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Hazardous Materials OperationalHazardous Materials Operational
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Behavior of Hazardous MaterialsBehavior of Hazardous Materials
When given an example of a hazmat When given an example of a hazmat incident, the first responder at the incident, the first responder at the
operational level shall determine the operational level shall determine the most likely behavior of the container most likely behavior of the container
and its contents and its contents
O B J E C T I V E
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Container BreachesContainer Breaches
Ø Identify three types of stress that can result in a container releasing its contents
Ø Identify five ways in which containers can breach
O B J E C T I V E S
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Container BreachesContainer Breaches
Ø Identify four ways that a container may release its contents
Ø Identify four dispersal patterns that can result from a release of a hazardous material
O B J E C T I V E S
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General Emergency Behavior Model (GEBMO)General Emergency Behavior Model (GEBMO)
Ø Stressq Identify types of
stresses
Ø Breachq Predict the type of
breach
Ø Releaseq Predict the type of
release
Ø Engulfq Predict dispersion
patterns
Ø Contactq Predict the length of
exposure
Ø Harmq Predict the hazard
causing harm
Container Breaches
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Stress Events Stress Events –– Thermal Thermal
Ø Excessive heat or cold
Container Breaches
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Stress Events Stress Events –– Thermal Thermal
Ø May increase internal pressure and reduce container strength simultaneously, resulting in sudden failure
Ø Indications of thermal stressq The operation of a safety relief valve or the
bulging of a container
Container Breaches
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Stress Events Stress Events –– ThermalThermal
Ø When heat is applied to a closed container a Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion (BLEVE) may occurq The liquid inside boils and exerts pressure
on the containerq The vapor pressure increases until the
container failsq May result in an explosive release of the
material
Container Breaches
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Stress Events Stress Events –– Mechanical Mechanical
Ø Physical application of energy that results in container or attachment damage
Container Breaches
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Stress Events Stress Events –– Mechanical Mechanical
Ø Occurs when one object collides or contacts another
Ø Indications of mechanical stressq The container may become deformed or
penetrated
q It may also be punctured, gouged, scored, broken or torn
Container Breaches
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Stress Events Stress Events –– Chemical Chemical
Ø Resulting from an uncontrolled reaction or interaction of the container and/or its contents
Ø Can result in container deterioration that is sudden or long term
Container Breaches
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Stress Events Stress Events –– Chemical Chemical
Ø Indication of chemical stressq Containers which are undergoing corrosive
actions
q Pressure or heat resulting from the reaction of the substances
Container Breaches
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Stress EventsStress Events
Ø All three types of stress may be present at a hazmat incident
q Heating a container may weaken it as well as cause a chemical reaction to take place
q A mechanical stress may cause damage to a container as well as initiate a chemical reaction
Container Breaches
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Breach Events Breach Events –– Disintegration Disintegration
Ø Total loss of container integrity
q Glass container shattering
Container Breaches
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Breach Events Breach Events –– Runaway CrackingRunaway Cracking
Ø A small crack in a closed container which rapidly expands
Ø Results in container breaking into two or more pieces in a violent manner
Container Breaches
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Breach Events Breach Events –– Attachment FailureAttachment Failure
Ø Attachments may open up or break off
q Safety relief valves, fusible plugs, discharge valves, etc.
Container Breaches
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Breach Events Breach Events -- PuncturePuncture
Ø Generally caused by mechanical stresses and results in container failure
q Forklift piercing a 55 gallon drum
Container Breaches
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Breach Events Breach Events –– Split or TearSplit or Tear
Ø Commonly associated with fiber or plastic bags
q Split 55 gallon drums and seam or weld failures are other examples
Container Breaches
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Hazardous Materials OperationalHazardous Materials Operational
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Release Events Release Events –– Detonation Detonation
Ø An instantaneous and explosive chemical reaction
Ø Released in 1/100th of a second or less
Ø Results in the fragmentation, shattering or disintegration of the container
Container Breaches
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Release Events Release Events –– Detonation Detonation
Ø Includes the release of pressure and extreme heat
Ø The speed of this reaction affords first responders no time to react
Container Breaches
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Release Events Release Events –– Violent RuptureViolent Rupture
Ø Chemical reactions which have a release rate of less than one second
Ø Associated with runaway cracking and overpressure of closed containers
Ø Containers and their contents may become projectiles as a result of the reaction
Container Breaches
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Release Events Release Events –– Rapid ReliefRapid Relief
Ø The fast release of a pressurized hazardous material
Ø Can take several seconds to several minutes
Container Breaches
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Release Events Release Events –– Rapid ReliefRapid Relief
Ø The pressure is released through relief valves, broken or damaged piping/valves, punctures, and tears or splits
Ø These type of releases typically give time for first responders to react and move to a safe location
Container Breaches
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Release Events Release Events –– Spills and LeaksSpills and Leaks
Ø Slow release of hazardous materials
Ø Rate of release varies from minutes to days
Container Breaches
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Release Events Release Events –– Spills and LeaksSpills and Leaks
Ø Non-violent low pressure flows resulting from broken valves/piping, tears, splits or punctures of a container
Ø As a result of the slower release rate, first responders generally have adequate time to develop countermeasures
Container Breaches
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Engulfing EventsEngulfing Events
Ø Dependent on the following:q Amount of material
q Physical state of material (solid, liquid, gas)
q Weather conditions
q Topography
q Type of container breach
q Control efforts of emergency responders
q Type of release and its duration
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Engulfing Events Engulfing Events -- HemisphereHemisphere
Ø Airborne hazardous material
Ø Semicircular or dome shaped
Ø Partially in contact with ground or water
Container Breaches
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Engulfing Events Engulfing Events -- CloudCloud
Ø Airborne hazardous material
Ø Ball shaped pattern
Ø The material has risen above the ground or water
Container Breaches
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Engulfing Events Engulfing Events -- PlumePlume
Ø Airborne hazardous material
Ø Irregularly shaped pattern
Ø Product drifts with the wind
Container Breaches
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Engulfing Events Engulfing Events -- ConeCone
Ø Airborne hazardous material
Ø Triangular shaped pattern flowing away from the release point
Container Breaches
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Engulfing Events Engulfing Events -- StreamStream
Ø Liquid hazardous material
Ø Path determined by gravity and ground topography
Container Breaches
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Engulfing Events Engulfing Events –– Pool Pool
Ø Liquid hazardous material
Ø Flat, circular shaped pattern
Ø Spill spreads equally in all directions
Container Breaches
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Engulfing Events Engulfing Events –– Irregular Irregular
Ø Irregular deposit of hazardous materials
Ø Carried by contaminated personnel
Container Breaches
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Contact EventContact Event
Ø Factors influencing the length of time that a contact may occur:q Quantity of material releasedq Dispersion methodq Speed of release
Ø There are four general time periods associated with a contact event
Container Breaches
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Contact Event Contact Event –– Immediate Immediate
Ø Durations measured in seconds and milliseconds
Ø Examples include explosion, detonation, or deflagration
Container Breaches
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Contact Event Contact Event –– Short TermShort Term
Ø Durations of minutes to hours
Ø Lower hazard
Ø Small (short) releases
Ø Quickly brought under control
Ø Examples include transient vapor clouds
Container Breaches
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Contact Event Contact Event –– Medium TermMedium Term
Ø A period of days, weeks, or months
Ø Moderate to high hazard
Ø Lengthy or difficult decontamination
Ø Moderate cleanup is necessary
Ø Examples include lingering pesticides resulting from a fire or spill
Container Breaches
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Contact Event Contact Event –– Long TermLong Term
Ø Extends over years or generations
Ø Heavy contamination
Ø Lengthy and difficult decontamination
Ø Extensive cleanup required
Ø Examples include a permanent radioactive source such as Chernobyl
Container Breaches
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Harm EventHarm EventContainer Breaches
HarmHarm
Injury or damage resulting from Injury or damage resulting from exposure to hazardous materialsexposure to hazardous materials
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Harm EventHarm Event
Ø Three factors that determine the potential harm to an exposure
q Timing of release
q Size of release
q Toxicity of the material
Container Breaches
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Health HazardsHealth Hazards
Ø Identify the different types of health and physical hazards which can cause harm
Ø Identify and understand the health hazards associated with the following termsq Asphyxiant, convulsant, irritant/corrosive,
sensitizer/allergen and chronic health hazard
O B J E C T I V E S
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Thermal Thermal –– Heat Heat
Ø Operating in protective clothing can cause a responder to overheat
Ø Exposure to heat can result in:q Heat crampsq Heat exhaustionq Heatstroke
Health Hazards
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Thermal Thermal –– HeatHeatHealth Hazards
Ø Heavy perspiration
Ø Skin moist to the touch
Ø Physical weakness
Ø Muscle cramps
Heat CrampsHeat Cramps
Ø Heavy perspiration
Ø Skin cool, pale and moist
Ø Dizziness
Ø Mildly elevated temps
Ø Weak pulse
Heat ExhaustionHeat Exhaustion
Ø No perspiration
Ø Hot dry skin
Ø Weakness & confusion
Ø High body temps
Ø Rapid pulse
Ø Convulsions
Ø Shallow breathing
Ø Headache
Heat StrokeHeat Stroke
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Thermal Thermal –– HeatHeat
Ø Preventive measures
q Drink plenty of fluids
q Mobile showers or misting setups
q Utilize rest areas with shade or AC
q Rotate personnel
q Avoid alcohol, coffee and caffeinated drinks
Health Hazards
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Thermal Thermal –– Cold Cold
Ø Present when dealing with cryogenic or liquefied gases
Ø Exposure to cold can result in:q Frost nipq Frost biteq Deep frost biteq Hypothermia
Health Hazards
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Thermal Thermal –– ColdColdHealth Hazards
ØWhitening or blanching of skin
Frost NipFrost Nip
Ø Waxy or white skin
Ø Outer layers of skin are firm to the touch
Ø Tissue underneath is still flexible
Superficial Superficial FrostbiteFrostbite
Ø Cold and pale skin
Ø Hard to the touch
Deep Deep FrostbiteFrostbite
Ø ShiveringØ Slow pulse and
respiratory rateØ Sleepiness,
apathy or listlessness
Ø Glassy eyesØ UnconsciousnessØ Freezing of
extremitiesØ Core temp of 95°F
or less
Ø Death
HypothermiaHypothermia
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MechanicalMechanical
Ø May occur as the result of being struck by an object, or rubbing up against one
Ø Failure of a pressurized container can result in serious mechanical injury to a first responder
Health Hazards
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PoisonsPoisons
Ø Can cause death or serious damage to the body
Ø There are many different types of poison, each having certain effects on the human anatomy
Health Hazards
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PoisonsPoisonsHealth Hazards
Kidneys
Blood
Central Nervous System
Liver
Halogenated Hydrocarbons
Benzene, Nitrates, Arsine
Parathion
Ammonia, Phenols, Carbon
Tetrachloride
PoisonPoison Targeted Organs/ SystemTargeted Organs/ System
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CorrosivesCorrosives
Ø Chemicals which have destructive effects on materials and burn or destroy living tissue
Ø Contact with combustibles may result in a fire or explosion
Ø Divided into two groups, acids and bases
Health Hazards
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CorrosivesCorrosives
Ø Symptoms of contact with corrosives
q Nausea and vomiting
q Burning around the nose, eyes and mouth
q Difficulty breathing, coughing or swallowing
q Burning or skin irritation in a localized area
Health Hazards
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AsphyxiantsAsphyxiants
Ø Simple asphyxiantsq Typically inert gases which displace the
oxygen required for breathing
Ø Chemical asphyxiantsq Chemicals or substances which prevent the
body from utilizing oxygen
Health Hazards
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AsphyxiantsAsphyxiantsHealth Hazards
AnilineEthane
Hydrogen sulfideMethane
AcetonitrileNitrogen
Hydrogen cyanideHydrogen
BenzeneHelium
HydrazineCarbon dioxide
Carbon monoxideAcetylene
Chemical Chemical Simple Simple
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IrritantsIrritants
Ø Cause temporary inflammation of the eyes, skin, or respiratory tract
Ø Symptoms include:q Redness, itching, discomfort, irritated eyes
or skin
q Coughing or difficulty breathing resulting from respiratory exposure
Health Hazards
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Sensitizers/AllergensSensitizers/Allergens
Ø Can cause allergic reactions after repeated exposures
Ø The reaction may not occur until several hours after the exposure
Ø Repeated exposures may cause a rash on the skin or an asthma-like reaction
Health Hazards
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ConvulsantsConvulsants
Ø Poisons which cause seizures in exposed individuals
Ø Muscle spasms may start soon after the exposure and may continue for 3-30 minutes
Ø Death results from asphyxiation or exhaustion
Health Hazards
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RadiationRadiation
Ø Can result in damage to the individual and to their future generations
Ø Radiation sickness or poisoning cannot be transmitted to someone elseq However, contaminated individuals may
carry dangerous material on their bodies
Health Hazards
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RadiationRadiation
Ø Potential areas for radiation to be present are:
q Medical centers
q Nuclear power plants
q Research facilities
q Industrial processes
Health Hazards
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RadiationRadiation
Ø Types of Radiationq Alphaq Beta q Gamma
Ø Time, distance, and shielding are three methods to provide protection from radiation exposures
Health Hazards
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RadiationRadiation
Ø Alphaq Turnout gear with SCBA will provide
adequate protection
Ø Betaq Turnout gear with SCBA will provide limited
protectionØ Gammaq Requires shielding using dense materials
such as lead
Health Hazards
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Etiological ExposuresEtiological Exposures
Ø An exposure to a microorganism that could result in a disease
Ø Most of these diseases are transmitted by blood or body fluids
Ø Simple protective garments provide protection against these diseasesq AIDS, tuberculosis, hepatitis and typhoid
Health Hazards
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Chronic Health Hazards Chronic Health Hazards –– Carcinogens Carcinogens
Ø Materials that cause cancerous growths in living tissue
Ø May be present at hazmat incidents or fires
Ø Important to always wear SCBA and appropriate PPE
Health Hazards
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Chronic Health Hazards Chronic Health Hazards –– MutagensMutagens
Ø Causes mutations in DNA and cellular material
Ø Exposed individuals may not be hurt but their offspring may be affected
Ø Radiation is considered a mutagen
Health Hazards
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Chronic Health Hazards Chronic Health Hazards –– TeratogensTeratogens
Ø Exposures may result in congenital malformations
Ø Pregnant women exposed to these chemicals may give birth to a deformed offspring
Ø Unlike mutagens, a teratogen is not hereditary
Health Hazards
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Routes of Entry Routes of Entry -- InhalationInhalation
Ø Materials are taken in through the nose or mouth
Ø Vapors, gases, fumes, smoke or aerosols
Health Hazards
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Routes of Entry Routes of Entry -- IngestionIngestion
Ø Materials are taken in through the mouth
Ø Commonly caused by eating, drinking or smoking contaminated materials
Health Hazards
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Routes of Entry Routes of Entry -- InjectionInjection
Ø Materials are taken in through a puncture or needle stick
Health Hazards
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Routes of Entry Routes of Entry -- AbsorptionAbsorption
Ø Materials are taken in through the skin or eyes
Ø Many poisons can be absorbed in this manner
Health Hazards
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Health Data Terminology Health Data Terminology -- TLVTLV--TWATWA
Ø Threshold limit value/time weighted average
q Maximum concentration a person may be exposed to for 8 hours a day, 40 hours per week without suffering harmful effects
qMeasured in parts per million (ppm) or mg/m 3
q The lower the TLV, the more toxic the material
qDesigned primarily for exposures in the workplace
Health Hazards
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Health Data Terminology Health Data Terminology -- TLVTLV--STELSTEL
Ø Threshold limit value/short term exposure limit
q Maximum exposure time is limited to 15 minutes no more than 4 times a day without suffering harmful effects
qMinimum 1 hour rest period between exposures
qMeasured in ppm or mg/m 3
Health Hazards
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Health Data Terminology Health Data Terminology -- TLVTLV--CC
Ø Threshold limit value/ceiling level
q This value is the maximum concentration which should never be exceeded for any period of time
qMeasured in ppm or mg/m 3
Health Hazards
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Health Data Terminology Health Data Terminology -- PELPEL
Ø Permissible exposure limit (PEL)
q Similar to TLV-TWA
q Adopted by OSHA
q Maximum allowable exposure in an 8 hour day
q Measured in ppm or mg/m3
Health Hazards
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Health Data Terminology Health Data Terminology -- IDLHIDLH
Ø Immediately dangerous to life and health
q Any concentration of a toxic, corrosive or asphyxiating substance which poses an immediate threat to life
q Exposure can result in irreversible or delayed adverse health effects
q May interfere with a person’s ability to escape from a dangerous atmosphere
q Measured in ppm or mg/m3
Health Hazards
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Estimating Potential HarmEstimating Potential Harm
Ø List the resources used to determine the size of the endangered area
Ø Determine the number and types of exposures in an area when provided with:q The name of the materialq Size of the areaq Surrounding conditions
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Estimating Potential HarmEstimating Potential Harm
Ø Identify factors for determining health, physical and safety hazards in the endangered area
Ø Understand the basic concepts of using meters
O B J E C T I V E S
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Estimate Exposure PotentialEstimate Exposure Potential
Ø Determine the size of the endangered area based on the identity of the material
Ø Determine the conditions of the releaseq Size of the containerq Size of the breachq Wind direction & speed
Estimating Potential Harm
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Estimate Exposure PotentialEstimate Exposure Potential
Ø Determine the types of exposuresq Peopleq Environmentq Property
Ø Additional factorsq Time of dayq Occupancy typesq Release location
Estimating Potential Harm
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Determine the Endangered AreaDetermine the Endangered Area
Ø DOT Emergency Response Guidebookq Initial isolation zoneq Protective action zone
Ø CHEMTREC/CANUTEC
Ø Manufacturer or shipper
Estimating Potential Harm
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Determining HazardsDetermining Hazards
Ø Utilize the orange section of the ERG to determine the extent of the health, physical and safety hazards
Estimating Potential Harm
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Determining Specific HazardsDetermining Specific Hazards
Ø CHEMTREC/CANTEC
Ø Shipper or Manufacturer
Ø Material Safety Data Sheets
Estimating Potential Harm
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Determining the Extent of the HazardDetermining the Extent of the Hazard
Ø Key factor in deciding whether to intervene
Ø Consider the following:q What is the number of exposures?q Is the material a liquid, solid or gas?q How far away from the source is the
exposure?q How fast is the material being released?q What are the surrounding conditions?
Estimating Potential Harm
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Determining Hazmat ConcentrationsDetermining Hazmat Concentrations
Ø Visual Indicatorsq Container shapes
q Placards
q Labels
q Leaking containers
q Frost
q Vapor
q Chemical reactions
Estimating Potential Harm
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Determining Hazmat ConcentrationsDetermining Hazmat Concentrations
Ø Metering equipmentq Combustible gas
metersq Oxygen meters
q Toxicity monitors
Ø Many departments own multi-gas meters which incorporate all three into one unit
Estimating Potential Harm
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MeteringMetering
Ø Metering operations do not typically fall under the responsibility of operational level personnel
Ø Operational level personnel should be familiar with the availability of this type of equipment and the trained personnel to operate it
Estimating Potential Harm
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Important Metering ConceptsImportant Metering Concepts
Ø You must know the name of the material you are metering for in order to get an accurate reading
Ø Meters DO NOT determine the identity of the product, they merely tell you the concentration of a known substance
Estimating Potential Harm
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Important Metering ConceptsImportant Metering Concepts
Ø Familiarize yourself with the vapor density of the gas you are metering forq Lighter than air gases will be located in the
upper levels of a roomq Heavier than air gases will be located in
the lower levels of a room
Ø Understanding where the gases should be located is important in effective metering operations
Estimating Potential Harm
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Important Metering ConceptsImportant Metering Concepts
Ø Review you organization’s procedures on the use of metering equipment
Estimating Potential Harm
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Oxygen MetersOxygen Meters
Ø Hazmat responders should meter for oxygen to determine if the atmosphere is:
q Oxygen deficient
q Oxygen enriched
Ø Oxygen concentration readings are given as a percentage in air
Estimating Potential Harm
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Combustible Gas MetersCombustible Gas Meters
Ø Used to determine the concentration of combustible gases in the atmosphere
Ø Combustible gas meters are calibrated to a specific gas
Ø Combustible gas meters require a 21% oxygen content in the atmosphere to get an accurate reading
Estimating Potential Harm
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Combustible Gas MetersCombustible Gas Meters
Ø Combustible gas readings are given in percentage of the LELq When a meter registers 10% of the LEL,
responders should back out of the area until it can be ventilated
Estimating Potential Harm
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Toxic MetersToxic Meters
Ø Used to determine the concentration of toxic gases in the atmosphere
Ø Most commonly used to measure carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
Ø Toxic gas readings are given in ppm
Estimating Potential Harm
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Terrorism and Hazardous MaterialsTerrorism and Hazardous Materials
Ø Identify the assistance which is available from federal defense authorities for terrorist incidents
Ø Review methods of contacting federal authorities as outlined in your LEPC and SOPs
O B J E C T I V E S
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Terrorism and Hazardous MaterialsTerrorism and Hazardous Materials
Ø Identify the types of materials which may be used in a terrorist incident and their corresponding DOT classes
Ø Understand the importance of preserving evidence at the scene
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Potential Criminal and Terrorist TargetsPotential Criminal and Terrorist Targets
Ø Public or government buildings
Ø Mass transit systems
Ø Public assembly areas
Ø Locations with historical or symbolic significance
Ø Locations of high economic impact
Terrorism and Hazardous Materials
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Indications of Criminal or Terrorist ActivityIndications of Criminal or Terrorist Activity
Ø Unusual or tight security measures
Ø Unexplained vapor clouds
Ø Unexplainable irritations
Ø Hazardous materials released intentionally
Ø Unexplained death or sudden onset of illness
Ø Unusual odors or tastes
Terrorism and Hazardous Materials
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Types of Warfare AgentsTypes of Warfare Agents
Ø Nerve agents
Ø Vesicants (blister agents)
Ø Blood agents
Ø Choking agents
Ø Irritants (riot control agents)
Ø Biological agents and toxins
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Nerve AgentsNerve Agents
Ø Related to organophosphorus pesticidesq Tuban (GA)q Sarin (GB)q Soman (GD)q V agent (VX)
Ø These compounds all fall under DOT hazard class 6.1
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Nerve AgentsNerve Agents
Ø These agents were designed for the sole purpose of killing people
Ø Ability to kill large numbers of people is dependent on the dispersion device
Terrorism and Hazardous Materials
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Nerve AgentsNerve Agents
Ø To produce the desired effect, people must touch it in its liquid form or inhale it in its aerosol form
q These materials do not remain in vapor form for very long
Terrorism and Hazardous Materials
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Nerve AgentsNerve Agents
Ø Military warfare agents have vapor pressures lower than water
q Vapors are not created from a pool of liquid
q Generally not a major hazard unless the liquid form is touched or placed on the skin
Terrorism and Hazardous Materials
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Blister Agents (Vesicants)Blister Agents (Vesicants)
Ø Designed to incapacitate the enemyq Although toxic at high concentrations, the
primary hazard is skin contact resulting in blistering and severe irritation
Ø Examples include:q Mustard gas (H)q Distilled mustard (HD)q Nitrogen mustard (HN)q Lewsite (L)
Terrorism and Hazardous Materials
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Blister Agents (Vesicants)Blister Agents (Vesicants)
Ø These compounds all fall under DOT hazard class 6.1
Ø Exposure effects can be delayed from 15 minutes to several hours
Ø Quick identification is key to patient treatment
Terrorism and Hazardous Materials
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Blood AgentsBlood Agents
Ø Disrupt the blood’s ability to transport oxygen
Ø Examples include:q Hydrogen cyanide (AC) DOT 6.1
q Cyanogen chloride (CK) DOT 2.3
Terrorism and Hazardous Materials
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Choking AgentsChoking Agents
Ø Common in industrial applications
Ø Examples include:q Chlorine (CL)q Phosgene (CG)
Ø These fall under DOT hazard class 2.3
Terrorism and Hazardous Materials
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IrritantsIrritants
Ø Most commonly used of all the potential terrorism agents
Ø Examples include:q Mace (CN) DOT 6.1q Tear gas (CS) DOT 6.1
q Pepper spray (OC) DOT 2.2
Terrorism and Hazardous Materials
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IrritantsIrritants
Ø These materials are not extremely toxic
Ø Symptoms generally dissipate within 15-20 minutes after being exposed to fresh air
Terrorism and Hazardous Materials
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Biological Agents and ToxinsBiological Agents and Toxins
Ø Most likely to be used in a terrorist incident
Ø Examples include:q Anthrax DOT 6.2q Mycotoxins DOT 6.1 or 6.2q Plague DOT 6.2q Tularemia DOT 6.2q Ricin DOT 6.1
Terrorism and Hazardous Materials
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Biological Agents and ToxinsBiological Agents and Toxins
Ø This grouping of agents is the easiest for a terrorist to produce
Ø Routes of entry are dependent on the compound and include skin contact, inhalation and injection
Terrorism and Hazardous Materials
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Biological Agents and ToxinsBiological Agents and Toxins
Ø Anthraxq Naturally occurring bacteria found in dead
sheepq Exposure through skin contact or inhalation
of the anthrax sporesq Relatively easy to obtain, however, the
fatal type of anthrax is difficult to culture and produce
q Must be distributed under certain conditions to be effective
Terrorism and Hazardous Materials
322
Biological Agents and ToxinsBiological Agents and Toxins
Ø Ricinq Easy to produceq 10,000 times more toxic than Sarinq Difficult to distribute; must be injected to
be effectiveq People exposed via inhalation or ingestion
would most likely become sick and recoverq Popular amongst domestic terrorists,
second only to explosives
Terrorism and Hazardous Materials
39
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323
Other Terrorism AgentsOther Terrorism Agents
Ø Explosivesq The leading choice amongst domestic
terrorists
q FBI bomb data reports that there are an average of 3,000 bombings a year in the United States
Terrorism and Hazardous Materials
324
Actions to Be Taken at Terrorist IncidentsActions to Be Taken at Terrorist Incidents
Ø Relay any suspicious or criminal activity to dispatch upon arrival on the scene
Ø Document initial on-scene observations
Ø Isolate potentially exposed people
Terrorism and Hazardous Materials
325
Large Scale DecontaminationLarge Scale Decontamination
Ø Review you organization’s SOPs as well as your LERP to determine large scale decontamination procedures
Terrorism and Hazardous Materials
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Evidence PreservationEvidence Preservation
Ø It is vital that emergency responders consider the preservation of evidence
q Do not move or touch anything that appears to be evidence unless absolutely necessary
q Gently cover evidence which may be damaged by the weather or other external sources
q Document all actions
Terrorism and Hazardous Materials
327
Evidence CollectionEvidence Collection
Ø The collection of evidence should be conducted by law enforcement personnel only
Ø PUBLIC SAFETY SAMPLING ????
Terrorism and Hazardous Materials
328
SafetySafety
Ø Consider the following safety issues when making an entry
q There may be secondary events designed to incapacitate emergency responders
q Armed resistance and use of weapons
q Booby traps
q Secondary contamination from handling patients
Terrorism and Hazardous Materials
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Hazardous Materials OperationalHazardous Materials Operational
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Additional Assistance ResourcesAdditional Assistance Resources
Ø FBI Hazardous Materials Response Unit (HMRU) provides assistance with:
q Identification
q Mitigation
q Evidence collection
Terrorism and Hazardous Materials
330
Additional Assistance ResourcesAdditional Assistance Resources
Ø Army’s Technical Escort Unit (TEU) providesq Identificationq Mitigation
Ø Team members can provide assistance with chemical, biological and explosive materials
Terrorism and Hazardous Materials
331
Additional Assistance ResourcesAdditional Assistance Resources
Ø Marine Corp ’s Biological Incident Response Force (CBIRF)
q Responds across the country and the world for terrorist acts
q Consists of three main sections: qDecontamination, security and medical
q They can also provide detection and mitigation assistance
Terrorism and Hazardous Materials
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Requesting Additional AssistanceRequesting Additional Assistance
Ø Review the procedures outlined in your SOP’s and LERP for requesting federal and military assistance at a terrorist incident
Terrorism and Hazardous Materials
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Planning the ResponsePlanning the Response
Given situations involving hazardous Given situations involving hazardous materials releases in facility and materials releases in facility and
transportation situations, the transportation situations, the operational level first responder shall operational level first responder shall determine the appropriate response determine the appropriate response
plan for the incident.plan for the incident.
O B J E C T I V E
43
Hazardous Materials OperationalHazardous Materials Operational
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Scene Control & SafetyScene Control & Safety
Ø Using the initial isolation and protective action distances, take the proper actions to prevent further injury to people
Ø List the techniques for the following protective actionsq Evacuationq Protect-in-place
O B J E C T I V E S
337
Scene Control & SafetyScene Control & Safety
Ø Identify the procedures used to establish control zones at a hazmat incident
Ø Identify the methods for determining the boundaries of the control zones
Ø Describe the information which should be discussed in a safety briefing
O B J E C T I V E S
44
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Scene Control & SafetyScene Control & Safety
Ø Describe the importance of the buddy system
Ø Identify the reasons for using a backup team
Ø List safety precautions which should be observed while operating on scene
O B J E C T I V E S
339
Scene Control & PrioritiesScene Control & Priorities
Ø Isolate the area and deny entry
Ø Determine the appropriate protective actionsq Protect-in-placeq Evacuation
Ø Set up and maintain control zones
Scene Control & Safety
340
Determine the Endangered AreaDetermine the Endangered Area
Name of Material UN/NA ID Number
Product Highlighted
No
ReferenceOrange Section
Yes
ReferenceGreen Section
Scene Control & Safety
45
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Controlling the Endangered AreaControlling the Endangered Area
Ø Isolate the area of the spill using the Initial Isolation Distances listed in the ERG
q Remove people from the isolation area
q Deny entry to the isolated area by unauthorized persons
Ø If required, evacuate or protect -in-place those people found within the Protective Action Zone
Scene Control & Safety
342
Initial Isolation & Protective Action DistancesInitial Isolation & Protective Action Distances
Ø The Initial Isolation Zone is established by creating a circle around the spill using the minimum isolation distance
Ø The Protective Action Zone is shaped like a square and provides downwind protection
Scene Control & Safety
343
Initial Isolation & Protective Action DistancesInitial Isolation & Protective Action DistancesScene Control & Safety
46
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Determining the Initial Isolation ZoneDetermining the Initial Isolation Zone
Isolation distances for non-highlighted
materials
Reference the proper guide
number
Scene Control & Safety
345
Determining the Initial Isolation ZoneDetermining the Initial Isolation Zone
Isolation distances
for highlighted materials
Scene Control & Safety
346
Determining Protective Action DistancesDetermining Protective Action Distances
Ø Protective action zoneq Area adjacent to and downwind of the
initial isolation zone
q Area in imminent danger of becoming contaminated within 30 minutes of the material being released
q The distances for this zone are in the green section of the ERG
Scene Control & Safety
47
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Determining Protective Action DistancesDetermining Protective Action Distances
Highlighted Materials Protective
Action Distances
Scene Control & Safety
348
Protective Action OptionsProtective Action Options
Ø Protective action zone options
q Evacuate
q Protect-in-place
q Combination of the two methods
Scene Control & Safety
349
Protective Actions Protective Actions –– Evacuation Evacuation
Ø The removal of all persons from the threatened area
Ø Best option if time is available
Ø Evacuation begins with those nearest to the incident that are either downwind or crosswind from it, and within the distance listed in the ERG
Scene Control & Safety
48
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Protective Actions Protective Actions –– EvacuationEvacuation
Ø Used for…
q Uncontrollable leaks
q Explosive materials
q Unknown gas leaks from large capacity containers
Scene Control & Safety
351
Protective Actions Protective Actions –– Evacuation Evacuation
Ø Things to consider…
q Notify people where to go
q Move evacuees to a safe location
q Provide evacuees with basic needs
q Keep evacuees informed of the situation
Scene Control & Safety
352
Protective Actions Protective Actions –– ProtectProtect--inin--Place Place
Ø People are directed to stay in a building
q Healthcare, educational and detention occupancies
Scene Control & Safety
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Protective Actions Protective Actions –– ProtectProtect--inin--PlacePlace
Ø Used for…q Material spreading too quickly or too
dangerous to risk exposure
q Moderate to low hazard hazmat release
q Leaks which can be quickly controlled
q Vapor clouds expected to rapidly disperse
q The hazardous material has been completely released from its container
Scene Control & Safety
354
Protective Actions Protective Actions –– ProtectProtect--inin--PlacePlace
Ø Things to consider…
q Close all doors and windows
q Shut off HVAC systems
Scene Control & Safety
355
Scene Control ZonesScene Control Zones
Ø Control zones regulate the movement of response personnel and reduce the potential for contamination
Ø Zones are set up to divide the level of hazards at an incident and should be clearly marked
Ø The zones may be adjusted based on any changes in the incident
Scene Control & Safety
50
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Scene Control ZonesScene Control ZonesScene Control & Safety
357
Scene Control Zones Scene Control Zones –– Hot ZoneHot Zone
Ø The contaminated area immediately surrounding the release
Ø It should be large enough to prevent persons outside the zone from being exposed to the material
Ø Typically the size of the isolation distance and may include the protective action area
Scene Control & Safety
358
Scene Control Zones Scene Control Zones –– Hot ZoneHot Zone
Ø Work in the hot zone is performed by hazmat technicians wearing chemical PPE designed for the released product
Ø Only persons necessary to control the incident should be allowed in this area
Scene Control & Safety
51
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Scene Control Zones Scene Control Zones –– Warm ZoneWarm Zone
Ø Area between the hot and cold zone
Ø Used to support responders in the hot zone
Ø Appropriate PPE may be required
Ø Decontamination operations are conducted in this zone
Scene Control & Safety
360
Scene Control Zones Scene Control Zones –– Cold ZoneCold Zone
Ø Encompasses the warm zone
Ø Personnel are not required to wear any special PPE in this area
Ø Contains the command post, staging area, and treatment/triage area
Scene Control & Safety
361
Scene Control Zones Scene Control Zones -- AdditionalAdditional
Ø No Hazard Zoneq Mediaq Public
52
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Media Media and the and the PublicPublic
COLDCOLD
WARMWARM
DeconDecon
Scene Control ZonesScene Control ZonesScene Control & Safety
Command Command & &
StagingStaging
HOTHOT
ZONEZONE
363
Determining Scene Control ZonesDetermining Scene Control Zones
Ø Initial determinations based on:
q Emergency response guide
q CHEMTREC/CANUTEC
q Scene observations and assessments
Scene Control & Safety
364
Determining Scene Control ZonesDetermining Scene Control Zones
Ø Long term determinationsq Monitoring and sampling of materials
q Evaluation of the extent of contamination
q Plume and dispersion models
q Changes in weather or other conditions
Ø Use the initial action guides and protective action distances in the ERG
Scene Control & Safety
53
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Safety Briefing for Response PersonnelSafety Briefing for Response Personnel
Ø Initial evaluationq What has occurred so far
q What are current conditions
q What is likely to occur
Ø List associated hazardsq Mechanical dangers
q Respiratory dangers
q Skin absorption dangers
Scene Control & Safety
366
Safety Briefing for Response PersonnelSafety Briefing for Response Personnel
Ø Describe the siteq Containers involved
q Topographical information
q Potential exposures
q Location of the control zones
q Location of the decontamination area
q Location of the command post
q Medical assistance area
Scene Control & Safety
367
Safety Briefing for Response PersonnelSafety Briefing for Response Personnel
Ø Review tasks to be performedq Identify the goal of the operationq Describe duties for each responderq Determine task completion times
Ø Identify PPE requirementsq Requirements for entry, backup and rescue
teamsq Requirements for decon workers
Scene Control & Safety
54
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Safety Briefing for Response PersonnelSafety Briefing for Response Personnel
Ø Communications protocols
q Contacts for emergency situations
Ø Escape routes
Scene Control & Safety
369
Safety Briefing for Response PersonnelSafety Briefing for Response Personnel
Ø Potential terrorist incidentsq There may be secondary events designed
to incapacitate emergency responders
q Armed resistance and use of weapons
q Booby traps
q Secondary contamination from handling patients
Scene Control & Safety
370
Buddy SystemBuddy System
Ø Always use the buddy system when operating at a hazmat incident
Scene Control & Safety
55
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Buddy SystemBuddy System
Ø Improves the ability to keep an accurate account of personnel operating at the scene
Ø Chemical protective suits reduce mobility and visibility, requiring multiple personnel to complete necessary tasks
Scene Control & Safety
372
Backup PersonnelBackup Personnel
Ø Crucial for emergencies involving entry personnelq Equal PPE to the initial team
q Back up teams must be in place prior to primary team starting operations
q Must be available for immediate response
Scene Control & Safety
373
Safety Precautions to ConsiderSafety Precautions to Consider……
Ø Approaching the scene
q Approach from the uphill/upwind side
q Be familiar with the topography prior to entry
q Avoid contact with the product
Scene Control & Safety
56
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Safety Precautions to ConsiderSafety Precautions to Consider……
Ø While working at the scene consider…q Current and expected weather conditions
q Location of utilities
q Ignition sources
q Container integrity
q Behavior of the product
q Appropriate level of PPE for the material
Scene Control & Safety
376
Incident Management System (IMS)Incident Management System (IMS)
Ø List hazmat response levels as dictated by your Local Emergency Response Plan
Ø Identify the criteria for command post placement
Ø Identify the purpose, need, benefits and elements of an IMS at a hazmat incident
O B J E C T I V E S
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Incident Management System (IMS)Incident Management System (IMS)
Ø Describe the procedures for requesting additional assistance
Ø Describe and identify the authority and responsibilities of the incident safety officer
O B J E C T I V E S
378
Incident Management System Incident Management System
Ø A crucial component in the organization of emergency incidents, including hazmat responses
Ø Can be developed locally or adopted from a nationally recognized system
Ø Becomes part of the Local Emergency Response Plan (LERP)
Incident Management System (IMS)
379
Requirements of an IMSRequirements of an IMS
Ø Common terminologyq Terms used to describe organizational
elements, resources and facilities need to be consistent
Ø Modular organizationq System should be designed from the top
down with various branches/sections added depending on size and complexity of incident
Incident Management System (IMS)
58
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Requirements of an IMSRequirements of an IMS
Ø Integrated communicationq Communication systems must allow the
various agencies involved to communicate with each other
Ø Unified command structureq Each agency with jurisdictional
responsibilities needs to be represented in the command structure
Incident Management System (IMS)
381
Incident Management System LayoutIncident Management System LayoutIncident Management System (IMS)
Liaison
Safety Officer
PIO
Command
Operations Planning Logistics Finance
382
Incident Commander ResponsibilitiesIncident Commander Responsibilities
Ø Designate a safety officer
Ø Establish the site safety plan
Ø Implement site security and control plan
Ø Identify the materials and conditions involved in the incident
Incident Management System (IMS)
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Incident Commander ResponsibilitiesIncident Commander Responsibilities
Ø Implement appropriate emergency operations
Ø Ensure that proper protective equipment is used at all times
Ø Setup a decontamination operation
Incident Management System (IMS)
384
Safety Officer ResponsibilitiesSafety Officer Responsibilities
Ø This position must be designated at all hazardous materials incidents
Ø Monitor and identify potentially hazardous or unsafe situations
Ø When necessary, the safety officer has the authority to stop any operation deemed unsafe immediately
Incident Management System (IMS)
385
Safety Officer ResponsibilitiesSafety Officer Responsibilities
Ø Maintain communications contact with IC
Ø Assist in incident planning
Ø Identify potentially hazardous situations on scene
Ø Review incident action plan for possible safety concerns
Ø Identify and immediately correct any possibly unsafe situations
Incident Management System (IMS)
60
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Locating the Command PostLocating the Command Post
Ø The initial command post may be the first responding vehicle until a formal location can be established
Incident Management System (IMS)
387
Locating the Command PostLocating the Command Post
Ø The IC should always be accessible
Ø A conveniently located building, specially equipped vehicle or a predetermined location at a facility is ideal
Ø Should always be located in the cold zone
Incident Management System (IMS)
388
Locating the Command PostLocating the Command Post
Ø Additional Factorsq It should be clearly markedq Allows for controlled accessq Locate it uphill and upwindq Set it up with the intention of not having to
relocate itq The location should be relayed to the
dispatchers and responding unitsq Should allow for a view of the scene if
possible
Incident Management System (IMS)
61
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Hazardous Materials Response LevelsHazardous Materials Response Levels
Ø Usually designated level I, II, & III and based on the level of risk an incident involves
Ø The Local Emergency Response Plan and department SOPs should dictate the resources necessary for each level
Incident Management System (IMS)
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Hazardous Materials Response LevelsHazardous Materials Response Levels
Placard not required –NFPA 0 or 1 in all categories
Small containers – pails, drums, bags, packages or cylinders
Low fire/explosion potential
No release or a small release contained with available resources
Contact with the materials is non-life threatening
Minimal impact on the environment
Container is not damaged
Level I IncidentsLevel I Incidents
Incident Management System (IMS)
391
Hazardous Materials Responses Hazardous Materials Responses -- Level ILevel I
Ø Least serious and most easily handled of the three levels
Ø It can be controlled by the organization having jurisdiction without additional assistance
Ø If evacuation is required, it is limited to the immediate area of the incident
Incident Management System (IMS)
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392
Hazardous Materials Responses Hazardous Materials Responses -- Level ILevel I
Ø Examples of level I incidentsq Gas leaks on the consumer side of the
meter
q Small diesel fuel or gasoline leaks from an automobile
q Leaks involving “consumer commodities”such as thinners, paint, bleach, swimming pool chemicals, etc.
Incident Management System (IMS)
393
Hazardous Materials Response LevelsHazardous Materials Response Levels
DOT placarded –NFPA 2 for any category
Medium containers – 1 ton cylinders, portable tanks, small packages
Medium fire/explosion potential
Release may not be controlled without special equipment
Localized area – limited evacuation required
Moderate impact on the environment
Container is damaged, but still able to contain the product
Level II IncidentsLevel II Incidents
Incident Management System (IMS)
394
Hazardous Materials Responses Hazardous Materials Responses -- Level IILevel II
Ø Beyond the capabilities of the first responders
Ø Requires the response of a formal hazmat response team
Ø May require limited evacuation of surrounding area
Incident Management System (IMS)
63
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395
Hazardous Materials Responses Hazardous Materials Responses -- Level IILevel II
Ø Requires the use of chemical PPE
Ø Involves diking and confinement of the product
Ø Plugging and patching operations
Ø Sampling and testing of unknown substances
Ø Decontamination operations
Incident Management System (IMS)
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Hazardous Materials Responses Hazardous Materials Responses -- Level IILevel II
Ø Examples of level II incidents
q Leaks or spills requiring large scale evacuations
q Incidents involving extremely hazardous substances
q Fire with a potential BLEVE threat
q Major incident involving a flammable liquid spill or overflow
Incident Management System (IMS)
397
Hazardous Materials Response LevelsHazardous Materials Response Levels
Poisons, explosives etc. – NFPA 3 or 4 for any category
Large containers – tank cars, tank trucks, fixed facility tanks
High fire/explosion potential
Release may not be controlled, even with special equipment
Large area –mass evacuation required
Severe impact on the environment
Container is badly damaged, catastrophic rupture is possible
Level III IncidentsLevel III Incidents
Incident Management System (IMS)
64
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398
Hazardous Materials Responses Hazardous Materials Responses -- Level IIILevel III
Ø The most serious of the three levels
Ø May require resources from the state and federal agencies as well as private industry
Ø May necessitate the effort of several agencies to mitigate the incident
Ø Requires large scale evacuations
Incident Management System (IMS)
399
Hazardous Materials Responses Hazardous Materials Responses -- Level IIILevel III
Ø Use of specialized spill and leak control techniques
Ø Sampling and monitoring equipment are sophisticated in nature
Ø Requires government and industry specialists
Ø Use of large scale decontamination setups
Incident Management System (IMS)
400
Hazardous Materials Responses Hazardous Materials Responses -- Level IIILevel III
Ø Examples of Level III incidentsq Train derailment involving a leaking chlorine
car
q Incidents resulting in the activation of the federal response system
q Incidents exceeding the capabilities of the local hazmat response team(s)
Incident Management System (IMS)
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Requesting Additional ResourcesRequesting Additional Resources
Ø Familiarize yourself with available resourcesq Hazmat response teams, mutual aid,
environmental protection agencies, etc.
Ø Establish and maintain a listing of available resources
Incident Management System (IMS)
402
Requesting Additional ResourcesRequesting Additional Resources
Ø Review the resource listing present in your Local Emergency Response Plan
Ø Dispatchers should relay all information to responding units and make notifications to supervisors or other agencies as SOPs dictate
Incident Management System (IMS)
66
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Response ObjectivesResponse Objectives
Ø Describe the different types of responses used at hazmat incidents
Ø While operating in a defensive manner, determine what exposures can be saved at a hazmat incident
Ø Identify the tactical priorities of the first responder at a hazmat incident
O B J E C T I V E S
405
Types of Responses Types of Responses –– Nonintervention Nonintervention
Ø Utilized when…
q Incident is beyond the capabilities of the responders
q Imminent explosion is probable
q Potential for massive release exists
q LERP or facility plan dictates this approach as determined by a site pre-plan
Response Objectives
406
Types of Responses Types of Responses –– NoninterventionNonintervention
Ø Actions taken…
q Relocate responders and other personnel to a safe distance
q Relay conditions to dispatch and request additional resources
q Establish scene control and an incident management system
q Evacuate or protect-in-place as necessary
Response Objectives
67
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Types of Responses Types of Responses –– Defensive Defensive
Ø Utilized when…
q Responders have adequate training and equipment to confine the product
q LERP or facility plan dictates this approach as determined by a site pre-plan of the hazards
Response Objectives
408
Types of Responses Types of Responses –– DefensiveDefensive
Ø Actions taken…
q Relay incident conditions to dispatch center
q Set up an incident management system and control zones
q Evacuate or protect-in-place as necessary
q Utilize defensive operations to control and confine the product
q Request additional resources as required
Response Objectives
409
Types of Responses Types of Responses –– OffensiveOffensive
Ø This type of response is limited to the technician level
Ø First responders are not trained to initiate offensive operations
Response Objectives
68
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Tactical ConsiderationsTactical Considerations
Ø Identified materialsq Determine threat to life safety, the
environment, and property
Ø Unidentified materialsq Assume the worstq Control ignition sources, confine runoff and
avoid contact with the material
Response Objectives
411
Tactical ConsiderationsTactical Considerations
Ø Determine the integrity of the container
q Container not damaged
q Damaged with no release of material
q Damaged with a release of material and no fire
q Damaged with a release of material and fire
Response Objectives
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Tactical PrioritiesTactical Priorities
Ø Rescue
Ø Protect exposures
Ø Extinguish fires
Ø Confine the product
Ø Contain the product
Ø Recover the product
Response Objectives
69
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Rescue OperationsRescue Operations
Ø First priority to consider at any incident
Ø Risk vs. benefit analysis
Ø Escape plan should be established prior to entry
Response Objectives
414
Rescue OperationsRescue Operations
Ø In multiple victim situations, first rescue victims which can be most easily saved
Ø A thorough primary search should be quickly conducted if conditions allow
Ø Always be aware of the potential for conditions to quickly degrade
Response Objectives
415
Rescue OperationsRescue Operations
Ø Items to considerq What is the nature of the material involved
and the severity of the incident?q Is the proper personal protective
equipment available?q How may victims are there? What is their
condition?q How long will rescue operations take?q Is the necessary equipment available to
complete the rescue?
Response Objectives
70
Hazardous Materials OperationalHazardous Materials Operational
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Protection of ExposuresProtection of Exposures
Ø Determine the number of exposures involved in the incident
Ø Decide how may exposures have already been lost
Ø Determine the best manner in which to protect people, the environment, and property from further damage
Response Objectives
417
Protection of ExposuresProtection of Exposures
Ø People:
q Most important consideration is life safety
q Evacuation
q Protect-in-place
Response Objectives
418
Protection of ExposuresProtection of Exposures
Ø Environment:q Airq Surface waterq Wildlifeq Water tableq Surrounding land
Ø It may take years to notice the effect
Response Objectives
71
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419
Protection of Exposures Protection of Exposures
Ø Propertyq Contamination of exposed items
q Dilution or diversion of hazardous materials may be the best option
q Do not risk life or the environment to save property
q It may be necessary to “write it off” if the danger is too great
Response Objectives
420
Extinguishment of FireExtinguishment of Fire
Ø May be necessary in order to conduct rescue operations
Ø Careful evaluation is necessary prior to committing emergency personnel
Ø Fire streams may worsen the situation
Response Objectives
421
Extinguishment of FireExtinguishment of Fire
Ø Allowing the material to burn may be a viable alternative
Response Objectives
72
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ConfinementConfinement
Ø Consists of controlling the flow of a hazardous material
Ø Considered a defensive action
Response Objectives
423
ContainmentContainment
Ø Prevention of additional releases from the container
Ø Not a first responder level skill
Ø Performed by responders at the technician level
Response Objectives
424
ContainmentContainment
Ø Factors which affect containmentq The condition of the container
q Chemical/physical properties of the material
q The material’s rate of release
q Overall assessment of the incident
Response Objectives
73
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RecoveryRecovery
Ø Defensive actions should be planned with future recovery operations in mind
Ø This reduces the amount of time needed for cleanup as well as limiting the number of exposures
Ø Often conducted by companies specializing in this field
Response Objectives
427
Personal Protective EquipmentPersonal Protective Equipment
Ø List the types of respiratory protection available to hazmat responders
Ø Identify the appropriate PPE necessary for a given defensive operation
Ø List the advantages and limitations of the levels of PPE outlined in this section
O B J E C T I V E S
74
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Personal Protective EquipmentPersonal Protective Equipment
Ø Given the name of a material, determine if the PPE available to the first responder in a given situation is adequate
Ø Demonstrate the ability to don, work in and doff personal protective equipment
O B J E C T I V E S
429
Choosing Appropriate PPEChoosing Appropriate PPE
Ø Determine the identity of the involved products
Ø Determine exposure typeq Skinq Respiratoryq Ingestion
Ø Determine availability of appropriate PPE
Personal Protective Equipment
430
Choosing Appropriate PPEChoosing Appropriate PPE
Ø First responders are not expected or trained to use special chemical protective clothing
Ø The type of PPE available is an important factor in determining the type of defensive action which may be utilized
Personal Protective Equipment
75
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431
Personal Protective ClothingPersonal Protective Clothing
Ø Structural firefighting clothing
Ø Chemical protective clothingq Vapor protective suitsq Liquid splash protective suits
Ø High temperature protective clothing
Personal Protective Equipment
432
Structural Firefighting ClothingStructural Firefighting Clothing
Ø Structural firefighting clothing is not designed to provide chemical protection
Personal Protective Equipment
433
Structural Firefighting Clothing Structural Firefighting Clothing
Ø First responders must recognize the limitations of firefighting equipment in a hazardous materials environment
Ø Advantagesq Effective protection against heat and flame
contactq Familiar to emergency responders
Personal Protective Equipment
76
Hazardous Materials OperationalHazardous Materials Operational
Copyright © 2001-2002 Emergency Training Solutions, LLC All Rights Reserved
434
Structural Firefighting ClothingStructural Firefighting Clothing
Ø Disadvantagesq Provides limited splash protection
q Absorbs liquids
q Easily permeated and penetrated by most hazardous chemicals
Personal Protective Equipment
435
Chemical Protective Clothing LevelsChemical Protective Clothing Levels
Ø Level Aq Encapsulating suit
which covers both the wearer and their SCBA
Ø Level Bq Consists of a
garment designed for splash protection as well as a SCBA
Ø Level Cq Level B splash
protection garment with a respirator instead of SCBA
Ø Level Dq Ordinary work
clothes or uniform and no respiratory protection
Personal Protective Equipment
436
Chemical Protective Clothing Chemical Protective Clothing –– Level Level ““AA””
Ø Fully encapsulating suit which covers both the wearer and their SCBA
Ø Protects against vapors, gases, mists, and particles
Personal Protective Equipment
77
Hazardous Materials OperationalHazardous Materials Operational
Copyright © 2001-2002 Emergency Training Solutions, LLC All Rights Reserved
437
Chemical Protective Clothing Chemical Protective Clothing –– Level Level ““AA””
Ø Components of Level “A” protectionq Encapsulating suit with attached gloves
and bootsq Inner and outer glovesq Hard hatq Communications systemq SCBAq Flame resistant coverallsq Overboots
Personal Protective Equipment
438
Chemical Protective Clothing Chemical Protective Clothing –– Level Level ““AA””Personal Protective Equipment
Ethyl acetate
TolueneDimenthyl formanide
TetrahydrofuranDiethylamine
TetrachloroethyleneDichloromethane
Sulfuric acidChlorine
Sodium hydroxideCarbon disulfide
NitrobenzeneAnhydrous ammonia
MethanolAcetonitrile
HexaneAcetone
NFPA 1931 NFPA 1931 –– Minimum Chemical Certification Minimum Chemical Certification for Level A Suitsfor Level A Suits
439
Chemical Protective Clothing Chemical Protective Clothing –– Level Level ““AA””
Ø Advantages
q Tested for compatibility with 21 specific chemicals
q Data sheet provided with suit to show which chemicals it is certified for
q Provides vapor protection
Personal Protective Equipment
78
Hazardous Materials OperationalHazardous Materials Operational
Copyright © 2001-2002 Emergency Training Solutions, LLC All Rights Reserved
440
Chemical Protective Clothing Chemical Protective Clothing –– Level Level ““AA””
Ø Disadvantages
q Suit impairs the ability to move, communicate and see
q Must consider the potential for heat stress
q First responders do not have the training necessary to operate at this level
q Cannot be used with chemicals that it has not been tested against
Personal Protective Equipment
441
Chemical Protective Clothing Chemical Protective Clothing –– Level Level ““BB””
Ø Consists of a garment designed for splash protection as well as a SCBA
Personal Protective Equipment
442
Chemical Protective Clothing Chemical Protective Clothing –– Level Level ““BB””
Ø Components of Level “B” protectionq Chemical splash protective suit
q Hard hat
q Inner and outer gloves
q SCBA
q Communications system
q Flame resistant coveralls
q Outer boots
Personal Protective Equipment
79
Hazardous Materials OperationalHazardous Materials Operational
Copyright © 2001-2002 Emergency Training Solutions, LLC All Rights Reserved
443
Chemical Protective Clothing Chemical Protective Clothing –– Level Level ““BB””Personal Protective Equipment
TolueneHexane
TetrahydrofuranEthyl acetate
Sulfuric acidDiethylamine
Sodium hydroxideAcetone
NFPA 1931 NFPA 1931 –– Minimum Chemical Certification Minimum Chemical Certification for Level B Suitsfor Level B Suits
444
Chemical Protective Clothing Chemical Protective Clothing –– Level Level ““BB””
Ø Advantages
q Tested for compatibility with 7 specific chemicals
q Data sheet provided with suit shows which chemicals it is certified for
Personal Protective Equipment
445
Chemical Protective Clothing Chemical Protective Clothing –– Level Level ““BB””
Ø Disadvantages
q Suit impairs the ability to move, communicate and see
q Cannot be used with chemicals that it has not been tested against
q Since SCBA may be located on the outside of the suit, compatibility issues must be considered
Personal Protective Equipment
80
Hazardous Materials OperationalHazardous Materials Operational
Copyright © 2001-2002 Emergency Training Solutions, LLC All Rights Reserved
446
Chemical Protective Clothing Chemical Protective Clothing –– Level Level ““BB””Personal Protective Equipment
Coverall EncapsulatingTwo-Piece
447
Chemical Protective Clothing Chemical Protective Clothing –– Level Level ““BB””
Ø The level “B” encapsulated suit is the most common suit used by hazmat teams
Ø Provides protection against splash hazards but not chemical vapors or gases
Ø First responders may use level “B”protection during decontamination procedures
Personal Protective Equipment
448
Chemical Protective Clothing Chemical Protective Clothing –– Level Level ““CC””
Ø The same type of garment is utilized as in Level “B”protection
Ø Allows for respiratory protection other than SCBA
Personal Protective Equipment
81
Hazardous Materials OperationalHazardous Materials Operational
Copyright © 2001-2002 Emergency Training Solutions, LLC All Rights Reserved
449
Chemical Protective Clothing Chemical Protective Clothing –– Level Level ““CC””
Ø Components of Level “C” protectionq Chemical splash protective suit
q Air-purifying respirator (APR)
q Hard hat
q Inner and outer gloves
q Flame resistance coveralls
q Outer boots
Personal Protective Equipment
450
Chemical Protective Clothing Chemical Protective Clothing –– Level Level ““CC””
Ø Advantagesq Mobility is increased because SCBA is not
required
Ø Disadvantagesq This type of protection cannot be utilized
unless the specific material is known and can be measured
Personal Protective Equipment
451
Chemical Protective Clothing Chemical Protective Clothing –– Level Level ““DD””
Ø Requires no respiratory protection
Ø Ordinary work clothes or uniforms
Personal Protective Equipment
82
Hazardous Materials OperationalHazardous Materials Operational
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452
Chemical Protective Clothing Chemical Protective Clothing –– Level Level ““DD””
Ø Components of Level “D” protection
q Work clothes or uniform
q Hard hat or helmet
q Chemical or work gloves
q Safety glasses
q Safety shoes or boots
Personal Protective Equipment
453
Chemical Protective Clothing Chemical Protective Clothing –– Level Level ““DD””
Ø Used when respiratory protection is unnecessary and there is no splash hazard
Ø Provides protection against workplace hazards, not chemicals
Personal Protective Equipment
454
High Temperature Protective ClothingHigh Temperature Protective Clothing
Ø Approach suitsq Firefighting operations with high levels of
radiated heat
Ø Proximity suitsq Allows close approach to fires for rescue
and suppression operations
Ø Fire entry suitsq Allows the wearer to work in total flame
environment for short periods of time
Personal Protective Equipment
83
Hazardous Materials OperationalHazardous Materials Operational
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455
High Temperature Protective ClothingHigh Temperature Protective Clothing
Ø Suits do not provide chemical protection
Ø They are bulky and cumbersome
Ø They require specialized training to operate in them
Personal Protective Equipment
456
Protective Breathing EquipmentProtective Breathing Equipment
Ø Protects against the inhalation of toxic substances
Ø Each type of respiratory protection has its advantages and disadvantages
Personal Protective Equipment
457
OpenOpen--Circuit SCBACircuit SCBA
Ø Most commonly used breathing apparatus in the fire service
Ø Only positive pressure SCBA should be used
Personal Protective Equipment
84
Hazardous Materials OperationalHazardous Materials Operational
Copyright © 2001-2002 Emergency Training Solutions, LLC All Rights Reserved
458
OpenOpen--Circuit SCBACircuit SCBAPersonal Protective Equipment
FacepieceFacepiece
RegulatorRegulatorCompressed Compressed Air CylinderAir Cylinder
Backpack Backpack AssemblyAssembly
459
OpenOpen--Circuit SCBACircuit SCBA
Ø Breathing air is compressed and stored in a cylinder carried on the wearer’s back
Ø Exhaled air is vented to the outside atmosphere through the mask
Personal Protective Equipment
460
OpenOpen--Circuit SCBACircuit SCBA
Ø Air supply duration is dependent on:q Wearer’s fitnessq Degree of physical exertionq The unit’s design
Ø Always remember to include decontamination time when calculating the length of time a responder can work
Personal Protective Equipment
85
Hazardous Materials OperationalHazardous Materials Operational
Copyright © 2001-2002 Emergency Training Solutions, LLC All Rights Reserved
461
OpenOpen--Circuit SCBACircuit SCBA
Ø Disadvantagesq Limited usage timeq Heavy q Difficult to use in confined spaces
Ø Advantagesq Good mobilityq Highest level of protection
Personal Protective Equipment
462
ClosedClosed--Circuit SCBACircuit SCBA
Ø Consists of a cylinder of oxygen, a filtering system, a regulator and valves
Ø Exhaled air is cleaned/filtered and then oxygen is added
Ø Usage times range from 30 minutes to 4 hours
Personal Protective Equipment
463
ClosedClosed--Circuit SCBACircuit SCBA
Ø Disadvantagesq More complicated than open-circuit SCBAq Requires special training to use
Ø Advantagesq Duration of air supply exceeds open-circuit
SCBAq Typically weighs less than open-circuit
SCBA
Personal Protective Equipment
86
Hazardous Materials OperationalHazardous Materials Operational
Copyright © 2001-2002 Emergency Training Solutions, LLC All Rights Reserved
464
Supplied Air Respirator (SAR)Supplied Air Respirator (SAR)
Ø Airline is attached to one or more cylinders
Personal Protective Equipment
465
Supplied Air Respirator (SAR)Supplied Air Respirator (SAR)
Ø The line is connected to a unit consisting of an open-circuit face-piece, a regulator and an emergency egress cylinder
Ø Not commonly used by the fire service for hazmat applications
Personal Protective Equipment
466
Supplied Air Respirator (SAR)Supplied Air Respirator (SAR)
Ø Advantagesq Provides the wearer with an increased
amount of working time
q Allows the responder to work without a cumbersome backpack assembly
q Lighter than SCBA
Personal Protective Equipment
87
Hazardous Materials OperationalHazardous Materials Operational
Copyright © 2001-2002 Emergency Training Solutions, LLC All Rights Reserved
467
Supplied Air Respirator (SAR)Supplied Air Respirator (SAR)
Ø Disadvantages q Maximum travel distance of only 300’ away
from the regulated air source
q Potential exists for the wearer to become entangled in the air line
q Hose material may come in contact and react with the hazardous material
Personal Protective Equipment
468
Air Purifying Respirator (APR)Air Purifying Respirator (APR)
Ø Uses filtered ambient air
Ø Must not be used in emergency situations
Personal Protective Equipment
469
Air Purifying Respirator (APR)Air Purifying Respirator (APR)
Ø Advantagesq Allows for greater mobilityq Lightweight and easy to use
Ø Disadvantagesq Cannot be used in oxygen deficient
atmospheresq Limited usage timeq Can only be used for specific products
Personal Protective Equipment
88
Hazardous Materials OperationalHazardous Materials Operational
Copyright © 2001-2002 Emergency Training Solutions, LLC All Rights Reserved
470
Limitations of the WearerLimitations of the Wearer
Ø Physicalq Physical conditionq Agility/balanceq Facial features
Ø Mentalq Emotional stabilityq Self-confidenceq Proper training in the use of the equipment
Personal Protective Equipment
471
Limitations of the WearerLimitations of the Wearer
Ø Medicalq Muscular/skeletal conditionq Cardiovascular conditioningq Respiratory conditioning
Personal Protective Equipment
472
Limitations of the EquipmentLimitations of the Equipment
Ø Respirator masks limit visibility
Ø Ability to communicate is reduced
Ø Weight of the equipment
Ø Reduction of mobility
Ø Air purify respirators have limited applications
Personal Protective Equipment
89
Hazardous Materials OperationalHazardous Materials Operational
Copyright © 2001-2002 Emergency Training Solutions, LLC All Rights Reserved
473
Limitations of the Air SupplyLimitations of the Air Supply
Ø Physical condition of the user
Ø Amount of physical exertion necessary
Ø Condition of the breathing apparatus
Ø Cylinder pressure prior to use
Ø Experience and training with the equipment
Personal Protective Equipment
474
Respiratory Equipment Inspection ProceduresRespiratory Equipment Inspection Procedures
Ø Check cylinder pressure
Ø Activate the low air supply alarm
Ø Compare the gauge on the cylinder to the gauge on the regulator
Personal Protective Equipment
475
Respiratory Equipment Inspection ProceduresRespiratory Equipment Inspection Procedures
Ø Ensure the harness assembly is in good condition and the straps are fully extended
Personal Protective Equipment
90
Hazardous Materials OperationalHazardous Materials Operational
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476
Respiratory Equipment Inspection ProceduresRespiratory Equipment Inspection Procedures
Ø Inspect all hoses and make sure all hose connections are tight
Ø Check emergency bypass and main line valves for proper operation
Personal Protective Equipment
477
Respiratory Equipment Inspection ProceduresRespiratory Equipment Inspection Procedures
Ø Check face-piece to ensure that it is in good condition and the straps are fully extended
Ø Test the operation of the PASS device
Personal Protective Equipment
478
Respiratory Equipment MaintenanceRespiratory Equipment Maintenance
Ø Clean the harness assembly with a mild soap and water solution
Ø Do not allow water to enter the opening on the regulator assembly
Personal Protective Equipment
91
Hazardous Materials OperationalHazardous Materials Operational
Copyright © 2001-2002 Emergency Training Solutions, LLC All Rights Reserved
479
Respiratory Equipment MaintenanceRespiratory Equipment Maintenance
Ø Follow the manufacturer’s recommendation on disinfecting the face-piece
Personal Protective Equipment
480
Donning SCBADonning SCBA
Ø Coat method
Personal Protective Equipment
481
Donning SCBADonning SCBA
Ø Over-the-head method
Personal Protective Equipment
92
Hazardous Materials OperationalHazardous Materials Operational
Copyright © 2001-2002 Emergency Training Solutions, LLC All Rights Reserved
482
Donning SCBADonning SCBA
Ø Seat mounted SCBA
Personal Protective Equipment
483
Working in SCBAWorking in SCBA
Ø Familiarize yourself with emergency procedures
Ø Control breathing
Ø Monitor air pressure
Ø Ensure a good face-piece seal
Personal Protective Equipment
484
Doffing SCBADoffing SCBA
Ø Prior to removal of the SCBA, wearer must be thoroughly decontaminated
Ø Keep the regulator and the face-piece clean by not laying it on the ground or a similarly dirty surface
Personal Protective Equipment