hawaiian language
TRANSCRIPT
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Hawaiian language
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Hawaiian
lelo Hawaii
Region Hawaii, concentrated
onNiihauand Hawaii
Ethnicity Native Hawaiians
Native
speakers2,000 (1997)[1]to
24,000+ (2006200!)[2]
Language
family"ustronesian
#a$a%o&'o$%nesian
ceanic
'o$%nesian
astern 'o$%nesian
#ar*uesic
Hawaiian
Writing
system
atin(Hawaiian a$ha-et)
Hawaiian .rai$$e
Ocial status
Ocial
language inHawaii
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niihauhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niihauhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_(island)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_(island)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Hawaiianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_familyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_familyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesian_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Polynesian_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Polynesian_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquesic_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_scripthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_alphabethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Braillehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niihauhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_(island)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Hawaiianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_familyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_familyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesian_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Polynesian_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Polynesian_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquesic_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_scripthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_alphabethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Braillehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii -
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Recognised
minority
language in
/nited tates
Language codes
IO !"#$% haw
IO !"#$" haw
&lottolog hawa1245 []
'his article contains I()phonetic
sym*ols+ithout roer renderin3 suort,%ou a% see *uestion ar5s, -oes, or other
s%-o$sinstead o /nicodecharacters8
The Hawaiian language(Hawaiian: lelo Hawaii, pronounced[ o l lo h v j i] :; < ; = [!]i" a #olyne"ianlan$ua$ethat take" it" name fromHawaii,the lar$e"t i"land in the tropical %orth#acific archipela$owhere it developed& Hawaiian, alon$ with 'n$li"h, i" an official lan$ua$e of
the"tate of Hawaii&in$ amehameha )))e"ta*li"hed the fir"t Hawaiian+lan$ua$econ"titutionin
-./ and -!0&
For variou" rea"on", includin$ territorialle$i"lation e"ta*li"hin$ 'n$li"h a" the official lan$ua$e in
"chool", the num*er of native "peaker"of Hawaiian $radually decrea"ed durin$ the period from the
-.0" to the /10"& Hawaiian wa" e""entially di"placed *y 'n$li"h on "i2 of "even inha*ited i"land"&)n 300, native "peaker" of Hawaiian amounted to under 0&4 of the "tatewide population& 5in$ui"t"
are worried a*out the fate of thi" and other endan$ered lan$ua$e"&[1][6]
%everthele"", from circa /!/ to the pre"ent day, there ha" *een a $radual increa"e in attention to
and promotion of the lan$ua$e& #u*lic Hawaiian+lan$ua$e immer"ionpre"chool" called #7nana
5eowere "tarted in /-!8 other immer"ion "chool" followed "oon after& The fir"t "tudent" to "tart in
immer"ion pre"chool have now $raduated from colle$e and many are fluent Hawaiian "peaker"& The
federal $overnment ha" acknowled$ed thi" development& For e2ample, the Hawaiian %ational #ark
5an$ua$e 9orrection ct of 3000 chan$ed the name" of "everal national park"in Hawaii, o*"ervin$the Hawaiian "pellin$&[;]
pid$inor creole lan$ua$e"poken in Hawaii i" Hawaiian #id$in(or Hawaii 9reole 'n$li"h, H9'& )t"hould not *e mi"taken for the Hawaiian lan$ua$e nor for a dialect of 'n$li"h&
The Hawaiian alpha*etha" . letter": five vowel" (lon$ and "hort and ei$ht con"onant", one of
them *ein$ a $lottal "top(calledokinain Hawaiian&
9ontent"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-2http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=hawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=hawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottologhttp://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/hawa1245http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/hawa1245http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/hawa1245https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-Glottolog-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Technical_notehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojibakehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojibakehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicodehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Hawaiianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Hawaiianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Hawaiianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_(island)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_(island)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_(island)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_(island)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_(island)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archipelagohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archipelagohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamehameha_IIIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamehameha_IIIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_Territoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_immersionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%ABnana_Leohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%ABnana_Leohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_parkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidginhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Pidginhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Pidginhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_alphabethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_alphabethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottal_stophttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBokinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBokinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-2http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=hawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=hawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottologhttp://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/hawa1245https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-Glottolog-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Technical_notehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojibakehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojibakehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicodehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Hawaiianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_(island)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archipelagohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamehameha_IIIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_Territoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_immersionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%ABnana_Leohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%ABnana_Leohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_parkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidginhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Pidginhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_alphabethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottal_stophttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBokina -
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[hide]
%ame
3 Family and ori$in
o 3&
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6 Arammar
; Dee al"o
- %ote"
/ Eeference"
0 '2ternal link"
Name[edit]
The Hawaiian lan$ua$e take" it" name from the lar$e"t i"land, Hawaii (Hawaiiin the Hawaiianlan$ua$e, in the tropical %orth #acific archipela$o where it developed, ori$inally from a #olyne"ian
lan$ua$e of the Douth #acific, mo"t likely@taheite> rather than >Tahiti&>[]
The "pellin$ >why> in the name reflect" the [hw] pronunciation of whin -th+century 'n$li"h ("till inactive u"ein part" of the 'n$li"h+"peakin$ world& Whywa" pronounced [hwai]& The "pellin$ >hee> or>ee> in the name repre"ent" the "ound" [hi], or [i]&[3]
#uttin$ the part" to$ether, O-why-(h)eereflect" [o+hwai+i], a rea"ona*le appro2imation of the nativepronunciation, [o h w i i]= = &
merican mi""ionarie" *ound for Hawaii u"ed the phra"e" >@whihe 5an$ua$e> and >@whyheelan$ua$e> in ?o"ton prior to their departure in @cto*er -/ and durin$ their five+month voya$e to
Hawai=i&[.]They "till u"ed "uch phra"e" a" late a" Hawaiian 5an$ua$e&>[1]
)n Hawaiian, lelo Hawaiimean" >Hawaiian lan$ua$e>, a" adjective" follow noun"&[6]
Family and origin[edit]
Hawaiian i" a #olyne"ian mem*er of theu"trone"ian lan$ua$e family&[;])t i" clo"ely related to
other #olyne"ian lan$ua$e", "uch a"
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time, *ecame the Hawaiian lan$ua$e within the Hawaiian )"land"&[/]imura and Wil"on (/-. al"o
"tate, >5in$ui"t" a$ree that Hawaiian i" clo"ely related to 'a"tern #olyne"ian, with a particularly
"tron$ link in the Douthern *a"ic voca*ulary> (or Dwade"h li"t amount" to a*out 300
word",[31]havin$ meanin$" "uch a" >eye>, >hair>, >*lood>, >water>, and >and&>[36]The mea"urement of
a $enetic relation"hip i" e2pre""ed a" a percenta$e&[3.][3;]
For e2ample, Hawaiian and 'n$li"h have 0co$nate" in the 300+word li"t, "o they are 04 $enetically related& ?y contra"t, Hawaiian
andTahitianhave a*out 13 co$nate" in the li"t, "o they are e"timated a" *ein$ ;64 $enetically
related&[3-]
The comparative methodi" a techniue developed *y lin$ui"t" to determine if two or more
lan$ua$e" are $enetically related, and if they are, the hi"torical nature of the relation"hip"&[3][3/]For a
$iven meanin$, the word" of the lan$ua$e" are compared& [.0]5in$ui"t" o*"erve:[.]
& identical "ound",
3& "imilar "ound", and
.& di""imilar "ound", in corre"pondin$ po"ition" in the word"
)n thi" method, the definition of >identical> i" rea"ona*ly clear, *ut tho"e of >"imilar> and >di""imilar>
are *a"ed on phonolo$ical criteria which may reuire profe""ional trainin$ to fully under"tand and
which can vary in the conte2t" of different lan$ua$e"& ?a"ically, a "ound=" manner and place of
articulation, and it"phonolo$ical feature",are the main factor" con"idered in inve"ti$atin$ it" "tatu"
a" >"imilar> or >di""imilar> to other "ound" in a particular conte2t& For e2ample, K*K and KmK are
*othvoicedla*ial"ound", *ut one i" a"topand the other ana"al& When lin$ui"t" find in compared
lan$ua$e" that compared word" of the "ame or "imilar meanin$ contain "ound" which corre"pond to
one another, and find that the"e "ame "ound corre"pondence"recur re$ularly in mo"t, or in many, of
the compara*le word" of the lan$ua$e", then the u"ual conclu"ion i" that the lan$ua$e" are
$enetically related&[.3][..]
The followin$ ta*le provide" a limited data "et for ten num*er"& [.!]The a"teri"k (L i" u"ed to "how
that the"e are hypothetical, recon"tructedform"& )n the ta*le, the year date of the modern form" i"
rounded off to 9' 3000 to empha"ie the 6000+year time lap"e "ince the #% era&
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-20https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_language&action=edit§ion=3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_relationship_(linguistics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicostatisticshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-lyovin1-21https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-lyovin8-23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-lyovin8-23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swadesh_listhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-26https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-lyovin8-23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-27https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahitian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahitian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-28https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_methodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_methodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-lyovin1-21https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-30https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-31https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinctive_featurehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinctive_featurehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinctive_featurehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voicedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voicedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labial_consonanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labial_consonanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_consonanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_consonanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_consonanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_method#Applicationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_method#Applicationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-32https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-32https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-33https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-34https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_reconstructionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-20https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_language&action=edit§ion=3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_relationship_(linguistics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicostatisticshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-lyovin1-21https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-lyovin8-23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-lyovin8-23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swadesh_listhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-26https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-lyovin8-23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-27https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahitian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-28https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_methodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-lyovin1-21https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-30https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-31https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinctive_featurehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voicedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labial_consonanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_consonanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_consonanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_method#Applicationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-32https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-33https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-34https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_reconstruction -
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Num*ers in )ustronesian languages
Lang
uage, % " - . ! / 0 # ,1
()N2 c+-111 45
>isa>?ua
>te$u
>eat
>$ia
>ene
>itu
>wa$u
>iwa
>u$u*
)mis ceca% tusa tu$useat
$iaene
itu
a$u siwa u$u@
'agalog isAda$awA
tat$B
Aat
$iAAni
itB
wa$B
si%A
sau
Ilocano a%sA duata$$B
uAt
$iAinnC
itB
wa$B
siasan3aD$
o
5e*uan
ousA
duhA
tu$Bua
t$iA
uno
itB
wa$B
si%A
nau$u
5hamor
ro
aisaEhFcha
hu3ua
tu$uatat
$ia3unu
Gti3uF$
usi3ua
FnotEu$u
6alaga
syisa roa te$o
eatra
di%
enina
Gto va$o siv% o$o
6alay satu dua ti3aeat $ia
ena
tuuh
$aan
se-i$an seu$uh
7avanes
esii $oro te$u
aat
$io neitu
wo$u
son3o
seu$uh
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Austronesian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amis_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilokano_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebuano_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebuano_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamorro_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamorro_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagasy_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagasy_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Austronesian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amis_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilokano_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebuano_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebuano_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamorro_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamorro_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagasy_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagasy_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_language -
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Num*ers in )ustronesian languages
Lang
uage, % " - . ! / 0 # ,1
8i9ian dua rua to$u vI $ia onovitu
wa$u
ciwa tini
:iri*ati teuanauoua
teniua
auaniaua
onoua
itiua
waniua
ruaiua
te-uina
'ongan taha ua to$u Ini
aono Gtu va$u hiva &u$u
;moa
ntasi $ua to$u I $ia ono Gtu va$u iva seu$u
6;ori tahi rua toru whI ria onowhitu
waru
iwate5au
(archaicJn
3ahuru)
'ahitia
nhK@L iti toru
aha
ae Knohitu
va@u iva @ahuru
6ar0>, the Ton$an form in the ta*le i" part of the word KhoMo+fuluK (=ten=& The
Hawaiian co$nate i" part of the word Kana+huluK (=ten day"=8 however, the more common word for
>0> u"ed in countin$ and uantifyin$ i" K umiK , a different root&
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fijian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbertese_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongan_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoan_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoan_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahitian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahitian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquesan_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquesan_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fijian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbertese_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongan_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoan_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoan_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahitian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahitian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquesan_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquesan_language -
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pplication of the le2ico"tati"tical method to the data in the ta*le will "how the four lan$ua$e" to *e
related to one another, with Ta$alo$ havin$ 004 co$nacy with #%, while Hawaiian and Ton$an
have 004 co$nacy with each other, *ut /04 with Ta$alo$ and #%& Thi" i" *ecau"e the form" for
each num*er are co$nate", e2cept the Hawaiian and Ton$an word" for the num*er >>, which are
co$nate with each other, *ut not with Ta$alo$ and #%& When the full "et of 300 meanin$" i" u"ed,
the percenta$e" will *e much lower& For e2ample, 'l*ert found Hawaiian and Ton$an to have !/4(/- N 300 "hared co$nacy&[.1]Thi" point" out the importance of data+"et "ie for thi" method O le""
data, cruder re"ult8 more data, *etter re"ult&
pplication of the comparative method will "how partly different $enetic relation"hip"& )t will point
out"ound chan$e",[.6]"uch a":
& the lo"" of all #% word+final con"onant" in Ton$an and Hawaiian8
3& lowerin$of #% Lu to Ta$alo$ [o] in word+final "ylla*le"8
.& retention of #% Lt in word+initial and word+medial po"ition in Ta$alo$ and Ton$an, *ut "hiftto KkK in Hawaiian8
!& retention of #% Lp in Ta$alo$, *ut "hift to KfK in Ton$an and KhK in Hawaiian&
Thi" method will reco$nie "ound chan$e P a" a "hared innovationof Hawaiian and Ton$an& )t will
al"o take the Hawaiian and Ton$an co$nate" for >> a" another "hared innovation& Cue to the"e
e2clu"ively "hared feature", Hawaiian and Ton$an are found to *e more clo"ely related to one
another than either i" to Ta$alo$ or #%&
The form" in the ta*le "how that the u"trone"ian vowel" tend to *e relatively "ta*le, while the
con"onant" are relatively volatile& )t i" al"o apparent that the Hawaiian word" for >.>, >1> and >->
have remained e""entially unchan$ed for 6000 year"&
History[edit]
For Hawaiian language history before 1778, seeFa!ily an" origin#
Fir"t 'uropean contact[edit]
)n ;;-, ?riti"h e2plorer Game" 9ook made the fir"t reported 'uropean contact with Hawaii,*e$innin$ a new pha"e in the development of Hawaiian& Curin$ the ne2t forty year", the "ound"
of Dpani"h(;-/, Eu""ian(-0!, French(-6, and Aerman(-6 arrived in Hawaii via othere2plorer" and *u"ine""men& Hawaiian *e$an to *e written for the fir"t time, lar$ely re"tricted to
i"olated name" and word", and word li"t" collected *y e2plorer" and traveler"& [.;]
The early e2plorer" and merchant" who fir"t *rou$ht 'uropean lan$ua$e" to the Hawaiian i"land"al"o took on a few native crew mem*er" who *rou$ht the Hawaiian lan$ua$e into new territory&[.-]lthou$h there were not enou$h of the"e Hawaiian+"peakin$ e2plorer" to e"ta*li"h any via*le
"peech communitie" a*road, they "till had a noticea*le pre"ence& @ne of them, a *oy in hi" teen"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-35https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_changeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_changeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-36https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raising_(phonetics)#Raised_and_lowered_vowelshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_method#Genetically_related_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_language&action=edit§ion=4https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_language&action=edit§ion=4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#Family_and_originhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#Family_and_originhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#Family_and_originhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_language&action=edit§ion=5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-37https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-38https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-35https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_changeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-36https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raising_(phonetics)#Raised_and_lowered_vowelshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_method#Genetically_related_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_language&action=edit§ion=4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#Family_and_originhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_language&action=edit§ion=5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-37https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-38 -
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known a" @*ookiah($%kahaia, had a major impact on the future of the lan$ua$e& He "ailedto %ew 'n$land, where he eventually *ecame a "tudent at the Forei$n "oon de"tined to e2tinction&>[!1]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Obookiahhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Obookiahhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Mission_Schoolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall,_Connecticuthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall,_Connecticuthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-39https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_language&action=edit§ion=6https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_language&action=edit§ion=6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionarieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionarieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Dwight_IV#The_Gentle_soul.2C_Henry_Opukahaiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Dwight_IV#The_Gentle_soul.2C_Henry_Opukahaiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Dwight_IV#The_Gentle_soul.2C_Henry_Opukahaiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Dwight_IV#The_Gentle_soul.2C_Henry_Opukahaiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Dwight_IV#The_Gentle_soul.2C_Henry_Opukahaiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Dwight_IV#The_Gentle_soul.2C_Henry_Opukahaiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Dwight_IV#The_Gentle_soul.2C_Henry_Opukahaiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Mission_Schoolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Mission_Schoolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall,_Connecticuthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall,_Connecticuthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamehameha_IIIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelbert_von_Chamissohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-40https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%C4%81kauahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Kapiolanihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Kapiolanihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Kapiolanihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Kapiolanihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Kapiolanihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliuokalanihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliuokalanihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliuokalanihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliuokalanihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloha_Oehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloha_Oehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloha_Oehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-41https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorrin_Andrewshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahainalunahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-42https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-43https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-44https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-44https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-45https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Obookiahhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Mission_Schoolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall,_Connecticuthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall,_Connecticuthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-39https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_language&action=edit§ion=6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionarieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Dwight_IV#The_Gentle_soul.2C_Henry_Opukahaiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Mission_Schoolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Mission_Schoolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall,_Connecticuthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamehameha_IIIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelbert_von_Chamissohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-40https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%C4%81kauahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Kapiolanihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliuokalanihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloha_Oehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-41https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorrin_Andrewshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahainalunahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-42https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-43https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-44https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-45 -
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The increa"e in travel to and from Hawaii durin$ the /th century introduced a num*er of fatalillne""e" "uch a" "mallpo2,influena, andlepro"y, which killed lar$e num*er" of native "peaker" of
Hawaiian& Hidden meanin$, a" inHawaiian poetry8 concealed reference, a" to a per"on, thin$, or place8 word" with dou*le meanin$"
that mi$ht *rin$ $ood or *ad fortune&> #ukui lamented, Sin "pite of year" of dedicated work, it i"
impo""i*le to record any lan$ua$e completely& How true thi" "eem" for Hawaiian, with it" rich and
varied *ack$round, it" many idiom" heretofore unde"cri*ed, and it" in$eniou" and "ophi"ticated u"eof fi$urative lan$ua$e& @n pa$e 2iii of the /-6 dictionary "he warned: >Hawaiian ha" more word"
with multiple meanin$" than almo"t any other lan$ua$e& @ne wi"hin$ to name a child, a hou"e, a T+
"hirt, or a paintin$, "hould *e careful that the cho"en name doe" not have a nau$hty or vul$ar
meanin$& The name of a ju"tly re"pecta*le children=" "chool, Hana Hauoli, mean" happy activityand "u$$e"t" a mi""ionary author, *ut amon$ older Hawaiian" it ha" another, le"" =innocent=
meanin$ that "hould not concern little children& Honolulu "treet (and formerly the name of a hotel
i" Hale 5ea =joyou" hou"e=, *ut lea al"o mean" or$a"m&>
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpoxhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenzahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenzahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leprosyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilokano_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-46https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Kawena_Pukuihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Kawena_Pukuihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-47https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#.22Banning.22_of_Hawaiianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#.22Banning.22_of_Hawaiianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_language&action=edit§ion=7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Kawena_Pukuihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Elberthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-48https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpoxhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenzahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leprosyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilokano_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-46https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Kawena_Pukuihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-47https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#.22Banning.22_of_Hawaiianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_language&action=edit§ion=7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Kawena_Pukuihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Elberthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-48 -
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Rnder"tandin$ the kaona of the lan$ua$e reuire" a comprehen"ive knowled$e of Hawaiian
le$end", hi"tory and co"molo$y&
>?annin$> of Hawaiian[edit]
The law cited a" *annin$ the Hawaiian lan$ua$e i" identified a" ct 1;, "ec& .0 of the -/6 5aw" ofthe Eepu*lic of Hawaii:
The 'n$li"h 5an$ua$e "hall *e the medium and *a"i" of in"truction in all pu*lic and private "chool",
provided that where it i" de"ired that another lan$ua$e "hall *e tau$ht in addition to the 'n$li"h
lan$ua$e, "uch in"truction may *e authoried *y the Cepartment, either *y it" rule", the curriculum
of the "chool, or *y direct order in any particular in"tance& ny "chool" that "hall not conform to the
provi"ion" of thi" "ection "hall not *e reco$nied *y the Cepartment& ["i$ned] Gune -, -/6 Danford
?& Cole, #re"ident of the Eepu*lic of Hawaii
Thi" law e"ta*li"hed 'n$li"h a" the medium of in"truction for the $overnment+reco$nied "chool"
*oth >pu*lic and private>& While it did not *an or make ille$al the Hawaiian lan$ua$e in otherconte2t", it" implementation in the "chool" had far reachin$ effect"& Tho"e who had *een pu"hin$ for
'n$li"h+only "chool" took thi" law a" licence to e2tin$ui"h the native lan$ua$e at the early education
level& While the law "topped "hort of makin$ Hawaiian ille$al (it wa" "till the dominant lan$ua$e
"poken at the time, many children who "poke Hawaiian at "chool, includin$ on the play$round, were
di"ciplined& Thi" included corporal puni"hment and $oin$ to the home of the offendin$ child to
"tron$ly advi"e them to "top "peakin$ it in their home& in addition to the 'n$li"h lan$ua$e,> reducin$ Hawaiian to the "tatu" of a
forei$n lan$ua$e, "u*ject to approval *y the Cepartment& Hawaiian wa" not tau$ht initially in any
"chool, includin$ the all+Hawaiian amehameha Dchool"& Thi" i" lar$ely *ecau"e when the"e
"chool" were founded, like amehameha Dchool" founded in --; (nine year" *efore thi" law,
Hawaiian wa" *ein$ "poken in the home& @nce thi" law wa" enacted, individual" at the"e in"titution"took it upon them"elve" to enforce a *an on Hawaiian& ?e$innin$ in /00,
-
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[1]#ukui and 'l*ert took a middle cour"e, u"in$ what they could from the ndrew" dictionary, *ut
makin$ certain improvement" and addition" that were more "i$nificant than a minor revi"ion& The
dictionary they produced, in /1;, introduced an era of $radual increa"e in attention to the lan$ua$e
and culture&
'ffort" to promote the lan$ua$e have increa"ed in recent decade"& Hawaiian+lan$ua$e >immer"ion>"chool" are now open to children who"e familie" want to reintroduce Hawaiian lan$ua$e for future
$eneration"&[13]The ha #7nana 5eoV" Hawaiian lan$ua$e pre"chool" in Hilo, Hawaii,have received
international reco$nition&[1.]The local %ational #u*lic Eadio"tation feature" a "hort "e$ment titled
>Hawaiian word of the day> and a Hawaiian lan$ua$e new" *roadca"t& Honolulutelevi"ion
"tation A
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& an imitation and adaptation to >"tandard> Hawaiian8
3& a native %i ihau dialect that i" "i$nificantly different from >"tandard> Hawaiian, includin$e2ten"ive u"e of palataliationand truncation, and difference" indiphthon$iation,vowelrai"in$,andeli"ion8
.& a manner of "peakin$ amon$ them"elve" which i" "o different from >"tandard> Hawaiian thatit i" unintelli$i*le to non+%iihau "peaker" of Hawaiian&
The la"t mode of "peakin$ may *e further re"tricted to a certain "u*"et of %iihauan",and i" rarelyeven overheard *y non+ %iihauan"& )n addition to *ein$ a*le to "peak Hawaiian in different way",mo"t %iihauan" can "peak 'n$li"h a" well&
'l*ert U #ukui (/;/:3. "tate" that >[v]ariation" in Hawaiian dialect" have not *een "y"tematically
"tudied>, and that >[t]he dialect of %iihau i" the mo"t a*errant and the one mo"t in need of "tudy>&They reco$nied that %iihauan" can "peak Hawaiian in "u*"tantially different way"& Their"tatement" are *a"ed in part on "ome "pecific o*"ervation" made *y %ew*rand (/1&
(Dee Hawaiian phonolo$ical proce""e"
Orthography[edit]
0ain arti&leHawaiian al$habet
Hawaiian" had no written lan$ua$e prior to we"tern contact, e2cept for petro$lyph "ym*ol"& The
modern Hawaiian alpha*et, ka $23$3 Hawaii, i" *a"ed on the 5atin "cript& Hawaiian word"end only[1;]in vowel", and every con"onant mu"t *e followed *y a vowel& The Hawaiian alpha*eticalorder ha" all of the vowel" *efore the con"onant",[1-]a" in the followin$ chart&
)a Ee Ii Oo =u Hh :k Ll 6m Nn (p Ww >
EaE EeE EiE EoE EuE EhE E5MtE E$E EE EnE EE EvMwE EE
@ri$in[edit]
Thi" writin$ "y"tem wa" developed *y merican #rote"tant mi""ionarie" durin$ -30O-36& [1/])t wa"
the fir"t thin$ they ever printed in Hawaii, on Ganuary ;, -33, and it ori$inally included thecon"onant" +, 4, 5, 6,and ,in addition to the current one" (H, K, , 0, , , W, and it had F, 9, ,:and ;for >"pellin$ forei$n word">& The initial printin$ al"o "howed the five vowel letter" (, and "even of the "hort diphthon$" (, &[60]
)n -36, the developer" voted to eliminate "ome of the letter" which repre"ented functionally
redundant allophone"(called >interchan$ea*le letter">, ena*lin$ the Hawaiian alpha*et to approach
the ideal "tate of one+"ym*ol+one+phoneme, and there*y optimiin$ the ea"e with which people
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truncationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthongizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthongizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_phonology#Vowelshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_phonology#Vowelshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_phonology#Vowelshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niihau#Populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niihau#Populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niihau#Populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niihau#Populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niihau#Populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#CITEREFElbertPukui1979https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#CITEREFElbertPukui1979https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#CITEREFNewbrand1951https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_phonology#Phonological_processeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_language&action=edit§ion=11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_alphabethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_alphabethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_scripthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-57https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-58https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/'okinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottal_stophttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_language&action=edit§ion=12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-59https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-60https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allophonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonemehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truncationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthongizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_phonology#Vowelshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_phonology#Vowelshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niihau#Populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#CITEREFElbertPukui1979https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#CITEREFNewbrand1951https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_phonology#Phonological_processeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_language&action=edit§ion=11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_alphabethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_scripthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-57https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-58https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/'okinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottal_stophttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_language&action=edit§ion=12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-59https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-60https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allophonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoneme -
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could teach and learn the readin$ and writin$ of Hawaiian& [6]For e2ample, in"tead of "pellin$ one
and the "ame word a"$ule, bule, $ure,and bure(*ecau"e of interchan$ea*le$?band l?r, the wordi" "pelled only a"$ule&
)nterchan$ea*le ?K#& +wa" dropped, wa" kept&
)nterchan$ea*le 5KE& 5and 4were dropped, wa" kept&
)nterchan$ea*le KT& 6wa" dropped, Kwa" kept&
)nterchan$ea*le BKW& wa" dropped, Wwa" kept&
However, hundred" of word" were very rapidly *orrowed into Hawaiian from 'n$li"h, Areek,
He*rew, 5atin, and Dyriac&[63][6.][6!]lthou$h the"e loan word" were nece""arilyHawaiianied,they
often retained "ome of their >non+Hawaiian letter"> in their pu*li"hed form"& For
e2ample, +ra@ilfully Hawaiianiedi" alakila, *ut retainin$ >forei$n letter"> it i"+ara@ila&[61]nother
e2ample i" 9ibraltar, written a" Ki$alalekaor 9ibaraleta&[66]
While [] and [ ] are not re$arded a"Hawaiian "ound", [*], [ ]O , and [t] were repre"ented in the ori$inal alpha*et, "o the letter" (b, r, and tfor the latter are not truly >non+Hawaiian> or >forei$n>, even thou$h their po"t+-36 u"e in pu*li"hed
matter $enerally marked word" of forei$n ori$in&
Alottal "top[edit]
0ain arti&leokina
Okina (oki=cut= -na=+in$= i" the modernHawaiian namefor the "ym*ol (a letter that repre"ent"the$lottal "top&[6;])t wa" formerly known a" uina(="nap=[6-][6/]&
For e2ample" of the okina, con"ider the Hawaiian word" Hawaiiand Oahu(often"imply Hawaiiand Oahuin 'n$li"h ortho$raphy& )n Hawaiian, the"e word" can *e pronounced[hP
i& i];QP and [o &hu];P , and can *e written with an okina where the $lottal "top i" pronounced&[;0][;]
Hi"tory[edit]
" early a" -3., the mi""ionarie" made "ome limited u"e of the apo"trophe to repre"ent the $lottal
"top,[;3]*ut they did not make it a letter of the alpha*et& )n pu*li"hin$ the Hawaiian ?i*le, they u"ed it
to di"tin$ui"h kou(=my= from kou(=your=&[;.])n -6!,William CeWitt le2anderpu*li"hed a $rammarof Hawaiian in which he made it clear that the $lottal "top (callin$ it >$uttural *reak> i" definitely a
true con"onant of the Hawaiian lan$ua$e& [;!]He wrote it u"in$ an apo"trophe& )n /33, the ndrew"+#arker dictionary of Hawaiian made limited u"e of the openin$ "in$le uote "ym*ol, called >rever"ed
apo"trophe> or >inver"e comma>, to repre"ent the $lottal "top& [;1]Du*"euent dictionarie" have
preferred to u"e that "ym*ol& Today, many native "peaker" of Hawaiian do not *other, in $eneral, to
write any "ym*ol for the $lottal "top& )t" u"e i" advocated mainly amon$ "tudent" and teacher" of
Hawaiian a" a "econd lan$ua$e, and amon$ lin$ui"t"&[;6]
'lectronic encodin$[edit]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-61https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-Lyovin_1997_259-62https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-Lyovin_1997_259-62https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-63https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-64https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiianizehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiianizehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiianizehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-65https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-65https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-66https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-66https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_language&action=edit§ion=13https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_language&action=edit§ion=13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBokinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBokinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBokinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_namehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_namehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottal_stophttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottal_stophttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottal_stophttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-67https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-67https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-68https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-68https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-69https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-70https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-71https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_language&action=edit§ion=14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-72https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-73https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-73https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_DeWitt_Alexanderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_DeWitt_Alexanderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_DeWitt_Alexanderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-74https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-Sch.C3.BCtz_1994_139-141-75https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-Sch.C3.BCtz_1994_139-141-75https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-76https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_language&action=edit§ion=15https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_language&action=edit§ion=15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-61https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-Lyovin_1997_259-62https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-63https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-64https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiianizehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiianizehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-65https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-66https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_language&action=edit§ion=13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBokinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_namehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottal_stophttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-67https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-68https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-69https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-70https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-71https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_language&action=edit§ion=14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-72https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-73https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_DeWitt_Alexanderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-74https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-Sch.C3.BCtz_1994_139-141-75https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-76https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_language&action=edit§ion=15 -
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The okina i" written in variou" way" for electronic u"e":
turned comma: >,Rnicodehe2 value 03?? (decimal 6//& Thi" doe" not alway" have thecorrect appearance *ecau"e it i" not "upported in "ome font"&
openin$ "in$le uote, a&k&a& left "in$le uotation mark: Rnicodehe2 value 30- (decimal-36& )n many font" thi" character look" like either a left+leanin$ "in$le uotation mark or auotation mark thicker at the *ottom than at the top& )n more traditional "erif font" "uch a" Time"
%ew Eomanit can look like a very "mall >6> with the circle filled in *lack: ?&
?ecau"e many people who want to write the okina are not familiar with the"e "pecific character"andKor do not have acce"" to the appropriate font" and input and di"play "y"tem", it i" "ometime"
written with more familiar and readily availa*le character":
the D9)) apo"trophe ', Rnicodehe2 value 3; (decimal ./,[;;]followin$ the mi""ionary
tradition&
the D9)) $rave accent (often called>*ackuote> or >*acktick> `,[;-]Rnicodehe2 value 60(decimal /6
the ri$ht "in$le uotation mark, or >curly apo"trophe> ,Rnicodehe2 value 30/ (decimal!6[;/]
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Phonology[edit]
0ain arti&leHawaiian $honology
9on"onant"[edit]
5onsonants
La*ial )lveolar @elar &lottal
Nasal n
(losive t M 5
8ricative h
onorant w M v $
Hawaiian i" known for havin$ very few con"onantphoneme" O ei$ht: Kp, k t, , h, m, n, l, w vK & )t
i" nota*le that Hawaiian ha" allophonic variation of [t] with [k],[-1][-6][-;][--][w]with [v],[-/]and (in "omedialect" [l] with [n]&[/0]The [t]O[k] variation i" uite unu"ual amon$ the world=" lan$ua$e" (althou$h
related to how hard and "oft 9developed in many 'uropean lan$ua$e", and i" likely a product *oth
of the "mall num*er of con"onant" in Hawaiian, and the recent "hift of hi"torical Lt to modern [t]O[k],
after hi"torical Lk had "hifted to [ ] & )n "ome dialect", K K remain" a" [k] in "ome word"& The"evariation" are lar$ely free, thou$h there are conditionin$ factor"& KlK tend" to [n] e"pecially in word"
with *oth KlK and KnK, "uch a" in the i"land name 3nai([la n i]:; = O[na n i]:; = , thou$h thi" i" notalway" the ca"e: eleeleor eneene>*lack>& The [k] allophone i" almo"t univer"al at the *e$innin$"of word", wherea" [t] i" mo"t common *efore the vowel KiK& [v] i" al"o the norm after KiK and KeK,
wherea" [w] i" u"ual after KuK and KoK& fter KaK and initially, however, [w]and [v] are in free variation&[/]
Bowel"[edit]
Hawaiian ha" five "hortand five lon$vowel", plu" diphthon$"&
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6onophthongs
hort Long
8ront 4ack 8ront 4ack
5lose i u i: u:
6id < M e o e: o:
Open = M R a:
Hawaiian ha" five pure vowel"& The "hort vowel" are Ku, i, o, e, aK, and the lon$ vowel", if they are
con"idered "eparate phoneme" rather than "imply "euence" of like vowel", are Ku , i , o , e , a K: : : : : &When "tre""ed, "hort KeK and KaK tend to *ecome [ ]< and [ ]= , while when un"tre""ed theyare [e] and []& KeK al"o tend" to *ecome [ ]< ne2t to KlK, KnK, and another [ ]< , a" in ele[p l ]< < & Dome$rammatical particle" vary *etween "hort and lon$ vowel"& The"e
include aand o>of>, !a>at>, naand no>for>& ?etween a *ack vowel KoK orKuK and a followin$ non+*ack vowel (Ka e iK, there i" anepenthetic[w], which i" $enerally not written& ?etween a front
vowel KeK or KiK and a followin$ non+front vowel (Ka o uK, there i" anepenthetic[j] (a y"ound, which i"
never written&
Ciphthon$"[edit]
hort diphthongs
Ending
with AuA
Ending
with AiA
Ending
with AoA
Ending
with AeA
tarting
with AiAiu
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophthonghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel_lengthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_vowelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_vowelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_vowelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_vowelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_vowelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epenthesishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epenthesishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epenthetichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epenthetichttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_language&action=edit§ion=22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthonghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophthonghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel_lengthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel_lengthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_vowelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_vowelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_vowelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_vowelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_vowelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epenthesishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epenthetichttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_language&action=edit§ion=22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthong -
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tarting
with AoAou oi
tartingwith AeA
eu ei
tarting
with AaAau ai ao ae
The "hort+vowel diphthon$" are Kiu, ou, oi, eu, ei, au, ai, ao, aeK& )n all e2cept perhap" KiuK, the"e
are fallin$ diphthon$"& However, they are not a" ti$htly *ound a" the diphthon$" of 'n$li"h, and may
*e con"idered vowel "euence"& (The "econd vowel in "uch "euence" may receive the "tre"", *ut
in "uch ca"e" it i" not counted a" a diphthon$& )n fa"t "peech, KaiK tend" to [ei] and KauK tend"
to [ou], conflatin$ the"e diphthon$" with KeiK and KouK&
There are only a limited num*er of vowel" which may follow lon$ vowel", and "ome author" treat
the"e a" diphthon$" a" well: Ko u, e i, a u, a i, a o, a eK: : : : : : &
Long diphthongs
Ending
with AuA
Ending
with AiA
Ending
with AoA
Ending
with AeA
tarting
with AoAo:u
tarting
with AeA e:i
tarting
with AaAa:u a:i a:o a:e
#honotactic"[edit]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falling_diphthonghttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_language&action=edit§ion=23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falling_diphthonghttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_language&action=edit§ion=23 -
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Hawaiian "ylla*le "tructurei" (9B& ll 9B "ylla*le" occur e2cept for w%8[/3]wuoccur" only in twoword" *orrowed from 'n$li"h&[/.][/!]" "hown *y DchJt,[63][/1][/6]Hawaiian word+"tre""i" predicta*le in
word" of one to four "ylla*le", *ut not in word" of five or more "ylla*le"& Hawaiian phonolo$ical
proce""e"include palataliation and deletion of con"onant", a" well a" rai"in$, diphthon$iation,
deletion, and compen"atory len$thenin$ of vowel"& [-6][/;]#honolo$ical reduction (or >decay> of
con"onant phoneme" durin$ the hi"torical development of the lan$ua$e ha" re"ulted in thephonemic $lottal "top&[/-][//]Rltimate lo"" (deletion of intervocalic con"onant phoneme" ha" re"ulted
in Hawaiian lon$ vowel" and diphthon$"& [//][00][0][03]
Grammar[edit]
0ain arti&leHawaiian gra!!ar
Hawaiian i" an analytic lan$ua$ewithver*O"u*jectOo*jectword order& While there i" no u"e
of inflectionfor ver*", in Hawaiian, like otheru"trone"ian per"onal pronoun",declen"ioni" found in
the differentiation *etween a+ and o+cla"" $enitive ca"eper"onal pronoun" in order to
indicate inaliena*le po""e""ionin a *inary po""e""ive cla"" "y"tem& l"o like many u"trone"ian
lan$ua$e", Hawaiian pronoun" employ "eparate word" for inclu"ive and e2clu"ive we(clu"ivity, and
di"tin$ui"h"in$ular,dual, and plural& The $rammatical function of ver*" i" marked *y
adjacentparticle"("hort word" and *y their relative po"ition", that indicate ten"eOa"pectOmood&
Dome e2ample" of ver* phra"e pattern":
uaB'E?O perfective
eB'E?anaO imperfective
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_phonology#Phonotacticshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-92https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-92https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-93https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-94https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-94https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-Lyovin_1997_259-62https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-95https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-96https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_phonology#Stresshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_phonology#Stresshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_phonology#Phonological_processeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_phonology#Phonological_processeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-Elbert_1979_22-25-86https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-97https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-97https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-98https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-Carter_1996_373-99https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deletion_(phonology)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-Carter_1996_373-99https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-100https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-101https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-102https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_language&action=edit§ion=24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_grammarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_grammarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb%E2%80%93subject%E2%80%93objecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb%E2%80%93subject%E2%80%93objecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflectionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_personal_pronounshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_personal_pronounshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declensionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declensionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitive_casehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inalienable_possessionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clusivityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluralhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_particlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_particlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93moodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfectivehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperfectivehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_phonology#Phonotacticshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-92https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-93https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-94https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-Lyovin_1997_259-62https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-95https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-96https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_phonology#Stresshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_phonology#Phonological_processeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_phonology#Phonological_processeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-Elbert_1979_22-25-86https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-97https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-98https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-Carter_1996_373-99https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deletion_(phonology)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-Carter_1996_373-99https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-100https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-101https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language#cite_note-102https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_language&action=edit§ion=24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_grammarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb%E2%80%93subject%E2%80%93objecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflectionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_personal_pronounshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declensionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitive_casehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inalienable_possessionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clusivityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluralhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_particlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93moodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfectivehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperfective