Hawaii Natural Energy Institute Energy Programs

byRick Rocheleau

to Dr. M.R. C. GreenwoodDecember 28, 2009

Outline of Talk

• Introduction to HNEI

• Hawaii Energy Situation

• HNEI Energy Assessments and Policy Support

• HNEI Technology Development Efforts

Hawaii Natural Energy Institute• Organized research unit in School of Ocean and Earth Science and

Technology

• Established by the Hawaii Legislature in 1974 “ to develop renewable energy resources and technology to reduce the

state’s dependence on fossil fuels”

• Established in statute in 2006 (ACT 253) and mandated to– Coordinate institute’s work with state’s energy resources coordinator;– Develop renewable sources of energy for power generation and

transportation– Conduct research and development of renewable sources of energy;– Demonstrate and deploy efficient energy end-use technologies including

those that address peak electric demand issues;

• Act 253 also established the Hawaii Energy Systems Development Special Fund to be administered by HNEI (no funds to date)

Hawaii’s Dependence on Fossil Fuels

Over 36 years, petroleum consumption remains at about 89%

Hawaii is the most petroleum dependent state

Petroleum dependence for electricity – top six states

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Energy Challenge for Hawaii• Hawaii’s energy costs are among the highest in the

nation• Need to reduce our dependence on oil while:

• Keeping electricity costs competitive; • Managing environmental impact and public acceptance;• Maintaining grid stability and reliability

• Meeting this challenge requires coordination from all stakeholders:• Availability of reliable cost-effective technology;• Well-conceived policies – grounded by technology;• Public/private partnerships to validate commercial implementation

of advanced energy systems.

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Hawaii Does Have Substantial Renewable Energy Resources

• Wind (commercial and viable all islands)• Biomass (significant potential but significant barriers)• Photovoltaics (commercial, cost competitive)

• Geothermal (commercial, Big Island)• Municipal Solid Waste (H-Power > 50MW)• Run-of-river Hydro (limited resource)• Ocean Energy – OTEC, Wave (UH National Marine Renewable

Energy Center awarded by DOE Oct 2008)

In spite of resources, less than 10% of our energy is currently from renewables

The State of Hawaii Has Adopted Four Statutory Energy Objectives

1. Dependable, efficient, economic energy systems;

2. Increased energy self-sufficiency using indigenous resources;

3. Greater energy security in the face of threats to the state’s energy supplies;

4. Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions resulting from energy supply and use.

§226-18, Hawaii Revised Statutes

The Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative was launched on January 28, 2008 with the signing of a

Memorandum of Understanding between the State of Hawaii and the U.S. Department of Energy

“…the Department of Energy will help Hawaii lead America in utilizing clean, renewable energy technologies.”

Governor Lingle

“Hawaii’s success will serve as an integrated model and demonstration test bed for the United States and other island communities globally...”

Assistant Secretary Karsner

Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative

National Partnership to Accelerate System Transformation

The goals are:• Achieve a 70% clean energy economy for Hawaii within

a generation• Increase Hawaii’s security • Capture economic benefits of clean energy for all levels

of society• Foster and demonstrate innovation• Build the workforce of the future• Serve as a model for the US and the world

Hawaii’s transition to an economy powered by clean energy, instead of imported foreign oil

…will require a substantive transformation of regulatory, financial, and institutional systems

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In 2004, Hawaii’s RPS included 6% renewables, which would increase only incrementally

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Range of scenarios under business as usual assumptions (i.e., attainment of RPS, RFS)

GAPFundamental systemic transformation is required

Range of scenarios under transformational assumptions (i.e., exploiting technical & economic potential)

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Scenario 8 Electricity Hawaii could reach 70% clean energy in the electricity sector and reduce oil

imports by 20 MM bbl/year by 2030

Eff iciency

Ocean energy

MSW

Solar - utility scale

Solar - commercial roofs

Solar - residential roofs

Hydro

Geothermal

Wind

Biomass - direct f iring

Oil

Summary of 2030 Electricity ResultsClean energy achieved 70%Oil reduction (million bbl/yr)

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CO2 avoided (million ton/yr)

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Scenario 8 TransportationHigh PHEV penetration, local biodiesel and ethanol production

Summary of 2030 Transportation Results

Clean energy achieved 63%Oil reduction (million bbl/yr)

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Use of Renewables Complicated by Grid Systems

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• Substantive transmission and distribution issues – mountainous terrain, sparse system.• Unique and substantive difference between peak load vs. base load requirements - available renewable energy taken off line•Small grid systems with no interconnections between islands

Renewable resource mix, electricity costs, and grid issues provides unique opportunity for validation and deployment of new technologies.

HNEI is engaged in several programs addressing grid issues in support of HCEI

HNEI Program Areas• Hydrogen:

• Renewable hydrogen production• Hawaii Hydrogen Power Park

• Fuel Cells:• Materials and component development• Testing, modeling and system optimization

• Photovoltaics – thin film solar cells, deployment and testing• Electrochemical Power Systems - batteries and electric vehicles• Ocean Resources – seabed methane hydrates, ocean energy• Biomass and biotechnology:

• Biomass conversion - solid, liquid and gaseous fuels• Algal energy systems• Integrated bioenergy systems

• Technology Validation, Energy Assessment and Policy

Energy RoadmappingDevelop strategic energy roadmaps to identify economically viable technologies to manage large amounts of as-available

renewable energy based power generation

• Step 1: Develop and validate rigorous analytic models for electricity and transportation

– Transient Performance (PSLFTM) for transient stability simulation– Production Cost (MAPSTM) for dispatch and unit commitment rules

• Step 2: Develop and model future scenarios for deployment of new energy systems including additional renewables, end-use efficiency, and new transportation systems

• Step 3: Identify and analyze mitigating technologies (DSM, storage, advanced controls, forecasting, future gen) to address systems integration (grid stability) and institutional issues

• Step 4: Identify programs and projects to validate solutions

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• Modeling of Big Island grid identified operational issues associated with high penetration renewables.

• Models used to characterize advanced technology solutions including forecasting, energy storage, and demand management

• Tools applicable for evaluation of grid integrated vehicles and hydrogen technologies

Time (seconds)

Time (seconds)

PSLFHistorical

Data

PSLFHistorical Data

Frequency (Hz)

Apollo Windfarm (MW)

Step 1: Validate Operation on Big Island with Existing High Renewable Penetration

HawiRenewables

10.5MWV47 660kW

Apollo20.5MW

GE 1.5MW

Lalamilo1.5MW

Jacobs 20kW

In 2007…

22.1 MW

20.6 MW

42 MW

In 2018…

Power (MW)• Day ~ 40%• Night ~ 70%

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Power (MW)• Day ~ 15%• Night ~ 30%

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Analyze future scenario assuming wind capacity was increased at each of three wind farms on the Big Island.

Step 2: Evaluate future scenario

• HNEI (via ONR funding) currently installing 1MW, 250kw-hr battery on HELCO system to validate modeling

Higher Wind Penetration Scenario

Step 3: Model the Efficacy of “Fast, Inter-Hour” Energy Storage

Models indicate that a 5MW storage device reduces RMS to below that of the baseline case

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• Kauai Energy Roadmap• Develop possible roadmap for increased

penetration of renewable energy.

• Oahu Grid Study (current focus)• Validated Oahu grid model being used to address

integration of large wind projects on Oahu and other islands (assuming grid connection)

• Maui Grid Modernization • Energy storage, generation and demand-side

management technologies being deployed to reduce peak load and enable further expansion of renewable energy

• Maui Grid Study• Validated power systems model used to address

impacts of increased wind and the necessary mitigation technologies

• Big Island Energy Roadmap - Technology approaches to increase energy security and the penetration of renewable energy being evaluated- Storage demonstration project being initiated- Demonstration of hydrogen integration for grid management under discussion

Current Efforts Being Used to Define Technology Needs for Increasing Renewable Energy Use

Approximately $20 million investment by DOE and industry partners

• Develop and demonstrate a distributed automation system that:– Aggregates DG, energy storage,

and demand response technologies in a distribution system to achieve T&D level benefits.

• Reduce peak demand by at least 15% using a diverse mix of DG, storage, renewable energy, demand response

• Identify and validate solutions for mitigating the effects of “as- available” renewable energy

Maui Smart Grid Project“Distribution level solutions”

Hawaii Natural Energy Institute

US Department of Energy

State of Hawaii

Hawaii Bioenergy Master Plan

• Legislatively mandated in 2007• Objective to develop a Hawaii renewable biofuels

program to manage the State’s transition to energy self- sufficiency based in part on biofuels for power generation and transportation.

• Contracted to HNEI in June 2008• Supported by State of Hawaii with supplemental funds

from US DOE• Engaged appropriate stakeholders, technical experts, and

information sources throughout the state. • Identified priority action items for state and legislature to

advance biofuels production in Hawaii

Final Document Posted Last Weekwww.hnei.hawaii.edu/bmpp/stakeholder.asp

HNEI Program Areas• Hydrogen:

• Renewable hydrogen production• Hawaii Hydrogen Power Park

• Fuel Cells:• Materials and component development• Testing, modeling and system optimization

• Photovoltaics – thin film solar cells, deployment and testing• Electrochemical Power Systems - batteries and electric vehicles• Ocean Resources – seabed methane hydrates, ocean energy• Biomass and biotechnology:

• Biomass conversion - solid, liquid and gaseous fuels• Algal energy systems• Integrated bioenergy systems

• Technology Validation, Energy Assessment and Policy

Hawaii Hydrogen Power Park

Test bed for integration and validation of hydrogen generation, storage, and use in a real world environment

• Fueling Infrastructure - US DOE with State cost share to build and operate H2 fueling station– Electrolysis using renewable power – Sited at Kilauea Military Camp (Army)– Projected to be operational March 2010

• Vehicles via DOT/DOI Advanced Transportation Program for Parks and Public Lands and State cost match– Fuel cell electric plug-in hybrid shuttle buses– Vehicle Conversion by Hawaii Center for

Advanced Transportation Technologies

• Supports National Park Service “Climate Friendly Parks” program to reduce carbon footprint

• Potential for significant expansion via DOD and industry pathways. Assumes coupling to grid solutions

Hawaii Hydrogen Power Park at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (HAVO)

ClearFuels Technology Inc• Developing advanced sustainable biorefineries based on its

novel flexible thermochemical biomass-to-syngas (BTG) conversion technology platform

• ClearFuels can produce and sell multiple renewable biofuels including hydrogen from non-food cellulosic biomass

• Recent recipient of $ 23 million award from US DOE to develop small scalel biorefinery

Multiple Biomass Feedstocks

Bagasse

Wood Waste

Proprietary Thermochemical

Conversion Process

CellulosicEthanol

Renewable FT Diesel / Jet Fuel

Renewable Power

Hydrogen

Hawaii Fuel Cell Test FacilityTest programs in support of

commercial and military applications

• Testing up to 2 kW• MEA and component testing

(Industry). • Contaminant effects

– Fuel contaminant effects (DOE)– Air contaminant effects (DOE,

ONR) • Durability studies (ONR, Industry)• Stack and subsystem testing for

autonomous vehicles (ONR)• Hardware-in-the-loop dynamic

characterization for autonomous vehicles (Ion Tiger)

• Alternative fuels (Industry)

•Eleven (11) test stands•Full engineering support

•24/7 operation•Secure remote access•Validated test protocols•H2/O2 capable

Ion Tiger Project - ONR• Ion Tiger designed and fabricated by Naval Research

Laboratory• Objective to fly for 24 hours with a 5 lb payload met

December 2009• 500 watt PEM fuel cell system developed by Protonex• HNEI conducting stack and system tests to optimize system

durability and maximum mission duration• UH developed carbon nanotube modified resins for tanks

being evaluated for light weight hydrogen storage

HNEI Solar Research Project Areas• Technology

– New processes for processsing of high-performance copper chalcopyrite thin-film solar cells (AFOSR and Industry)

• Characterization (HECO, DOE, ONR)– Monitoring and evaluating performance of current and emerging

PV technologies and system configurations– Side-by-side technology testing under differing environmental

conditions– Distributed performance data (e.g. 1 second data to evaluate

dynamic effects of cloud cover) to address PV integration issues)

PEC Hydrogen Production Thin Film Photovoltaics PV Technology ValidationH2O

O2H2

sunlight

Electric Hybrid Vehicle & Battery Program

• Funding:– Hawaii Center for Advanced Transportation Technologies– US Air Force Advanced Power Technology Office, Robins Air

Force Base, Georgia. – US Navy STTR Program (JSF Program)– Southwest Research Institute– US DOE/EERE ABR/Idaho Nat Lab

• Focus on testing, modeling, system simulation for vehicles and grid

BatteriesBatteries

Electric Electric MotorMotor

Fuel CellFuel CellHH22 StorageStorage2001-2003

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Hawaii National Marine Renewable Energy Test Center

• UH awarded one of two ocean energy test centers announced by US DOE fall 2008

• Objectives:– Wave: Facilitate development &

implementation of commercial wave energy systems

– Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion: conduct long-term testing of critical components to move OTEC to pre- commercialization

• DOE funding ~ $ 1million per year• Equivalent support from ONR

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Program Plan• Industry-driven ~ 50% DOE funds to support

industry projects• Promote partnerships between marine power

system developers, utility companies, financing sources, engineering & environmental companies, academia, government agencies, and NDOs

• Establish up to four field test facilities in the state (Maui, Oahu, and Hawaii) allowing opportunity for developers to test devices under very wide range of environmental conditions

• Create web-based virtual Center to facilitate information & data sharing.

• Supports faculty and graduate students in Oceanography, Ocean Eng., Mechanical Eng., and Civil Eng.

High Yield Tropical Feedstock• High yield tropical crops have the potential to meet significant

part of state’s energy needs – model for development elsewhere• HNEI and College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources

have initiated a multiyear effort to address high yield fuel crops and characterization of suitability for processing

www.hnei.hawaii.edu 35

Biocarbons• Photovoltaics

– carbon, quartz, and electric power are the key ingredients in producing Si.

– Dow Corning has initiated a research project with HNEI to evaluate the HNEI Flash Carbonization process for producing biocarbons needed to manufacture Si.

• Terra preta - the addition of charcoal to the soil greatly enhances plant growth and sequesters carbon

• Biocarbons are ultra-clean coal. The combustion of biocarbons does not increase the CO2 level of the atmosphere. Biocarbons contain no Hg and virtually no S.

The patented, efficient, and quick Flash Carbonization Reactor on the UH campus

http://www.hnei.hawaii.edu

Biofuels from Algal Sources Extraction using Novel Ionic Liquids

Center for BioEnergy Research and Development

An NSF Industry University Cooperative Research Center

Participating Universities• South Dakota School of

Mines and Technology, SDSMT

• Kansas State University• State University of New

York Stony Brook• University of Hawaii• North Carolina State

University• National Science

Foundation