harvard referencing
TRANSCRIPT
Plagiarism and HarvardReferencing
Simone Ngozi [email protected]
Learning Outcomes
An awareness of what constitutesplagiarism and how to avoid it
An understanding of the HarvardReferencing system in-text citations Bibliographies/reference lists
An awareness of the need toreference all resources includingelectronic
An understanding of how to evaluateelectronic resources
What is plagiarism?
“presenting someone else’swork as your own (by work wemean any kind of intellectualoutput: text, data, sound,images, computer programs,music and performance” (Pears& Shields, p.1)
Acknowledging the informationsources that you have usedwhen producing an assignmentis called referencing.
If you do not acknowledgethese information sources, youwill be guilty of plagiarism.
Why should you cite other people’swork?
To establish the credibility andauthority of your knowledge andideas
To show that you have readwidely
To demonstrate that you haveanalysed material and formedyour own opinion
What constitutes plagiarism
Use of any source of information(including electronic) w/oproper acknowledgement
Quoting, summarising orparaphrasing, copying andpasting without citing source
Citing sources you didn’t use Unauthorised collaboration
Why do students plagiarise?
Poor study skills Inability to find information Poor citation skills Lack of understanding of what
constitutes plagiarism
How to get to Library page
Click on Harvard Referencing
Harvard Referencing
PLATO
Referencing
In-text citations andbibliography/reference list
In-text citations
In-text citations appear in thebody of the text of yourassignment and should beincluded whenever you quote,summarise or otherwise refer tosomeone else’s ideas.
Bibliography
The bibliography goes at theend of your work and is a list ofall the information sources youhave used to produce it. It willinclude works that you haven’treferred to directly in yourassignment, as well as all ofthose that you have cited.
Reference List
The Reference List also comesat the end of your report butonly includes sources cited inthe text of your assignment asin-text citations
How the in-text citations link to thereference list.
By looking at the author’s namein the in-text citation, yourlecturer will be able to find thereference in the alphabeticalReference List at the end of theassignment.
The Harvard System
Both in-text citations and thebibliography/reference list mustbe written in a standardisedformat. The system ofreferencing most widely used inacademic writing, and thesystem you are required to usein your written work for UEL, isthe called the Harvard System.
Harvard Citations
In-text citations
What is an in-text citation?
When you quote, summarise orotherwise refer to someoneelse’s work in an assignment,you must indicate that you havedone this by inserting areference into the body of thetext. This is called citing and thereference is called an in-textcitation.
What do I need to include?
You must include: author year the work was published page number(s) if applicable
In which ways can I use sources inmy text?
There are three different waysof using sources:
The short direct quotation-within the text.
Paraphrasing. Longer direct quotation.
The short direct quotation
Feuerstein(2000, p.11) notedthat “One concern I have abouttexts on software engineering isthat reading a book is inherentlya passive acitivity”……
Paraphrasing
Studying a book can beregarded as a passive activity(Feuerstein, 2000, p11).
Longer direct quotation
If you need to use a longerquotation:
Indent it Leave a space both above and
below it.
Example of a longer direct quotation
Feuerstein, explaining the ethosbehind his work, wrote:
One concern I have about texts oncomputing is that reading a book isinherently a passive activity. Youread, and you attempt to absorbinformation from another, moreexperienced (you hope) developer…(2000, p.11).
In-text citation for web page
Author knownBrown (2003) provided information
about computer networks.Only title knownThe latest study (Online Information
Forum, 2005) revealed……Author and title unknownThe latest study
(http://www.onlinesurvey.org,2005) revealed……
Example
Harvard References
Bibliographic Citations
What should you include inreferences?- Authors/editors
Put the surname first followed byinitial(s) of forename.
If there are two or more contributingnames, include them all in the orderthey appear on the title page.
If there are more than three authors,cite the first only followed by et al.
Some publications are produced byorganisations. You can use anorganisation as a corporate author.
If the book is compiled by an editor,signify this by using (ed.) after theeditor’s name.
Authors/editors
If no author can be identified,the item should be cited by title.
Year of publication
The year of publication, or yearwhen a web site was lastupdated, is given in roundbrackets.
Other date information, e.g. dayand month of publication forjournal and newspaper articles.
If no date can be identified, use(no date).
Title
Use the title given on the titlepage and subtitle (if any).
Capitalise the first letter of thefirst word and any propernouns.
Use italics for publication title.
Edition
Only include the edition numberif it is not the first. ‘Edition ‘ isusually abbreviated to edn.
Place of Publication and Publisher
You will usually find these twopieces of information on theback of the title page.
Page reference (for books andjournals)
If quoting a specific sectioninclude the pages where thatquotation begins.
In order to avoid confusioninsert the abbreviation p. beforethe page number (or pp. whenmore than one page).
Title of journal / newspaper article
The title given on the journalfront cover should be recorded.
Do not abbreviate the journaltitle unless the journal titleactually is or contains anabbreviation.
Put the title of the journal initalics.
Issue information – for journals
Volume number. Issue, part number, month or
season. Year of publication.
URL
The Uniform Resource Locator(e.g. the Internet Address-http://www...).
If the URL is very long, shortenit to an appropriate length sothat it breaks at a logical point.
Date accessed
The date you last used the webpage. This is in round brackets.
Harvard references
Books
Books
CITATION ORDER: Author/editor Year of publication (in round
brackets) Title (in italics) Edition (only include the edition
number if it is not the firstedition)
Place of publication: Publisher
Book with one author
Ogata, K. (2002) SoftwareEngineering. 2nd edn. London:Prentice Hall.
Book with two authors
Chapra, S. & Canale, R. (1988)Methods for software engineers.London: McGraw-Hill.
Book with more than three authors
Connolly, M. et al. (2006)Computing for all. London: JessicaKingsley.
Book with an editor rather than anauthor
Davies, M. (ed.) (1997) TheBlackwell companion to computing.Oxford: Blackwell.
Book with two editors
Roker, D. & Coleman, J. (eds.)(2006) Working with softwareengineers. London: JessicaKingsley.
Book without an individual author
Institution of Software Engineers.(2000) Framework for computernetworking. London: Telford Press.
Book which is not the first edition ofa title
Nicholson, P. (2006) Practice forsoftware engineers. 3rd edn.Basingstoke: Macmillan.
Harvard References
Chapter/section of an editedbook
Chapter/section of an edited book
CITATION ORDER: Author of the chapter/section of an edited
book. Year of publication (in round brackets). Title of the chapter/section (in a single
quotation mark). ‘in’ plus author/editor of the book. Title of the book (in italics). Place of publication: Publisher. Page reference.
Chapter within an edited book
Hooghe, L. (1996) ‘Building aEurope with the regions: thechanging role of computernetworks’, in Smith, P. (ed.)Cohesion policy and Europeanintegration: building multi-levelgovernance. Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, pp.40-70.
Harvard References
Printed journals
Printed journals
CITATION ORDER: Author Year of publication (in round
brackets) Title of the article (in single speech
marks) Title of the journal (in italics) Issue information (volume, part
number, month or season) Page reference
Printed Journal Reference
Mahoney, G. (2007) ‘Softwareengineering practice’, The Engineer,29 (1), pp.3-5.
Harvard References
Printed newspaper articles
Printed newspaper articles
CITATION ORDER: Author Year of publication (in round
brackets) Title of article (in single quotation
mark) Title of newspaper (in italics) Day and month Page reference
Printed newspaper articles
Orr, D. (2006) ‘Highlights insoftware engineering’ TheIndependent, 10 October, p.30.
Harvard references
Journal article from a database
Electronic journal articles (through adatabase) e.g. Ebsco
CITATION ORDER: author year of publication (in round brackets) title of the article (in single speech
marks) title of the journal (in italics) Volume, issue and page numbers Name of the collection ie the database
which you used (in italics) [online] Available at: URL of collection (Accessed: date).
Journal article from a database
Mahoney, G. (2007) ‘Greataccomplishments in softwareengineering’, The Engineer, 29 (1),pp.3-5 EBSCO Academic SearchComplete [Online]. Available at:http://ebscohost.com/ (Accessed:17 April 2007).
Harvard references
Newspaper article from a database
Newspaper article from a database
CITATION ORDER: Author Year of publication [in round brackets] Title of article [in a single quotation mark] Title of newspaper [in italics] Day and month Name of collection i.e. the database which
you used (in italics) [online] (Accessed: date).
Newspaper article from internetnewspaper
Orr, D. (2006) ‘Highlights ofSoftware Engineering’, TheIndependent. 10 October [Online]Available at:http://www.independent.com/(Accessed: 17 April 2007).
Harvard References
Citing organisation or personalInternet sites
Citing organisation or personalInternet sites
CITATION ORDER: Author Year that the site was published/
last updated (in round brackets)Or (no date)
Title of the Internet site (in italics) Available at: URL (Accessed: date)
Internet sites (1) Sites which have allthe details required.
Lewisham Council (2006) Careers insoftware engineering. Available at:http://www.lewisham.gov.uk/SoftwareEngineering/CareersInSoftwareEngineering/(Accessed: 11 April 2007).
Internet Sites (2) Sites where noauthor can be identified- Use title
Heatherbank Museum of Computing(2007) Available at:http://www.gcal.ac.uk/heatherbank/index.html/. (Accessed: 17 April2007).
Internet Sites (3): Sites for which no authoror title can be identified –Use URL
http://www.newmediarepublic.com/dvideo/compression.html (2005). (Accessed: 27March 2007).
Harvard references
Arranging your list of references
Arranging your references
You should arrange yourreferences in alphabetical orderby author surname.
Do not divide the list into books,journals and web sites.
Arranging your references
Connolly, M. et al. (2006) Computing forall. London: Jessica Kingsley.
Gregor, C. (2006) Practical skills forsoftware engineering. Exeter: LearningMatters (Transforming computingpractice).
Heatherbank Museum of Computing(2007) Available at:http://www.gcal.ac.uk/heatherbank/index.html(Accessed: 17 April 2007).
Arranging your references
Lewisham Council (2006) Careers insoftware engineering. Available at:http://www.lewisham.gov.uk/HealthAndSocialCare/CareersInSocialWork/(Accessed: 11 April 2007).
Orr, D. (2006) ‘Highlights of softwareengineering’, The Independent. 10October [Online] Available at:http://www.independent.com/(Accessed: 17 April 2007).
Example
Evaluating Websites
Relevance Reliability and validity Currency Accuracy
Summary
Manage your time Use the ideas of others sparingly,
only to support your own argument Include in-text referencing,
bibliography/reference Be consistent in your referencing Save all your notes Create a bibliography as you go – you
can always remove items if you don’tuse them
Use only legitimate academic sources
Reference
Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2005)Cite them right: the essential guideto referencing and plagiarism.Newcastle upon Tyne: Pear TreeBooks.
808.027/PEA