Ideological Situation in Ukraine: A Crisis of Genre

Mykhailo MINAKOV, Doctor of Sciences in PhilosophyShklar Research Fellow, Harvard Ukrainian Research InstituteAssociate Professor, Dept of Philosophy, University of Kyiv-Mohyla AcademyPresident, Foundation for Good Politics October 18, 2010

main issues

1) what is ideology? 2) main steps in development of political ideologies in

independent Ukraine3) current ideological setup

theories of ideologies

• Marx, Lukacs, Gramsci: class interest and false consciousness • Mannheim: partial and total concepts, worldviews • Marx’s followers:

• Freud: psychic processes as falsifying conscious acts• de Saussure: language, psychic reality, social world• postmodernists: ideology = signifier without reference

• Mannheim’s followers: • Freeden: ideology as political interpretation• Habermas: either ideology, or revolution

• ideology as social knowledge

ideology is…

• a system of political ideas and beliefs

• expression of the Modern worldview on politics

• set of ideas legitimizing the political regime

Modern ideological spectrum

social ideologies political ideologies

Ukraine’s values 2006

http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/

HNK

ZMB

MON

SER

VTN

VEN

URU

USA

GB

UKR

UGA

TUR

TNZ

SWI

SWE

ESP

SAF

SLO

SLV

SIN

SAU

RUS

ROM

POR

POLPHI

PER

PAK

NOR

NIG

NWZ

NTH

MOR

MOL

MEX

MAL

MAC

LXMLTH

LTV

KYR

SKR

JRD

JPN

ITL

ISR

IRE

INDO

IND

ICE

HUN

GUA

GRC

GER (W.)

GEO

GER (E.)

FINEST

ELSEGP

DOM

DENCZE

CYP

CRO

COL

CHN

CHICAN

BUL

BRZ

BOS BELBLR

BAN

AZR

AUT

AUSARM ARG

ALG

ALB

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.45

0.50

0.55

0.60

0.65

0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70

Self-Expression Values

Secu

lar-R

ation

al Va

lues

r = .50***

FRA

+_

+

_

1 SD

late Modernity values evolution

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.45

0.50

0.55

0.60

0.65

0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70

Africa

before 19211921-30

1931-40

1941-50

1951-601961-70

1971-80after 1980

before 1921

1931-40

1941-50

1951-60

1961-701971-80

after 1980

Self-Expression Values +_

Secu

lar-R

ation

al Va

lues

+

_

before 1921

after 1980

after 1980

after 1980

after 1980

before 1921

before 1921

http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/

development of ideologies: split country

2007 2006

2002 1998

routes of ideologies development1991–2010

nationalistsethnic civic

Sovietsperestroika Stalinists

‘Svoboda’‘Tryzub’

‘UNA-UNSO’

‘Batkivshchyna’‘Sobor’

‘Our Ukraine’Rukh

Republican partyDemocratic party

prog. socialistscommunists

veteran movmnts

socialistssoc. democrats

post-Soviet reality

neoliberalspopulistsanarchists

pro-oligarchs

ideological map : 1993 - 1999

parliamentarian democrats

pro-presidential autocrats

cynical activism

ostalgic escapism

patriotic

ideological map : 2000 - 2005

etatism

republicanism

national democrats

oligarchs

regionalism/federalism

centralism

Western and Central Ukraine

Eastern and Sothern Ukraine

current ideological map : state

etatism

republicanism

president

parliament

regionalismcentralism

bilingualism monolingualism

ethnic conservatism

ostalgic conservatism

current ideological map : culture

two state languages or one

data of sociologist group ‘Rating’, September 2010

no response

no

somewhat disagree

somewhat agree

yes

October March April September

Yes

No

data of sociologist group ‘Rating’, September 2010

yes somewhatagree

somewhat disagree no no answer

regions of Ukraine ideological sympathies

altogether altogether

Donbas

South

East

Center

North

West

P. of Regions

Communists

Strong Ukraine

F. of Changes

Batkivshchyna

Svoboda

data of sociologist group ‘Rating’, September 2010

two state languages or one

citizens’ adherence to state readiness to fight with foreign invaders

data of sociologist group ‘Rating’, September 2010

yes

somewhat disagree

somewhat agree

no answer

no

data of sociologist group ‘Rating’, September 2010

regions of Ukraine ideological sympathies

altogether altogether

Donbas

South

East

Center

North

West

P. of Regions

Communists

Strong Ukraine

F. of Changes

Svoboda

Batkivshchyna

citizens’ adherence to state readiness to fight with foreign invaders

two conservatisms

• conservatism as a necessary counterbalance to progress-based ideologies

• in absence of other ideologies, conservatism duplicates itself

• political language of binary oppositions • conservatism and collective memories • politics of retaliation

Thank you! Дякую!