hazardous materials: recognizing and identifying the … · · 2013-10-04• describe apparatuses...

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Hazardous

Materials:

Recognizing

and and

Identifying the

Hazards

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Objectives (1 of 4)

• Describe occupancies that may contain

hazardous materials.

• Describe how your senses can be used to • Describe how your senses can be used to

detect the presence of hazardous

materials.

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Objectives (2 of 4)

• Describe specific containers and container

shapes that might indicate hazardous

materials.materials.

• Describe tanks that could hold hazardous

materials.

• Describe apparatuses that can transport


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Objectives (3 of 4)

• Describe how to identify the product,

owner, and emergency telephone number

on a pipeline marker.on a pipeline marker.

• Describe how to identify a placard and

label.

• Describe how to use the North American

Emergency Response Guidebook

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Objectives (4 of 4)

• Describe the NFPA 704 hazard

identification system.

• Describe the material safety data sheets • Describe the material safety data sheets

(MSDS) and shipping papers.

• Describe CHEMTREC.

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Introduction (1 of 2)

• Scene size-up is important in any

emergency.

– Even more vital in a hazardous materials – Even more vital in a hazardous materials incident

– Situational awareness

– Ability to read the scene is a critical skill.

– Must be able to identify sensory clues to be useful and safe.

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Introduction (2 of 2)

• May be possible to identify a hazardous

materials incident based on:

– Information from the dispatcher – Information from the dispatcher

– Knowledge of response area

– Visual, auditory, or olfactory clues

• Standard operating procedures (SOPs)

and your training level should guide any

initial actions.

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Hazardous Material

• Any material that poses an unreasonable

risk of damage or injury to persons,

property, or the environment if it is not property, or the environment if it is not

properly controlled during handling,

storage, manufacture, processing,

packaging, use and disposal, or

transportation

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Recognizing a Hazardous

Materials Incident• Scan the scene and interpret visual clues.

– Dead animals near the release

– Discolored pavement – Discolored pavement

– Dead grass

– Visible vapors or puddles

– Identifying labels

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Occupancy and Location (1 of 2)

• Can occur almost anywhere

• Hazardous materials • Hazardous materials are stored in:

– Warehouses

– Hospitals

– Industrial occupancies

– Other locations

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Occupancy and Location (2 of 2)

• Location and type of occupancy are two

indicators of the presence of hazardous

materials materials

– Facilities that pose a significant threat become a part of a comprehensive community plan

– Alert the fire departments to the need for a preincident plan for the site.

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Senses

• Another way to detect the presence of

hazardous materials

• Must be done carefully to avoid exposure • Must be done carefully to avoid exposure

• Getting close enough may expose you.

• Clues that are seen or heard provide

warning information from a distance,

enabling you to take precautionary steps.

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Containers

• Any vessel or receptacle that holds

material including storage vessels,

pipelines, and packagingpipelines, and packaging

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Container Characteristics

• Container type, size, and material provide

important clues about the nature of the

substance inside. substance inside.

• Do not rely solely on the type of container

when making a determination about


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Container Types

• Steel or polyethylene plastic drums

• Bags

• Above-ground and underground storage tanks• Bags

• High-pressure gas cylinders

• Railroad tank cars

• Plastic buckets

• Truck tankers

• Pipelines

• Dewar containers

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Container Volume (1 of 5)

• Bulk storage containers

– Includes fixed tanks, large transportation tankers, totes, and intermodal tanks tankers, totes, and intermodal tanks

– Large-volume containers

• Liquids: More than 119 gallons

• Solids: More than 882 pounds

• Gases: More than 882 pounds

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• Bulk storage containers found in

occupancies that need to store large

quantities of a chemical quantities of a chemical

• Secondary containment

– An engineered method to control spilled or released product if the main containment vessel fails

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• Large-volume horizontal tanks

• Above-ground storage tanks (ASTs)

• Underground storage tanks (USTs) • Underground storage tanks (USTs)

– Can hold a few hundred gallons to several thousand gallons of product

– Usually made of aluminum, steel, or plastic

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• USTs and ASTs can be pressurized and

nonpressurized.

– Difficult to relieve internal pressure on these – Difficult to relieve internal pressure on these tanks

– Dangerous when exposed to fire

– Typically hold flammable or combustible materials

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• Pressurized horizontal tanks have rounded

ends and large vents or pressure-relief

stacks. stacks.

– Most above-ground pressurized tanks are liquid propane and liquid ammonia tanks.

– Can hold a few hundred gallons to several thousand gallons

– Contain small vapor space

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Tote

• Portable plastic tanks surrounded by a

stainless steel web that adds both

structural stability and protection structural stability and protection

• Can hold a few hundred gallons of product

and may contain any type of chemical

• Shipping and storing can be hazardous.

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Intermodal Tanks

• Shipping and storage vehicles

• Hold 5000–6000 gallons of product gallons of product

• Pressurized or nonpressurized

• Surrounded by or part of a boxlike steel framework

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Intermodal Tanks:

IM-101• Have a 6000-gal capacity

• Internal working pressures 25–100 psi

• Typically carry mild corrosives, food-grade • Typically carry mild corrosives, food-grade

products, and flammable liquids

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Intermodal Tanks:

IM-102• Have a 6000-gal capacity

• Internal working pressures 14–30 psi

• Primarily carry flammable liquids and • Primarily carry flammable liquids and

corrosives

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Intermodal Tanks:

IMO Type 5• High-pressure vessels with internal

pressures of several hundred psi

• Carry liquefied gases like propane and • Carry liquefied gases like propane and

butane

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Nonbulk Storage Vessels

• Drums

• Bags

• Carboys• Carboys

• Compressed gas cylinders

• Cryogenic containers

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Drums

• Barrel-like container

• Used to store a wide variety of substances variety of substances

• Material type depends on use.

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Drum Openings

• Closed-head drums have a permanently

attached lid with one or more small

openings called bungs. openings called bungs.

– Usually have one 2" bung and one ¾" bung

• Open-head drum

– Removable lid fastened to the drum with a ring

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Bags

• Used to store solids and powders

• Plastic, paper, or • Plastic, paper, or plastic-lined paper

• Different sizes and weights

• Pesticide bags must be labeled with specific information.

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Pesticide Bags Warning Label

Information (1 of 2)

• Name of product

• Statement of ingredients

• Total amount of product in container• Total amount of product in container

• Manufacturer’s name and address

• EPA registration number

• Signal words

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Pesticide Bags Warning Label

Information (2 of 2)

• Practical first aid treatment description

• Directions for use

• Agricultural use requirements• Agricultural use requirements

• Precautionary statements

• Storage and disposal information

• Classification statement

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Carboys (1 of 2)

• Transport and store some corrosives and other types of chemicalschemicals

• Made of glass, plastic, or steel

• Holds 5-gal to 15-gal of product

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Carboys (2 of 2)

• Often have a protective wood or fiberglass

box to help prevent breakage

• Nitric, sulfuric, and other strong acids are • Nitric, sulfuric, and other strong acids are

transported and stored in thick glass

carboys protected by a wooden or foam

crate to shield the glass container

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Cylinders (1 of 3)

• Several types of cylinders are used to hold

liquids and gases.

– Uninsulated compressed gas cylinders – Uninsulated compressed gas cylinders

• Used to store gases such as nitrogen, argon,

helium, and oxygen

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Cylinders (2 of 3)

• Oxygen cylinder

– Has a pressure reading of 2000 psi

• Very large compressed gas cylinders • Very large compressed gas cylinders

found at a fixed facility

– May have pressure readings of 5000 psi or greater

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Cylinders (3 of 3)

• High pressures can be dangerous.

• Rapid release of compressed gas turns

the cylinder into a missile. the cylinder into a missile.

• If heated rapidly, it could explode.

• Compressed gas cylinders have pressure-

relief valves.

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Low-Pressure Dewar

• Designed to hold cryogens

– Gaseous substances

that have been chilled that have been chilled

until they liquefy

– Oxygen, helium,

hydrogen, argon, and

nitrogen

– Complex process

turns them into liquids.

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Cryogens

• Pose a substantial threat if the Dewar fails

to maintain the low temperature

• Have large expansion ratios,• Have large expansion ratios,

– Has an expansion ratio of approximately 750 to 1

– Usually have two pressure-relief devices

• A pressure-relief valve

• Frangible (easily broken) disk

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Transporting Hazardous

Materials• Highway transportation of hazardous

materials is the most common method

over land. over land.

• Vehicles often carry the shipments from

the station, airport, or dock to the factory

or plant.

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MC-306 Flammable Liquid

Tanker (1 of 2)

• Carries gasoline or other flammable and combustible materials

• Oval-shaped tank pulled by a diesel tractor

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MC-306 Flammable Liquid

Tanker (2 of 2)

• Carries between 6000 to 10,000 gal

• Nonpressurized

• Usually made of aluminum • Usually made of aluminum

• Off-loaded through valves at the bottom of

the tank

• Common highway sight

• Reliable way to transport chemicals

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MC-307 Chemical Hauler

• Round or horseshoe-shaped tank

• Carries 6000 to 7000 • Carries 6000 to 7000 gal

• Flammable liquids, mild corrosives, and poisons

• May have a rubber lining

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MC-312 Corrosives Tanker

• Sulfuric and nitric acids and other corrosive substances

• Smaller diameter

• Reinforcing rings

• Operates at approximately 75 psi

• Holds 6000 gal

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MC-331 Pressure Cargo

Tanker • Carries materials like

ammonia, propane, and butane

• Rounded ends.

• Operates at approximately 300 psi

• Significant explosion hazard

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MC-338 Cryogenic Tanker

• Operates like the Dewar containers

• Carries similar • Carries similar substances

• Tank insulation

• Boxlike structure

• Special training to operate valves

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Tube Trailers (1 of 2)

• Carry compressed gases

• Several individual • Several individual cylinders banded together and affixed to a trailer

• Large-volume cylinders operate at 3000 psi to 5000 psi

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Tube Trailers (2 of 2)

• One trailer may carry several different

gases in individual tubes.

• Valve control box• Valve control box

• Each cylinder has its own relief valve.

• Can frequently be seen at construction

sites or at facilities that use great

quantities of these materials

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Dry Bulk Cargo Tanks

• Powders, pellets, fertilizers, or grain

• Not pressurized • Not pressurized

• May use pressure to off-load product

• Generally V-shaped with rounded sides

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Railroad Transportation

• Railroads move almost 2 million carloads

of freight per year.

• Relatively few hazardous materials • Relatively few hazardous materials

incidents occur.

• Carry volumes up to 30,000 gal

• Hazardous materials incidents involving

railroad transportation are dangerous.

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Railroad Tank Cars

• Three basic railcar configurations – Nonpressurized

– Pressurized – Pressurized

– Special use

• Usually labeled with the volume and maximum working pressure inside the tank

• Dedicated haulers often have the chemical name clearly visible.

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Nonpressurized Railcars

• Industrial chemicals and consumer products

• Easily identified by looking at the top of the car

• Have visible valves and piping without a dome cover

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Pressurized Railcars

• Enclosed dome on the top of the railcar

• Propane, ammonia, ethylene oxide, and ethylene oxide, and chlorine

• Internal working pressures ranging from 100 to 500 psi

• Relief valves

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Special Use Railcars (1 of 2)

• Includes box cars, flat cars, cryogenic corrosive tank cars, and high-pressure and high-pressure compressed gas tube cars

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Special Use Railcars (2 of 2)

• The hazard will be unique to the particular

railcar and its contents.

• Do not assume that only the chemical tank • Do not assume that only the chemical tank

cars pose a threat.

• Until you know what is in a particular car,

assume it is a hazardous situation.

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Pipelines (1 of 4)

• Rarely involved in emergencies

• Large-diameter • Large-diameter pipelines transport natural gas, gasoline, diesel fuel, and other products from delivery terminals to distribution facilities.

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Pipelines (2 of 4)

• Often buried underground

• Pipeline right of way

– An area, patch, or roadway that extends a – An area, patch, or roadway that extends a certain number of feet on either side of the pipe itself

– Maintained by the company that owns the pipeline

– Responsible for placing warning signs

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Pipelines (3 of 4)

• Pipeline warning signs include:

– Warning symbol

– Pipeline owner’s name – Pipeline owner’s name

– Emergency contact phone number

• Complicated events that require specially

trained responders

• Contact the owner immediately.

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Pipelines (4 of 4)

• Information about the pipe’s contents and

owner is also found at the vent pipes.

– Inverted J-shaped tubes – Inverted J-shaped tubes

– Provide pressure relief or natural venting during maintenance and repairs.

– Vent pipes are clearly marked and are approximately 3' above the ground.

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DOT System

• Characterized by a system of labels and

placards

• Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG) • Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG)

– Also a part of the system

– Offers a certain amount of guidance for fire fighters operating at a hazardous materials incident

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Placards

• Diamond-shaped indicators

• Measures 10 ¾” on a • Measures 10 ¾” on a side

• Must be displayed on all four sides of vehicle carrying hazardous materials

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Labels

• Smaller version of placards

• 4" diamond-shaped indicators

• Used on the four sides• Used on the four sides

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Placards and Labels

• Intended to give fire fighters a general idea

of the hazard inside a particular container

• Placard may identify the broad hazard • Placard may identify the broad hazard

class that a tanker contains.

• Labels on a book inside a delivery truck

relate only to the potential hazard inside

that package.

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DOT Response Guidebook

(ERG)• Can be used during the initial phase of the

hazardous materials incident

• Nine basic hazard classes or families • Nine basic hazard classes or families

– Each exhibits similar properties.

– “Dangerous” placard indicates more than one hazard class is contained in the same load.

– DOT system is a broad-spectrum look at chemical hazards.

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Nine Chemical Families

• Class 1—Explosives

• Class 2—Gases

• Class 3—Flammable

• Class 6—Poisons

• Class 7—Radioactive materials • Class 3—Flammable

combustible liquids

• Class 4—Flammable solids

• Class 5—Oxidizers

materials

• Class 8—Corrosives

• Class 9—Other regulated materials (ORM)

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Other Considerations

• DOT system does not require that all

chemical shipments be marked with

placards or labels. placards or labels.

• In most cases, the package or tank must

contain a certain amount of hazardous

material before a placard is required.

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Using the ERG

• ERG is a preliminary action guide.

• Useful during the initial 10 to 15 minutes of

an incident an incident

– Cannot be used to create a comprehensive action plan

• Divided into four sections: yellow, blue,

orange, green

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Yellow Section

• Chemicals are listed in this section

numerically by their four-digit UN number.

• Use when the UN number is known or can • Use when the UN number is known or can

be identified.

• Entries include the name of the chemical

and the emergency action guide number.

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Blue Section

• Chemicals are listed alphabetically by

name.

• Entry will include the emergency action • Entry will include the emergency action

guide number and the identification

number.

• The same information, organized

differently, is in both the blue and yellow

sections.

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Orange Section

• Contains the emergency action guides

• Guide numbers are organized by general

hazard class and indicate what basic hazard class and indicate what basic

emergency actions should be taken,

based on hazard class.

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Green Section

• Organized numerically by UN identification

number and provides the initial isolation

distances for certain materials distances for certain materials

• Chemicals included in this section are

highlighted in the blue or yellow sections.

• Toxic inhalation hazardous materials (TIH)

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NFPA 704 System (1 of 5)

• Designed for fixed facility use

• Found on the outside • Found on the outside of buildings, on doorways to chemical storage areas, and on fixed storage tanks

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• Fire fighters can use the NFPA diamonds

to determine a course of action at a

hazardous material incident. hazardous material incident.

• NFPA 704 hazard identification system

uses a diamond-shaped symbol of any

size.

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• Broken into four smaller diamonds, each

representing a property or characteristic

– Blue diamond indicates the health hazard – Blue diamond indicates the health hazard posed.

– Red diamond indicates flammability.

– Yellow diamond indicates reactivity.

– White diamond is used for special symbols and handling instructions.

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• Blue, red, and yellow diamonds each

contain a numerical rating of 0–4.

– 0 is the least hazardous. – 0 is the least hazardous.

– 4 is the most hazardous.

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• White quadrant will not have a number but

may contain special symbols.

– Burning O symbolizes oxidizing capability. – Burning O symbolizes oxidizing capability.

– Three-bladed fan symbolizes radioactivity.

– A W with a slash through it symbolizes water reactive.

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HMIS Marking

• Program for communication of chemical

use and hazards to employees

• Established in 1983 by OSHA• Established in 1983 by OSHA

• Uses diamonds similar to NFPA 704

• Voluntary program

• Intended for employee of a facility

• Not a response information tool

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Military Hazardous

Materials/WMD Markings (1 of 2)

• The military has their own marking system.

– Division 1—Considered mass detonation and are identified by a number 1 printed inside an are identified by a number 1 printed inside an orange octagon.

– Division 2–Have explosion-with-fragment hazards and are identified by a number 2 printed inside an orange X.

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Military Hazardous

Materials/WMD Markings (2 of 2)

• The military has their own marking system.

– Division 3—Mass fire hazards; identified by a number 3 printed inside an inverted orange number 3 printed inside an inverted orange triangle.

– Division 4—Moderate fire hazards; identified by a number 4 printed inside an orange diamond.

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Other Reference Sources

• Material safety data sheets (MSDS)

• Shipping papers

• CHEMTREC• CHEMTREC

• National Response Center

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MSDS (1 of 4)

• Provides basic information about:

– The chemical makeup of a substance

– The potential hazards it presents– The potential hazards it presents

– Appropriate first aid in the event of an exposure

– Other pertinent data for safe handling of the material

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MSDS (2 of 4)

• Generally an MSDS will include:

– Physical and chemical characteristics

– Physical hazards of the material – Physical hazards of the material

– Health hazards of the material

– Signs and symptoms of exposure

– Routes of entry

– Permissible exposure limits

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MSDS (3 of 4)

• Generally an MSDS will include:

– Responsible party contact

– Precautions for safe handling – Precautions for safe handling

– Applicable control measures, including personal protective equipment

– Emergency and first-aid procedures

– Appropriate waste disposal

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MSDS (4 of 4)

• When responding to a hazardous

materials incident at a fixed facility, ask the

site manager for an MSDS for spilled site manager for an MSDS for spilled

material.

• All facilities are required by law to have an

MSDS on file.

• MSDS is not a definitive response tool, but

it is a piece of the puzzle.

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Shipping Papers

• Are required whenever materials are

transported from one place to another

• Names and addresses of the shipper and • Names and addresses of the shipper and

the receiver

• Identify the material being shipped

• Specify the quantity and weight of each

part of the shipment

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Bills of Lading

• Shipping papers for road and highway

transportation

• Located in the cab of the vehicle • Located in the cab of the vehicle

• Required by law to have a set of shipping

papers

• May have additional information about a

hazardous substance

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Packaging Group Designation (1 of 2)

• Another way used by shippers to identify

special handling requirements or hazards

• Some DOT hazard classes require • Some DOT hazard classes require

shippers to assign packaging groups

based on the flash point and toxicity.

• May signal that the material poses a

greater hazard

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Packaging Group Designation (2 of 2)

• Packaging group I: high danger

• Packaging group II: medium danger

• Packaging group III: minor danger • Packaging group III: minor danger

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Waybills

• Shipping papers for railroad transportation

• List of every car on the train is called a

consist. consist.

• Conductor, engineer, or a designated

member of the train crew will have a copy

of both the waybill and the consist.

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Dangerous Cargo Manifest

• Shipping papers on a marine vessel

• Generally kept in a tubelike container in

the wheelhouse in the custody of the the wheelhouse in the custody of the

captain or master

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Air Bill

• Shipping paper for air transport

• Kept in the cockpit and is the pilot’s

responsibility responsibility

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Chemical Transportation

Emergency Center• Located in Arlington, VA

• Established by the Chemical

Manufacturer’s AssociationManufacturer’s Association

• Clearinghouse of emergency response

information

• Phone number 1-800-424-9300

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Calling CHEMTREC (1 of 2)

• Have the following information ready:

– Name of the caller and call back telephone number number

– Location of the actual incident or problem

– Shipper or manufacturer of chemical (if known)

– Container type

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Calling CHEMTREC (2 of 2)

• Information (continued)

– Rail car or vehicle markings or numbers

– Shipping carrier’s name – Shipping carrier’s name

– Recipient of material

– Local conditions and exact description of the situation

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CHEMTREC

• Free service that connects fire fighters

with chemical manufacturers, chemists,

and other product specialistsand other product specialists

• Canadian equivalent of CHEMTREC is

known as CANUTEC.

• Mexican equivalent is SETIQ.

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National Response Center

• Operated by the U.S. Coast Guard

• Central notification point

• After notification NRC will contact • After notification NRC will contact

necessary government agencies.

• NRC must be notified if a spill possibly

may enter a waterway.

• Phone number 1-800-424-8802

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Radiation (1 of 4)

• You must be able to recognize where

radioactive materials might be

encountered. encountered.

• Typical industries that routinely use

radioactive materials include:

– Food testing labs, hospitals, medical research centers, biotechnology facilities, construction sites

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Radiation (2 of 4)

• Often there will be signs or placards that

indicate the presence of radioactive

substances.substances.

• If you suspect a radiation incident at a

fixed facility, ask for the radiation safety

officer of the facility.

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Radiation (3 of 4)

• If the incident is not at a fixed site, the

presence of radiation may never be

apparent. apparent.

• Radioactive isotopes are not detected by

the senses.

• Call a hazardous materials team.

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Radiation (4 of 4)

• Significant incidents involving radiation are

few and far between.

• Most incidents you may encounter will • Most incidents you may encounter will

involve low-level radioactive sources and

can be handled safely.

• These low-level sources are typically

found in Type A packaging.

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Type A Packaging

• Inner containment vessel and packaging materials

• Designed to protect the contents from damage during normal shipping and handling

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Type B Packaging (1 of 2)

• More dangerous radioactive sources

• Contains materials • Contains materials such as spent radioactive waste and other high-level emitters

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Type B Packaging (2 of 2)

• Designed to protect the contents from

greater exposure

• Amount of protection is based on the • Amount of protection is based on the

potential severity of the hazard.

• Includes small drums and heavily shielded

casks weighing more than 100 metric tons

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Potential Terrorist Incident

• The difference between a chemical and a

biological incident.

– The major difference is the speed of onset of – The major difference is the speed of onset of the health effects.

• Chemical incidents are typically characterized by

rapid onset

• Biological incidents typically have a delayed onset

of symptoms.

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Chemical Agents (1 of 2)

• Terrorist activities involving chemical

agents may vary dependent on the

complexity of the operation.complexity of the operation.

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Chemical Agents (2 of 2)

• Some clues to a terrorist activity involving

chemical agents may include:

– Protective equipment, chemical containers, – Protective equipment, chemical containers, and glass containers

– Odors

– Residual chemicals in the area

– Chemistry books or other reference materials

– Signs of exposure

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Biological Agents

• Indicators may include:

– Production or containment equipment in the areaarea

– Microbiology or biology textbooks may be present.

– Personal protective equipment

– Abandoned spray devices


29

Radiological Agents

• Difficult to access

• Indicators may be:

– Production or containment equipment – Production or containment equipment

– Equipment used for detonation of the radioactive source

– Personal protective equipment

– Radiation monitoring equipment


29

Illicit Laboratories (1 of 2)

• There are many indicators of criminal or terrorist activities involving illicit labs.

• Look for signs of:• Look for signs of:– Terrorist training manuals

– Suspicious personnel working around the area

– Surveillance materials

– Weapon and nonweapon supplies.

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Illicit Laboratories (2 of 2)

• Drug labs are the most common found.

– Typically primitive

– Everyday items modified to produce drugs– Everyday items modified to produce drugs

– Large quantities of cold tablets, acid, paint thinner, drain cleaner, and other such products.

– Should be considered as significant hazardous materials scenes.

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Explosives

• Indicators fit into four main categories:

– Protective equipment

– Production and containment materials– Production and containment materials

– Explosive materials

– Support materials

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Secondary Devices

• Indicators include:

– Trip devices

– Common concealment containers– Common concealment containers

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Summary (1 of 3)

• Fire fighters should use all available

resources to provide a greater degree of

safety and improve their ability to mitigate safety and improve their ability to mitigate

the incident.

• Many resources are readily available and

will provide initial guidance for handling

the incident.

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Summary (2 of 3)

• Fire fighters should know where to obtain

this initial information and how best to use

it.it.

• Fire fighters should know how to obtain

MSDS from various sources, including

their department, the scene of the incident

itself, or the manufacturer of the material.

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Summary (3 of 3)

• Fire fighters should be able to

demonstrate proficiency in determining a

proper guide to use when using the proper guide to use when using the

NAERG.

• Fire fighters should be able to name,

understand, and locate the various types

of shipping papers on various modes of

transportation.

hazardous materials: recognizing and identifying the … · · 2013-10-04• describe apparatuses...

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