hb 17-1996 metals and alloys - standard terminology and nomenclature

7/31/2019 HB 17-1996 Metals and Alloys - Standard Terminology and Nomenclature

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SAA HB171996

Australian Standard

Metals and alloysStandardterminology and nomenclature

PUBLISHED BY STANDARDS AUSTRALIA(STANDARDS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA)1 THE CRESCENT, HOMEBUSH, NSW 2140

ISBN 0 7337 0600 2


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SAA HB17 1996 2

INTRODUCTION

This Handbook is a revision of the 1989 edition of SAA HB17 and is intended to provide

engineers, metallurgists, material technologists, students and others with a broad and generalknowledge of the f ollowing:

(a) Description of metals and alloys.

(b) Metal products and their common classification in terms of size and shape.

(c) Nomenclature for designating metals and alloys.

(d) Manufacturing practices, including heat treatment, forming, machining, joining,finishing and testing.

Emphasis is placed on standard terminology and nomenclature, and references to AustralianStandards are included, as appropriate, together with references to Standards prepared by the

International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the United Kingdom, the United States

of America, the Federal Republic of Germany and Japan.This revision has been prepared by Standards Australia in collaboration with the Institute of

Metals and Materials Australasia Ltd. It was required to upgrade the definitions and to bringthe referenced documents up-to-date.

The Standards from which the extracts are taken are subject to amendment and periodical

review; therefore, at some time in the future a particular extract may become out of date.

NOTE: A list of Standards from which these extracts are taken is included in Appendix A.

The views of the users of this Handbook will be welcomed by Standards Australiaparticularly on the scope of the subjects it covers. These views will be taken into

consideration when the Handbook is next revised.

Copyright STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

Users of Standards are r eminded that copyright subsists in all Standards Australia publications and software. Except where theCopyright Act allows and except where provided for below no publications or software produced by Standards Australia may bereproduced, stored in a retrieval system in any form or transmitted by any means without prior permission in writing fromStandards Australia. Permission may be conditional on an appropriate r oyalty payment. Requests for permission and information oncommercial software royalties should be directed to the head office of Standards Australia.

Standards Australia will permit up to 10 percent of the technical content pages of a Standard to be copied for use exclusivelyin-house by purchasers of the Standard without payment of a royalty or advice to Standards Australia.

Standards Australia will also permit the inclusion of its copyright material in computer software programs for no royaltypayment provided such programs are used exclusively in-house by the creators of the programs.

Care should be taken to ensure that material used is from the current edition of the Standard and that it is updated whenever theStandard is amended or r evised. The number and date of the Standard should t herefore be clearly i dentified.

The use of material in print form or in computer software programs to be used commercially, with or without payment, or incommercial contracts is subject to the payment of a royalty. This policy may be varied by Standards Australia at any time.


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3 SAA HB17 1996

CONTENTS

Page

CHAPTER 1 COMMON NAMES OF METALS AND ALLOYS

1. 1 IN TRO DUC TI ON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1. 2 ST EEL S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1. 3 CA ST IR ON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

1.4 COPPER AND COPPER ALLOYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

1.5 MISCELLANEOUS METALS AND ALLOYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

CHAPTER 2 METAL PRODUCTION

2.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

2.2 BASIC OXYGEN STEELMAKING (BOS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

2.3 BAYER PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

2.4 BESSEMER PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192.5 BETTS PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

2.6 BLAST FURNACE PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

2.7 CONSUMABLE ELECTRODE REMELTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

2.8 CUPELLATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

2. 9 DO W P ROC ESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

2.10 DUPLEXING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

2.11 ELECTRIC PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

2.12 ELECTROSLAG REMELTING (ESR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

2.13 HALL PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

2.14 HANSGIRG PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

2.15 HOOPES PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202.16 KROLL PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

2.17 MOND PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

2.18 OPEN HEARTH PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

2.19 PARKES PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

2.20 PATTINSON PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

2.21 THOMAS PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

2.22 VACUUM ARC REMELTING (VAR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

2.23 VACUUM DEGASSING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

2.24 VACUUM INDUCTION MELTING (VIM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

2.25 ZONE REFINING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

CHAPTER 3 PRODUCT FORMS

3.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

3. 2 BA R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

3. 3 FO I L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

3. 4 HO LLO W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

3. 5 PL ATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

3. 6 RO D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

3. 7 SE CTI ON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

3. 8 SH EET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

3. 9 SO LID SH APE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

3.10 STRIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

3.11 TUBE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

3.12 WIRE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

3.13 OTHER STEEL INDUSTRY PRODUCTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29


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CHAPTER 4 STEEL DESIGNATION WROUGHT STEELS

4.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

4.2 DEGREE OF DEOXIDATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

4.3 FOUR-DIGIT SERIES DESIGNATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

4.4 THREE-DIGIT SERIES DESIGNATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

4.5 SPECIAL DESIGNATION SYSTEMS FOR WROUGHT STEELS . . . . . . . 33

4.6 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD WROUGHT STEEL DESIGNATION . . . . 36

4.7 BRITISH STANDARD WROUGHT STEEL DESIGNATION . . . . . . . . . . . 38

4.8 AMERICAN STANDARD WROUGHT STEEL DESIGNATION . . . . . . . . 40

4.9 GERMAN STANDARD WROUGHT STEEL DESIGNATION . . . . . . . . . . 40

4.10 JAPANESE STANDARD WROUGHT STEEL DESIGNATION . . . . . . . . . 43

CHAPTER 5 STEEL DESIGNATION TOOLSTEELS

5.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

5.2 AUSTRALIAN STANDARD TOOL STEEL DESIGNATION . . . . . . . . . . . 46

5.3 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TOOL STEEL DESIGNATION . . . . . . . . 46

5.4 BRITISH STANDARD TOOL STEEL DESIGNATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

5.5 AMERICAN STANDARD TOOL STEEL DESIGNATION . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

5.6 JAPANESE STANDARD TOOL STEEL DESIGNATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

CHAPTER 6 STEEL DESIGNATION CAST STEELS

6.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

6.2 AUSTRALIAN STANDARD CAST STEEL DESIGNATION . . . . . . . . . . . 49

6.3 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD CAST STEEL DESIGNATION . . . . . . . . 49

6.4 BRITISH STANDARD CAST STEEL DESIGNATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

6.5 AMERICAN STANDARD CAST STEEL DESIGNATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

6.6 GERMAN STANDARD CAST STEEL DESIGNATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

6.7 JAPANESE STANDARD CAST STEEL DESIGNATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

CHAPTER 7 CAST IRON DESIGNATION

7.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

7.2 AUSTRALIAN STANDARD CAST IRON DESIGNATION . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

7.3 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD CAST IRON DESIGNATION . . . . . . . . . 55

7.4 BRITISH STANDARD CAST IRON DESIGNATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

7.5 AMERICAN STANDARD CAST IRON DESIGNATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

7.6 GERMAN STANDARD CAST IRON DESIGNATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

7.7 JAPANESE STANDARD CAST IRON DESIGNATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

CHAPTER 8 COPPER AND COPPER ALLOY DESIGNATION

8.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

8.2 COPPER REFINERY PRODUCTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

8.3 WROUGHT COPPER AND COPPER ALLOYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

8.4 CAST COPPER AND COPPER ALLOYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

CHAPTER 9 ALUMINIUM AND ALUMINIUM ALLOY DESIGNATION

9.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

9.2 WROUGHT ALUMINIUM AND ALUMINIUM ALLOYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

9.3 CAST ALUMINIUM AND ALUMINIUM ALLOYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

CHAPTER 10 ZINC AND ZINC ALLOY DESIGNATION10.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

10 .2 ZI NC IN GO T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

10.3 ZINC ALLOY CASTINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68


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CHAPTER 11 LEAD AND LEAD ALLOY DESIGNATION

11.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

11.2 AUSTRALIAN STANDARD DESIGNATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

11.3 BRITISH STANDARD DESIGNATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

11.4 AMERICAN STANDARD DESIGNATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7111.5 GERMAN STANDARD DESIGNATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

11.6 JAPANESE STANDARD DESIGNATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

CHAPTER 12 TEMPER NOMENCLATURE FOR STEELS

12.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72



12.4 GERMAN STANDARD DESIGNATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73


CHAPTER 13 TEMPER NOMENCLATURE FOR COPPER AND COPPER ALLOYS13.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75


13.3 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD DESIGNATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75


13.5 AMERICAN STANDARD DESIGNATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77



CHAPTER 14 TEMPER NOMENCLATURE FOR ALUMINIUM AND

ALUMINIUM ALLOYS

14.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

14.2 AUSTRALIAN STANDARD DESIGNATION FOR WROUGHT ALLOYS . 7914.3 AUSTRALIAN STANDARD DESIGNATION FOR CAST ALLOYS . . . . . 82

14.4 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD DESIGNATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83




CHAPTER 15 HEAT TREATMENT

15.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

15 .2 TE RMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

CHAPTER 16 METAL FORMING16.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

16.2 CASTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

16.3 MECHANICAL WORKING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

16.4 MACHINING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

16.5 POWDER METALLURGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

16.6 ELECTROFORMING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

CHAPTER 17 JOINING OF METALS

17.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

17.2 BRAZING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

17.3 BRAZE WELDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

17.4 SOLDERING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11717.5 WELDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

17.6 WELDING TERMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129


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CHAPTER 18 METAL FINISHING

18.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

18.2 CORROSION RESISTANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

18.3 SIGNIFICANT SURFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

18.4 FINISHES FOR IRON AND STEEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13218.5 FINISHES FOR NON-FERROUS METALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

18.6 SURFACE PREPARATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

18.7 MECHANICAL FINISHING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

18.8 METALLIC COATINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

18.9 CONVERSION COATINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

CHAPTER 19 TESTING AND INSPECTION

19.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

19.2 MECHANICAL TESTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

19.3 NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

19.4 MISCELLANEOUS TESTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14519.5 TESTS FOR METAL FINISHING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

19.6 CHEMICAL ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

APPENDIX A REFERENCED DOCUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

Originated as SAA HB17 1989.

Second edition 1996.


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7 SAA HB17 1996

C H A P T E R 1

C O M M O N N A M E S O F M E T A L S A N D A L L O Y S

1.1 INTRODUCTION Metals are given names for a large number of reasons:historical (brass mentioned in the Bible); some physical property (stainless steel);

specific application (spring steel); general end use (naval brass, admiralty gunmetal);named after the inventor (Muntz metal invented by G. F. Muntz 1932); appearance

(gilding metal); method of production (capped steel); generic (steel).

This Chapter lists and defines the metals which are used commercially in A ustralia.

1. 2 S TEELS

1.2.1 General Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon, generally containing not more than

1.3% carbon, although a limited number of steels, e.g. chromium tool steels, have acarbon content greater than 2%.

Steels are classifies as

(a) unalloyed steels; and

(b) alloy steels.

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has standardized a classification

of steels into unalloyed and alloy steels, based on chemical composition, in ISO 4948/1.

Table 1.1 is an extract from this Standard.

From the different values given for the chemical composition of the steel, the following is

taken into consideration for classifying the steel as alloy or unalloyed:

(a) Where a minimum value or range is specified f or the ladle analysis of the elements

given in the table, the minimum value is taken for classification.(b) Where the manganese content of the ladle analysis is specified as a maximum only,

the maximum value is taken for classification.

(c) Where for elements other than manganese a maximum value only is specified forthe ladle analysis, a value of 0.7 times this maximum is taken for classification.

TA BLE 1 .1

UNALLOYED/ALLOY STEEL BOUNDARY

Constituent Percent Constituent Percent

Aluminium

BoronBismuth

0.10

0.00080.10

Selenium

SiliconTellurium

0.10

0.500.10

Chromium

Cobalt

Copper

0.30

0.10

0.40

Titanium

Tungsten

Vanadium

0.05

0.10

0.10

Manganese

Molybdenum

Nickel

1.65*

0.08

0.30

Zirconium

Lanthanides (each)

Other specified elements

(except S, P, C and N)

0.05

0.05

0.05

Niobium

Lead

0.06

0.40

* If only a maximum is specified, the boundary is set at 1.80%.

COPYRIGHT


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HB 17-1996, Metals and alloys - Standardterminology and nomenclature
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hb 17-1996 metals and alloys - standard terminology and nomenclature

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