Harvard Style

This should sound familiar…We covered some similar ground in Session 9If it does not sound familiar, were you…Away from class?Asleep?Dreaming?

Now is your chance to digest this important material !

You will use it throughout your academic life!

IntroductionReferencing or citing your sources is the

important process of acknowledging any other person’s ideas you may have used in constructing your own essays or assignments, whether you have quoted them directly or otherwise.

The main purpose of doing this is to allow the reader of your work the opportunity to locate and check the source if required.

IntroductionEvery scholarly discipline has a preferred

format or style or referencing their publications.

This guide outlines a widely accepted form used in the business and social science fields and is based on the Harvard or author-date system.

Harvard systemThe Harvard system is made up of two components:

Citation

Bibliography

Citation

Citation provides brief details of the author and date of publication for referencing the work in the body of the text.

Bibliography

Bibliography is a list at the end of the essay or assignment of all references used with additional details provided to help identify each source.

Citation – How to reference a work in the text

Citing author, date and page numbers in the text

When referring to an author’s work, the author’s surname and the year of publication are placed in the text in parentheses.

There is no punctuation between the surname and the year of publication:

Productivity was improved throughout the factory (Bond 1991).

CitationIf the author’s name is mentioned in the text, follow it

immediately by the year of publication in parentheses:According to Bond (1991) productivity was improved

throughout the factory.

If you want to cite a particular page of work you enter the citation as shown below. This is usually done when a direct quote has been used:“Private ownership allows wealth to be distributed unequally”

(Bond 1991, p.253).

Citing a range of pages: (Bond 1991, pp.253-264)

Citing where the author’s name is mentioned in the text:According to Bond (1991, p.253) productivity was improved

throughout the factory.

CitationCiting volume and page numbers

When volume and page numbers are included they should be presented as follows: (Bond 1998, vol. 2, pp.54-70)

Citing a work with more than one author

Citing a work that has two authors: (Bond & Norrish 1992)

If there are three authors: (Bond, Norrish & Burton 1994)

If there are more than three authors: (Bond et al. 1996)

CitationCiting an author who has written more than one work in

a year Place a, b, c after the publication date: (Bond 1991a)

Citing authors with the same surname Distinguish them by initials (Bond, C.E.1993)

Citing works with an editor but no author (ed. Black 1998)

Citing anonymous, group works and works without authors Anonymous works are referred to by their title (A history of

Greece 1994) – Italics?

If you are citing a newspaper article with no author (The Age 13 Aug. 1998, p.7) – Italics?

If there is no specific author of a publication but it has been written by an organisation, then the name of the organisation is used: (CSIRO 1996)

Bibliography – How to do a list of References?Any item that has a citation in the text of the

paper should be included in the bibliography at the end of the paper.

These references should be arranged

alphabetically by their author or by title if there is no specific author.

The following are examples of commonly referenced items:

Commonly referenced itemsBooks

Author(s)name. Year of Publication, Book Title, Publisher, Place of Publication.

Example: Holt, D.H. 1997, Management Principles and Practices, Prentice-Hall, Sydney.

Annual Report Coca-Cola Amatil Ltd 1998, Annual Report 1997-98,

Coca-Cola Amatil, sydney.

Video Title (format) date of recording, place of recording,

publisher, and any special credits

Government Publication – Australian Bureau of Statistics 1997, Government

Finance Statistics 1995-96, Cat. No. 55120, ABS, Canberra

Commonly referenced itemsArticles

Article in a journal Author(s) of article Year of publication, ‘Article Title’,

Journal Title, volume, issue, article pages Riley, T. 1999, ‘Looking on the bright side’, Journal of

Economic History, vol.56, no.2, pp.468-472.Article in a Newspaper

Ryan, D. 1998, ‘Looking on the bright side’, The Age (Melbourne) 24 July, p17

Internet - Format (Hp = Home page)Author/Editor.Date [Last update or copyright date]

Homepage Title. Hp. Online. Information supplier. Available: Web address, Access date.

U.S.Department of Commerce, 6 Nov, 1998 [Last update]. Indonesia Economic Trends and Outlook. Hp.Online. U.S.Department of Commerce – National Trade Data Bank. Available: http://www.tradeport.org/ts/countries/indonesia/trens.shtml. 18 Nov. 1998

ACTIVITY – End-Text ReferencesCREATE a Harvard Style Bibliography

10 Books At least 5 with 2 or more authors

10 Websites3 Secondary Sources3 Magazines or Print Journals3 Encyclopaedias3 Personal Communications3 TV showshttp://www.scu.edu.au/learningassistance/inde

x.php/dds?cat_id=614#cat614 for assistance with this

ACTIVITY – In-Text ReferencesCREATE a Harvard Style series of In-Text

references (following quotations) from:10 Books

At least 5 with 2 or more authors10 Websites3 Secondary Sources3 Magazines or Print Journals3 Encyclopaedias3 Personal Communications3 TV shows