hate crimes legislation presentation

Andrew Hiller

Nick Gambo

HATE CRIMES LEGISLATION

OVERVIEW ON HATE CRIMES

Group membership

Religion

Sexual Orientation

Disability

Ethnicity

Nationality

Age

Gender

Gender Identity

Political Affiliation

THE DAMAGES

• Physical Assault

• Damage to Property

• Bullying

• Harassment

• Verbal Abuse

• Offensive Graffiti/Letters

CURRENT LEGISLATION

• In the United States federal prosecution is possible for hate crimes committed on the

basis of a person's race, color, religion, or nation origin when engaging in a federally

protected activity. Hate crime laws generally fall into one of several categories:

(1) laws defining specific bias-motivated acts as distinct crimes;

(2) criminal penalty-enhancement laws;

(3) laws creating a distinct civil cause of action for hate crimes; and

(4) laws requiring administrative agencies to collect hate crime statistics.

PURPOSE FOR TEST #1

• Unfortunately, there are five states (Arkansas, Georgia, Indiana, South Carolina and

Wyoming) that don't have any type of hate crime law (as of July 2009).

Are hate crimes rare enough in these states to not need hate crime legislation?

4

27

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Ala

bam

aA

lask

aA

rizon

aA

rkan

sas

Cal

iforn

iaC

olor

ado

Con

nect

icut

Del

awar

eD

istr

ict o

f Col

umbi

aF

lorid

aG

eorg

iaId

aho

Illin

ois

Indi

ana

Iow

aK

ansa

sK

entu

cky

Loui

sian

aM

aine

Mar

ylan

dM

assa

chus

etts

Mic

higa

nM

inne

sota

Mis

siss

ippi

Mis

sour

iM

onta

naN

ebra

ska

Nev

ada

New

Ham

pshi

reN

ew J

erse

yN

ew M

exic

oN

ew Y

ork

Nor

th C

arol

ina

Nor

th D

akot

aO

hio

Okl

ahom

aO

rego

nP

enns

ylva

nia

Rho

de Is

land

Sou

th C

arol

ina

Sou

th D

akot

aT

enne

ssee

Tex

asU

tah

Ver

mon

tV

irgin

iaW

ashi

ngto

nW

est V

irgin

iaW

isco

nsin

Wyo

min

g

Agenciessubmitting incident

reports

Agenciessubmitting incidentreports

x-value sample 1 27 x-value sample 2 4

sample size 1 945 sample size 2 61

pooled proportion 0.031 proportion 1 0.0286 proportion 2 0.0656

std error 0.023 PA^ GA^

NULL: p1 = p2 The l ikelyhood of a hate crime occuring in Georgia i s the same as in Pennsylvania .

ALTERNATIVE: p1< > p2 The l ikelyhood of a hate crime occuring in Georgia i s NOT the same as in Pennsylvania .

one-tailed or two tailed? 2

test statistic (obs) (1.621)

critical measure 1.960

|obs| > critical?? Yes

p-value 0.105

a-level 0.050

p-value < a-level?? No

Hate Crime Likelyhood in Gerogia vs. PA

CONCLUSION• Reject the Null

• The ratio of incidents to agencies in GA is is greater than

the ratio from PA

• Georgia and the other states that currently do not have

should enact hate crime legislation

#2 PROPOSAL OF ADDING GENDER AND SEXUAL

ORIENTATION TO LEGISLATION

• Measures to add perceived gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, and disability to

the list have been proposed, but failed due to conservative opposition. Fourteen states

have adopted hate crime laws that don't cover sexual orientation; however, these crimes

occur more often than hate crimes stimulated by national origin.

CAUSES FOR HATE CRIMES

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

Race: Religion: Sexual Orientation: Ethnicity/NationalOrigin:

Disability: Multiple-BiasIncidents

Incident

Incident




std error 0.006 Orientation Origin

NULL: p1 = p2 Hate crimes based on Sexual Orientation occur as much as crimes based on National Origin .

ALTERNATIVE: p1 < > p2 Hate crimes based on Sexual Orientation do NOT occur as much as crimes based on National Origin .


test statistic (obs) 4.877



p-value 0.000

a-level 0.050

p-value < a-level?? Yes

Sexual Orientation vs. National Origin Occurances


• The observed is < the critical showing that hate crimes happen more so

because of Sexual Orientation than that of National Origin

• The bill should be proposed on these grounds

THE FOLLOWING IS AN EXCERPT FROM THE WILKES UNIVERSITY 2008-09 STUDENT

HANDBOOK (HTTP://WWW.WILKES.EDU/INCLUDE/HANDBOOK09.PDF):

• Guidelines for Student Conduct

• The primary concern of the University is the welfare of the student. All actions that may affect the future of the student

are part of this concern. The following behavior may precipitate disciplinary action:

• 1. Actions indicating a lack of concern for the welfare or safety of others or conduct which may discredit the University.

• 2. Actions or conduct that are intended to intimidate another person because of race, color, religious or national origin,

gender, disability, or sexual orientation;

• 3. Involvement in difficulties with law enforcement bodies;

• 4. Abuse of property — public or private;

• 5. Irresponsible fiscal conduct;

• 6. Non-compliance with the University policies and commonwealth and federal laws relative to drugs, alcoholic beverages,

and gambling;

• 7. Plagiarism, academic dishonesty, stealing, or cheating;

• 8. Behavior that results in blocking the administrative, educative process at Wilkes.

• 9. Furnishing false information to the University.

• 10. Fraud, forgery, alteration, or misuse of University documents, records, or identification cards.

• 11. Assault, obscene, lewd, vulgar conduct or public profanity.

• 12. Actions that demean, or debase a person’s sexual freedom, gender, sexual or affectional preference.

• 13. The display of sexually demeaning written, electronic or visual materials in living or work areas of the University.

• 14. The deliberate creation on the part of an individual student or a group of students of a hostile environment.

• 15. Hateful acts or utterances that are flagrantly abusive and intended to insult and/or stigmatize an individual.

• 16. Hostile conduct or behavior that might incite violence.

Test #3

http://www.wilkes.edu/Include/handbook09.pdf

WHERE HATE CRIME INCIDENTS OCCUR




std error 0.006 Schools Dark Alley

NULL: p1 = p2 Hate crimes are l ikely to happen just as often at a school as in a dark a l ley.

ALTERNATIVE: p1 < > p2 Hate crimes are NOT as l ikely to happen at a school as in a dark a l ley.


test statistic (obs) (10.030)



p-value -

a-level 0.050 Yes

p-value < a-level??

Hate Crime Location


• The Observed Value is greater than the Critical

• Crimes are more likely to happen in a dark alley than in School, but crimes are

4th most likely to occur at school

• Wilkes (as well as other schools) should maintain high levels of security on and

around campus

ENDING NOTES

hate crimes legislation presentation

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