GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS

QUESTION

Have you ever used graphic organizers?

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THIS:

Short Story Novel

*Short

* Few characters

* Few conflicts

* Characters

* Plot

* Conflict

* Resolution

* Long

* Many characters

* Many conflicts

…AND THIS

Novel and Short story are two words used in literature. These two terms should be understood differently. A novel is a long form of writing. It is fiction in character. It is imaginative, and is written out of the power of creativity in the writer. On the other hand, a short story as the name itself indicates is a short form of writing, usually written about an incident, an episode or a character in someone’s life. This is the basic difference between the two words.A novel is a long literary form, whereas a short story is a short literary form. A writer who writes a novel is called a novelist, whereas a person who writes a short story is a short story writer. It is quite natural that a novelist also writes short stories. Hence, it is possible that a novelist can be a short story writer too. The converse is also true. A short story writer can also be a novelist.A novel is usually divided into various chapters, sometimes numbered and sometimes not numbered. The story is usually spread for a good number of years of the main character of the novel. Many other characters that are associated with the main character appear and go in a novel.On the other hand, a short story is not characterized by many characters. The main character of course is supported by a few other characters that add importance to the short story. It will be easy for the reader to remember the characters that appear in a short story. On the other hand, it may not be very easy for a reader to remember all the characters appearing in a novel. This is due to the large size of a novel.A writer usually takes several years to complete a novel. On the other hand, a short story can be written in a short span of time. This is an important difference between the two. Sometimes a novel is written quickly too and it depends upon the concentration and the time the writer takes to write on a daily basis.In the same way, reading a novel also takes more time when compared to the time taken to read a short story. Writing a novel is more flexible than writing a short story. This is due to the fact that the story writer has to covey the important message to the readers by means of the short story, which is short in length.On the other hand, a novelist has all the time in the world to expand the story, introduce as many characters as he wanted, related the characters in the way he liked, make changes in the story whenever he wanted, and use his creativity to build the climax at the end of the story. A short story on the other hand cannot take the liberty of dealing with the details of any given incident in the story. It is more message-oriented than a novel. These are the differences between novel and short story.

TERMS

Visual Learning graphical means of working with ideas and

presenting information. Graphic organizers

visual displays that make information easier to learn and understand, including concept maps, advanced organizers, webs, etc.

AUSUBEL

Knowledge is reliant on previous knowledge. Students learn by constructing a network of ideas and

adding to these ideas. Concept maps are useful in clarifying links between old and

new knowledge. Construction of knowledge begins with learner

observations and recognition of things around them based on concepts they already possess

More on Ausebel: http://

www.mentoringminds.com/pdf/pdfGraphicOrganizersResearch.pdf

http://imet.csus.edu/imet6/moratto/classes/281/imet_advanced_organizer.htm

LEARNING THEORIES

Dual Coding Schema Theory Cognitive Load Theory

DUAL CODE

Visual and verbal information are processed differently and along distinct channels.

Both visual and verbal codes for information are used to organize incoming information into knowledge that can be acted upon, stored, and retrieved for subsequent use.

The mind creates separate representations for information processed in each channel.

SCHEME THEORY

Views knowledge as an elaborate network of abstract mental structures which represent one's understanding of the world.

Teachers assist learners in building schemata and making connections between ideas.

Since prior knowledge is essential for the comprehension of new information, teachers either need to help students build the prerequisite knowledge, or remind them of what they already know before

introducing new material. Schemata grow and change as new information is

acquired.

COGNITIVE LOAD THEORY

An instructional theory that starts from the idea that our working memory is limited with respect to the amount of information it can hold, and the number of operations it can perform on that information (Van Gerven et. al., 2003).

We need to recognize the role and the limitation of working memory to help develop quality instruction (Cooper, 1998).

DIFFERENT TYPES OF DIAGRAMS

Novack---1980s Concept maps—hierarchical diagrams

showing the relationships between concepts. General to specific Propositions—two or more concept labels linked

by words that describe their relationship Arrows indicate the direction of the relationship.

More on Novak/Concept Maps https://www.msu.edu/~luckie/ctools/

EXAMPLE OF A CONCEPT MAP

DIFFERENT TYPES OF DIAGRAMS

Idea Maps—created during brainstorming sessions. Judgment is postponed during the process. Students view concepts from other

perspectives and develop critical thinking skills.

Start with focus statement, teacher serves as recorder, students generate ideas.

EXAMPLE OF AN IDEA MAP

HUNDREDS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS

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