hc of spain 1.pdf

8/11/2019 HC of Spain 1.pdf

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Juan Andrs Garca Martn

Instituto de Humanidades. UniversidadRey Juan Carlos

HISTORY AND CULTURE

OF SPAIN


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Topic 1:Prehistory of the Iberian

Peninsula

a)Stone Age

I. Paleolithic

II. Epipaleolithic

III. Neolithic

IV. Stone Age art

b) The Copper Agec) The Bronze Age


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Neolithic (5.000-2.500 BC)

Neolithic revolution: productive economy, agriculture,settlements and villages, social differences, sedentary habits

Epipaleolithic: transition (10.000-5.000 BC)Beginning of productive economy, Levantine art

Paleolithic

Early (2000000-

80000 BC)

Middle (90000-

35000 BC)

Late (40.000-10.000

BC)


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Homo,

2500000 BC.Ethiopia.

Homo habilis.

1800000 BC

Homo erectus,

1500000

Homo sapiens400000-250000

Homo sapiens

sapiens, Homosapiens

antecessor,Homo

heidelbergensis


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a) Stone AgeI. Paleolithic

The origins of modern humansare in Africa, specifically in the so

called Horn of Africa.

El Aculadero (Cadiz)

Early Paleolithic cultures

2000000-80000 BC

Homo antecessor and Homo erectus

Rolling stones:

Chopper: one face Chopping tool: two faces

2000000-700000 BC

Acheulean:

700000-90000 BC

Small groups: 10-15 people

Cannibalism

Not religious paintings

Hunters: traps and wells, in small groups,

using spears


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First humans in Iberian Peninsula

were located in Atapuerca, 800000BC.

86 bones, that belonged to 6

humans, were found in la Gran

Dolina

Atapuerca paleontological sites, in Burgos.


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13000 bones were found

in La Sima de los Huesos

(1974). They belonged to

pre-neanderthal humans.


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How were the humans at Atapuerca?

H. antecessorwas about 1.6-1.8 m

Brain sizes were roughly 1,000

1,150 cm, smaller than the 1,350 cmaverage of modern humans

1200000-800000 BC

90 kg.

May have practised cannibalism

Homo antecessor, which

means explorer or pioneer,

was quite near to Homo

heidelbergensis (picture on

the top).


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Torralba y Ambrona paleontological

sites, in Soria. 400000 BC


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Middle Paleolithic cultures

90000-35000 BC

Homo neanderthal and Homosapiens

It corresponded withMousterien. They usedLevallois technique

They used caves for a living Instruments are smaller and

improved

Extended use of wooden andbone tools. They knew fire. Asthey had burials, they hadsome consciousness afterdeath

Economy: hunters and nomad

Medium groups: 30-40 people

Up, Mousterian

and Levallois

technique.

Down, hunters


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Homo neanderthalensis area of expansion. 95000 BC


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Homo sapiens, 4000-35000 BC. This subspecie shared physical

features with current humans. He could made complex tools and hehad religious beliefs.


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Upper Paleolithic cultures

35000-10000 BC. Following this periodization:

Aurignician-Perigordian: 35000-19000 BC. It is associated withHomo Sapiens. Two stages:

Chatelperronian

Gravettian

Solutrean: 19000-15000 BC. Typical in Valencia, north of

Catalonia, Cantabria and even some places in Madrid. It is alsofound in Murcia, Mediterranean Andalusia and Lower Tagus(Portugal). Main site in Las Caldas.

Magdalenian: 15000-8000 BC.

They were specialist on stone and bone tools: pin, needles,badge, case, rattles, arrows

Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens

Paintings: black, ochre and brown. Maybe colourant?

They are hunters specialised in big mammals such as deers,

reindeers and goats


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Reindeers, deers and

goats were the favourite

preys of hunters by this

period.


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Up, Cave of Altamira (18000-14000 BC)

is a cave in Spain famous for its cave

paintings featuring drawings and

polychrome rock paintings of wild

mammals and human hands. Up right,

Tito Bustillo cave paintings (Asturias):

22000-10000 BC.

Down right, Parpall Cave (Valencia),

29000-11000 BC.


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This needle and this hook are a very

good example of the new and

complex toolds that are developed

during the Upper Paleolithic.


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II. Mesolithic or Epipaleolithic

Mesolithic

10000-5000 BC

New climate: warmer thanPaleolithic

New and smaller fauna: rabbits,goats, birds, snails

According to new fauna, huntersneeded new and smaller tools: slexand small stone sheets

Settlers became sedentary. Humansstarted to make small communities

Their economic activies werehunting, harvest and fishing (evenseafood)


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A new fauna demanded new tools to

hunt with.Up, mesolithic flint tools; down,

transverse arrowheads mounted on

arrow shaft.


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Mesolithic way of life


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Neolithic home and furniture

III. Neolithic


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Neolithic

Europe: 10000-3000 BC

Three stages: Early Neolithic, Medium Neolithic and LateNeolithic

Iberian Peninsula: 5000-3000 BC

Aeas: Catalonia, Levante, Andalusia and Central plateau

Discovery of agriculture y taming Creation of knitting (cloth), pottery and basketmaking

Productive economy based on agriculture (wheat and barley),ranching and taming of wild animals (wildboar, cow, goat, pig,

rabbit and dog) Not any more nomadism: sedentarian habits

Personal property

Paintings with shells


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Early Neolithic

Mountains near theMediterranean coast

Caves for living

Ranching and cattleover agriculture

Art: Pottery

Main site: Cueva delOr(Alicante)

Cardium (pottery) and Cueva de lOr

as it is and as it could have been


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Medium Neolithic

Catalonia

Burials in necropolis. The

grave is surrounded bystone. There are pottery,small tools, gifts andnecklaces

Small villages with circular

cabins Discovery of mining

Main site: Tintoret de Gav


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Late Neolithic

Across all Europe

Development of

villages of farmers

Megalithicmonuments: collectivetombs such as menhirand dolmen

Main site: Cueva deMenga (Mlaga)

Dolmen delMellizo

(Cceres)

Up, dolmen del Mellizo

(Cceres); Down right,Menga Cave (Mlaga);

menhir da Meada

(Castelo da Vide,

Portugal), is the biggest

menhir in the Iberian

Peninsula.


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IV. Stone Age art

Main paleolithic art sites in Europe.


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Prehistoric art

Cantabria andNorth faade

Animals alone,Ice Age fauna

Naturalism

Polychrome

Mediterraneancoast

Warm weatherfauna

Narrative scenes(harvest or

hunting)

Humanrepresentation


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Paleolithic

On walls or small tools

It appeared around 35000 BC. There are five stages

Topic about: Deer, goat, mammoth, bison

No human representation

Hands

What colours?: Ochre, brown, blackWhere? In caves, it could have a religious meaning

The Cave of Altamira (Cantabria,

16500-14000 BC): the

polychrome Ceiling is the mostimpressive feature of the cave,

depicting a herd of

extinct steppe bison in different

poses, two horses, a large doe,

and possibly a wild boar.


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Post-paleolithic

So called Iberian-Mediterranean basin and cave art

Iberian-Mediterranean:

Where? South of Aragon, North of Castelln,Albarracn, Valencia, Albacete, Murcia andAlicante

When? 6000-1200 BC

How? Painting: red, white and black.Monochrome

What? Human representation, animals andgeometrical lines:

Hunting, harvest, war, agriculture, religious

Cave art Around the whole Iberian Peninsula

More simplified

Religious meaning

Representation of animals and humanPainting of honey

extraction in ParallCaves (Valencia)


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b) The Copper Age

Copper Age or Chalcolithic

The earliest phaseof metallurgy

3000- 2000 BC

social complexity and

stratification extense exchange networks

that would reach to theBaltic (ambar) and Africa(ivory and ostrich-eggs)

Main sites: Los Millares (Almeria)

Vila Nova de Sao Pedro,Villa Nova de Foz Coa andZambujal (Portugal)

Bell beaker culture

Copper Age

Los Millares(Almera)

3.200-2.200 BC

Vila Nova deSao Pedro(Portugal)

2.600-1.300 BC

Bell beakerculture (Tagus,

Catalonia

and Madrid-Ciempozuelos)

2.900-1.800 BC


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Bell beaker culture

What? Specific fashionin someEuropean cultures

Where? Western and CentralEurope

Origin? Maybe Egypt.

Coetaneous to Metaliths What for? Funerary device in

caves or emerging villages

Funerary trousseau: bell beakerglass, pot and bowl. Besides,

arrows, spears and bracelet. Three subgroups:

Continental: Tagus-Douro

Catalonia

Maritime (Portugal)

The bell beaker

culture accross

Europe


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)


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c) Bronze Age

Bronze = copper + tin

It begins around 2000 BC

Where? Regionalization: South East-El Argar, Valencia, Region of LaMancha, North West-Atlantic region and Balearic Islands

Economy: agriculture more important, hunting less and ranching.Development of metallurgy and mining

Main site: El Argar (Almeria) 1700-1300 BC

Evolution of

Bronze Age

in Iberian

Peninsula


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Bronze Age1800-1000-750 BC

El ArgarAlmeria, Granada

and Murcia

Bronze from LaMancha

Albacete andCiudad Real

Talayots Balearic Islands

UrnfieldsCatalonia (from

Europe)


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During El Argar

culture, there are

not more

collective burials,like in the third

millennium. From

then on, there

are individual

graves.


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Talayots or deffensive

towers, taulas and navetas in

Balearic Islands and urnfields

in Catalonia


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Ms informacin en:

Instituto de Humanidades

Universidad Rey Juan Carlos

Campus de Viclvaro

Paseo de Artilleros S/N

Despachos 081 y 091

28032, Madridwww.urjc.es/ih | Facebook | Twitter

hc of spain 1.pdf

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