1)Historic Built Heritage (1)

Principle 1: Collective mapping of cultural space, its hierarchies, symbolic language p , , y g gand association is a pre‐requisite for appropriate and successful conservationappropriate and successful conservation.Principle 2: Tangible cultural expressions derive their origin, value and continuing significance from intangible cultural g gpractices.


Principle 3: Authenticity, the defining characteristic of heritage, is a culturally g , yrelative characteristic to be found in continuity but not necessarily in only the continuity, but not necessarily in only the continuity of material.Principle 4: The conservation process succeeds when histories are revealed, ,traditions revived and meanings recovered in a palimpsest of knowledge.in a palimpsest of knowledge.


Principle 5: Appropriate use of heritage is negotiated, resulting in a life‐enhancing g , g gspace.

NHKNHK放送放送世界の町世界の町NHKNHK放送放送世界の町世界の町

（（GamlaGamla Stan, SwedenStan, Sweden‐‐1)1)

Regional Distribution of UNESCORegional Distribution of UNESCORegional Distribution of UNESCO Regional Distribution of UNESCO World Heritage SitesWorld Heritage Sites

Regions Cultural Natural Mixed Total %

ArabStates

60 4 1 65 7

Africa 40 33 3 76 9LatinAmericaand

82 35 3 120 14

andCaribbeanAsia andthe Pacific

125 48 9 182 21the PacificEurope andNorthAmerica

372 54 9 435 50

Total 679 174 25 878 100

National Distribution of UNESCONational Distribution of UNESCONational Distribution of UNESCO National Distribution of UNESCO World Heritage SitesWorld Heritage Sites

Australia

Brazil

Canada

China

CzechRep

France

Greece

India Italy Japan

Rep.17 17 15 37 12 33 17 27 43 14S. Korea Mexic Peru Russi Spain UK & USA Polan Portu Moro

o a Ireland

d gal cco

8 29 10 23 40 27 20 13 13 8

Visual Examples from AsiaVisual Examples from Asia‐‐PacificPacificVisual Examples from AsiaVisual Examples from Asia Pacific Pacific RegionRegion

UNESCOWorld Heritage in Japan (asUNESCO World Heritage in Japan (asUNESCO World Heritage in Japan (as UNESCO World Heritage in Japan (as of December, 2009)of December, 2009)

文化遺産文化遺産

法隆寺地域の仏教建造物 ‐（1993年12月）

姫路城 ‐（1993年12月）姫路城 ‐（1993年12月）

古都京都の文化財 ‐（1994年12月）

白川郷・五箇山の合掌造り集落 ‐（1995年12月）

原爆ドーム ‐（1996年12月）

厳島神社 ‐（1996年12月）

古都奈良の文化財（年月）古都奈良の文化財 ‐（1998年12月）

日光の社寺 ‐（1999年12月）

琉球王国のグスク及び関連遺産群 ‐（2000年12月）琉球王国のグスク及び関連遺産群（2000年12月）

紀伊山地の霊場と参詣道 ‐（2004年7月）

石見銀山遺跡とその文化的景観 ‐（2007年6月）

UNESCOWorld Heritage in Japan (asUNESCO World Heritage in Japan (asUNESCO World Heritage in Japan (as UNESCO World Heritage in Japan (as of December, 2009)of December, 2009)

自然遺産自然遺産屋久島 ‐（1993年12月）屋久島（1993年12月）白神山地 ‐（1993年12月）知床 ‐（2005年7月）

UNESCO Si f H C lUNESCO Si f H C lUNESCO Sites of Human CrueltyUNESCO Sites of Human CrueltyI l d f G é l Island of Gorée: slave trading post(Senegal 1978)(Senegal, 1978)Historic Centre of Salvador de Bahia : Salvador de Bahia : the first slave market in the new world in the new world (Brazil, 1985)Hiroshima Atomic Hiroshima Atomic Bomb Dome (Japan 1996)(Japan, 1996)

S liS li S bS b Fi l dFi l d 11SuomenlinnaSuomenlinna SveaborgSveaborg, Finland, Finland‐‐11

S liS li S bS b Fi l dFi l d 22SuomenlinnaSuomenlinna SveaborgSveaborg, Finland, Finland‐‐22

Hi hiHi hi HiHiHiroshima Hiroshima HistoryHistory

Hi hiHi hi MMHiroshima Hiroshima MemoryMemory

UNESCO AsiaUNESCO Asia‐‐Pacific Heritage Award :Pacific Heritage Award :UNESCO AsiaUNESCO Asia Pacific Heritage Award : Pacific Heritage Award : Review Criteria (1)Review Criteria (1)

Criterion A: The articulation of the structure’s heritage values in order to gconvey the spirit of place through the conversation workconversation work.Criterion B: The appropriate use of

fadaptation of the structure.Criterion C: The interpretation of the Criterion C: The interpretation of the cultural, social, historical and architectural significance of the structure(s) in the significance of the structure(s) in the conservation work.


Criterion D: The understanding of the technical issues of conservation/restoration /in interpreting the structure’s significance.Criterion E: The use and quality control of Criterion E: The use and quality control of appropriate building, artisan and conservation techniques.Criterion F: The use of appropriate Criterion F: The use of appropriate materials.


Criterion G: How well any added elements or creative technical solutions respect the pcharacter and inherent spatial quality of the structure(s)structure(s).Criterion H: The manner in which the

fprocess and the final product contribute to the surrounding environment and the local gcommunity’s cultural and historical continuum.continuum.


Criterion I: The influence of the project on conservation practice and policy locally, p p y y,nationally, regionally and internationally.Criterion J The ongoing socio economic Criterion J: The ongoing socio‐economic viability and relevance of the project, and

f fprovision for its future use and maintenance.Criterion K: The complexity, sensitivity and Criterion K: The complexity, sensitivity and technical consistency of the project methodologymethodology.

Hi hiHi hi Hi d MHi d MHiroshima Hiroshima History and MemoryHistory and Memory

A i B bi f Hi hiA i B bi f Hi hiAtomic Bombing of Hiroshima Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima

140,000 Killed by 194570 000 Houses Destroyed70,000 Houses Destroyed12 km2 Became Ash58,000 Koreans Died in the BombingTokyo Local Court Decision (1963):Tokyo Local Court Decision (1963):

Indiscriminate Mass Killing of Non‐Combatant;Violation of International LawViolation of International Law

Ai B bi f JAi B bi f JAir Bombing of JapanAir Bombing of Japan

215 Cities Attacked2 1 Million Houses Lost2.1 Million Houses Lost90,000 Killed in TokyoReconstruction Plans in post‐war in 112 CitiesMajority of US Citizens Regard It Necessary:Majority of US Citizens Regard It Necessary:

“Necessary to End the War”;“Saved Millions of Lives”; “Japan Started the War” etcJapan Started the War , etc.

History of Atomic Bomb Dome asHistory of Atomic Bomb Dome asHistory of Atomic Bomb Dome as History of Atomic Bomb Dome as World Heritage (1)World Heritage (1)

1972, November: The Clause to protect the world’s natural and cultural heritage was gpassed at UNESCO general assembly in 197219721992, 6‐4: Local Committee for A‐Bomb

fdome for UNESCO convened1992, 6‐19: Japanese Diet approves 1992, 6 19: Japanese Diet approves application for the UNESCO natural and cultural heritage conventioncultural heritage convention


1992, 6‐22: Mayor Hiraoka announces the plan to apply A‐Bomb dome for UNESCOp pp y1992, 6‐30: The central government receives the City’s applicationreceives the City’s application1992, 9‐29: Hiroshima City Council submits Opinion papers on A‐Bomb dome for UNESCO (prime minister, ministers of UNESCO (prime minister, ministers of foreign affairs, education, construction and local autonomy)local autonomy)


1992, 9‐30: Japan joins the UNESCO Clause.1993 6‐7: susumerukai (The association to 1993, 6 7: susumerukai (The association to make a‐bomb dome a UNESCO world heritage) was formedheritage) was formed1993, 6‐19: susumerukai starts petition movement1993 9‐28: 1 million people signed the 1993, 9‐28: 1 million people signed the petition


1993, 10‐14: susumerukai submits the petition with 1,345,700 signatures to Lower p ,345,7 gDiet (参議院）

1994 1 28: The Lower Diet selects the 1994, 1‐28: The Lower Diet selects the petition1994, 6‐7: Prime Minister Tsutomu (羽田）orders the Cabinet members to recommend orders the Cabinet members to recommend Atomic Bomb Dome for UNESCO Heritage

6 Th U Di t [衆議員 l t 1994, 6‐24: The Upper Diet [衆議員selects the petition


1994, 7‐6: The City of Hiroshima launches 原爆ドーム世界遺産化推進委員会爆界産推委員

1994, 7‐29: 文化財保護審議会が近代の史

跡の基本的な考え方を検討する検討委員跡の基本的な考え方を検討する検討委員会の設置を決定

1995, 1‐27:文化財保護審議会が近代遺産協力者会議の報告を了承力者会議の報告を了承

1995, 2‐8: 広島市長が要望書を題出


1995, 9‐21:文化財保護審議会 recommends the Atomic Bomb Dome to be reviewed by ythe UNESCO as for a World Cultural HeritageHeritage1995, 9‐28: The government submits a recommendation of the Atomic Bomb Dome to the UNESCO review committee1996, 12‐2~7: UNESCO World heritage review committee convenedreview committee convened


1996, 12‐5: The Atomic Bomb Dome was selected as a World Heritage Siteg1996, 12‐7: The Atomic Bomb Dome was registered as a World Heritage Siteregistered as a World Heritage Site

Hi hi T iHi hi T iHiroshima TourismHiroshima Tourism

Departures and Tourism Expenditure Departures and Tourism Expenditure p pp pOverseas (US$ million)Overseas (US$ million)

Departures Expenditures

1999 2003 1999 2003999 3 999 3

China 9,232 20,222 11,621 16,716HK SAR 4 175 4 428 ‐ ‐HK SAR 4,175 4,428Japan 16,358 13,296 41,213 36,506Macau 117 156 ‐ ‐Macau 117 156S. Korea 4,342 7,086 5,555 10,901Taiwan 6 559 5 923 8 722 7 402Taiwan 6,559 5,923 8,722 7,402

Top 3 Destinations of Asian Countries Top 3 Destinations of Asian Countries pp(2002)(2002)

Origin First Second ThirdHong Kong China Macau Taiwan

(61,879,427) (5,101,437) (435,080)Macau China Hong Kong Thailand

(18,928,763) (2,240,446) (797,976)Taiwan China Hong Kong Macau

(3,660,565) (2,428,553) (1,532,929)Japan USA China S. Korea

(3,627,264) (2,925,553) (2,320,820)S. Korea China PRC Japan Thailand

(2,124,310) (1,271,835) (704,649)

Tourists and Expenditures inTourists and Expenditures inTourists and Expenditures in Tourists and Expenditures in HiroshimaHiroshima

Visitors to Peace Park: 1,355,7000 (2008; 1.3 % UP from 2007)7)Foreign tourists: 185,000 (2008; 4.0 % UP from 2007)from 2007)

P T i i O h PlP T i i O h PlPeace Tourism in Other PlacesPeace Tourism in Other Places

http://www.jeju-photo.co.kr/index_jp.htmlp j j p _jp

Question: Mixing Cruel Memories andQuestion: Mixing Cruel Memories andQuestion: Mixing Cruel Memories and Question: Mixing Cruel Memories and Travel PleasureTravel Pleasure

これでクエスチョれクチンです。ンです。

What Do You Think?What Do You Think?

Conclusion: Mixing Cruel MemoriesConclusion: Mixing Cruel MemoriesConclusion: Mixing Cruel Memories Conclusion: Mixing Cruel Memories and Travel Pleasureand Travel Pleasure

More interests in History: Psychological Distance and Knowledge‐seekingg gNew Types of Travel: Eco tourism, Safari Tourism Desert Tourism Health Tourism Tourism, Desert Tourism, Health Tourism, Plastic Surgery Tourism, etc.Rising Visibility of UNESCO Sites as Travel Destinations: Quality GuaranteeDestinations: Quality GuaranteeProblems of Commercialization of Heritage Sit L i A th ti Ch Sites: Losing Authentic Charms

hcu-commemoration and world heritage 2.pptx[読み取り専用]hyoshida/2009/2009_2/091202.pdfworld...

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