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BIBLIOGRAPHY&CITATION

Themainpurposeofabibliographyistoenablereadersofyourwork

totracethematerialsyouhaveusedandreadfurtheriftheywant

todoso.

Itisagoodideatonotethebibliographicdetailsofanymaterials

youuseatthetimeofusingthem-itisveryboringandawasteof

timetohavetofindthemagainatalaterdate!

HARVARDCITATION

A) REFERENCINGINTHETEXT

Harvarddoesnotusefootnotesinthemaintext(whichactually

makeslifeeasierforyou!);referencesinthetextaremadeby

listingtheAUTHOR,YEAROFPUBLICATIONandPAGINATIONin

thetext.EG: InapopularstudySmith(2001,p.673)arguesthat..

Or Amorerecentstudy(Smith2001)showsthat..

Iftheauthorhaspublishedmorethanoneciteddocumentinthe

sameyear,adda,b,c,etcaftertheyear.

EG: Smith(2001a)discussedthesubject..

Fulldetailsaboutthedocumentwouldthenbefoundinthe

bibliographyattheendofthedocument.

B) THEBIBLIOGRAPHY

Referencesarelistedalphabeticallyinorderoftheauthors'names.

Ifyouhavemorethanonedocumentbyaparticularauthor,listthem

chronologically,andthenbyletter(2001a,2001b)ifmorethanone

itemhasbeenpublishedduringaspecificyear.

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Ifyouareusingmixedmediaresources,youmaywanttosortthem

intomediatypes,eg.Printedresources,e-resourcesetc.Tryto

arrangeitemsinawaythatwillbethemostusefultoyourreaders!

C) THERULES:

Books:Author'sNAMEandInitials

Yearofpublication,inbrackets

Titleofthebook,underlinedorinitalics

Edition,ifotherthanthefirst

Placeofpublication

Publisher

EG: FIELD,A.C.(1998)Alternativeenergysources3rded.NewYork:AcademicPress.

Contributioninabook(e.g.abookchapter):Contributingauthor'sNAMEandInitials

Yearofpublication,inbrackets

Titleofcontribution,followedby'IN'

AuthororeditorsNAMEandInitials

Titleofthebook,underlinedorinitalics

Placeofpublication

Publisher

Pagenumber(s)ofcontribution

EG: WILLIAMS,M.(2003)SocialMovementsandGlobalPolitics

IN:KOFMAN,E.andYOUNGS,G.,eds.Globalization:Theoryand

Practice,London:Continuum,257-274.

.

Journalarticles:

Author'sNAMEandInitialsYearofpublication,inbrackets

Titleofthearticle(notunderlinedorinitalics)

Titleofthejournal,underlinedorinitalics

Volumeno.and(Partno.)

Pagenumber(s)

EG: BOWEN,B.N.(2001)ThelifeofBritishtrees.Nature,68

(3),23-37.

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Newspaperarticles:Author'sNAMEandInitials(ornewspapertitle)

Yearofpublication,inbrackets

Titleofthearticle(notunderlinedorinitalics)

Titleofthenewspaper,underlinedorinitalicsDateandMonth

Pagenumber(s)

EG: INDEPENDENT(2005)Sven'scomplicatedprivatelifeisplayed

outonSwedishstage.Independent,9April,7.

Websites:Author'sNAMEandInitials

Yearofpublication,inbracketsTitleofthewebsite,underlinedorinitalics[online]

Placeofpublication

Publisher(ifascertainable)

Availablefrom:URL[Dateaccessed]

EG: SMITH,J.(2000)Curly'sAirshipsPolegate,MastersofArts

Availablefrom:http://www.curlysairships.com[Accessed29May2001]

E-journals:

Author'sNAMEandInitialsYearofpublication,inbrackets

Titleofthearticle(notunderlinedorinitalics)

Titleofthejournal,underlinedorinitalics[online]

Volumeno.and(Partno.)

Pagenumber(s)

Availablefrom:URL[Dateaccessed]

EG: GINZBURG,S.(2000)JournalofWorkplaceLearning[online]

12(8),327-332.Availablefrom:http://www.emerald-

library.com/brev/08612hb1.htm

Conferencepapers:ContributingAuthor'sNAMEandInitials

Yearofpublication,inbrackets

Titleofpaper,followedby'IN'

NAME,andInitialsofeditoroftheconferenceproceedings

Titleoftheconference,underlinedorinitalics,includngthedateand

place.

PlaceofpublicationPublisher

http://www.emerald-library.com/brev/08612hb1.htmhttp://www.emerald-library.com/brev/08612hb1.htmhttp://www.curlysairships.com/

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Pagenumbers

EG: SILVER,K.(2001)Electronicmail:thenewwayto

communicate.IN:RAITT,D,ed.9thInternationalonlineinformation

meeting,London3-5December1999.Oxford:LearnedInformation,

332-340.

Working/Discussion/Researchpapers:ContributingAuthor'sNAMEandInitials

Yearofpublication,inbrackets

Titleofpaper,underlinedorinitalics

Papertype

PublishingOrganisation

Papernumber

EG: OZKAN,F.G.etal(1997)Monetaryunion,entryconditionsandeconomicreform,Discussionpaper,CentreforEconomicPolicy

Research,No.1720.

Theses:Author'sNAMEandInitials

Yearofpublication,inbrackets

Titleofthethesis,underlinedorinitalics

Designation,(andtype)

Nameofinstitutiontowhichsubmitted

EG: LINDSAY,F.(1996).Themotivationofadultlearners

Dissertation(M.A.(Ed.)),UniversityofSouthampton.

Videos,FilmsorBroadcasts:Title,underlinedorinitalics.

Yearofpublication,inbrackets

Materialdesignation.

Subsidiaryoriginator(eg.Director)Productiondetails-place:organisation

EG: Macbeth(1948).Film.DirectedbyOrsonWelles.USA:

RepublicPictures.

NB.Programmesandseries-thenumberandtitleoftheepisode

shouldbegivenaswellastheseriestitle,thetransmitting

organisationandchannel,thefulldateandtimeofthe

transmission.

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VARIATIONSONTHEGENERALRULES:

a) Twoauthors-citeboth,intheordertheyappearedintheoriginaldocument.

b) Threeormoreauthors-citethefirstauthoranduse'etal'intheplaceoftheothers.

c) Editorsadded.afteraneditorsnametodistinguishaneditorfromanauthor.

d) Corporatebody(eggovernmentdepartment)-usethenameoftheissuingbodyastheauthor.

e) Series-entertheseriestitlebetweenthetitleandthepublishingdetails.

f) Referencetakenfrom,orispartof,anotherdocument-citethefirstdocumentasfullyaspossibleandthenput'IN'and

citetheseconddocumentinfull.

Forfurtherinformation:

LookontheInformationSkillspageintheManagementareaofthe

library'swebsite.

ANOTEABOUTPLAGARISM!!

Plagiarismisthedeliberateuseofanotherperson'sworkasifit

wereyourown,withoutacknowledgementofwhereithascomefrom.Ifyouuseotherpeoples'words,diagramsorideas,youMUST

acknowledgethisbyreferencingtheminyourtextANDcitingthemin

yourbibliography.Farfrombeingasignofpoorwork,youare

provingthatyouhavereadaroundyoursubjectandarefamiliarwith

themajortheoremsandideas.Providedyouhavedonethiscorrectly

andaccurately,youwillGAINmarksbyreferringtootherpeoples'

work!

FionaLindsay&HarryGibbs

June2005