hart student manual for print 10-2010_5923216_01

October 2010

Student Guide

TRAINING & DEVELOPMENT

HART (Hydraulic Analysis for Remedial Tools)

Course Objective At the end of this course, you should be able to:

Identify and explain basic knowledge about HART. Explain features, benefits and applications of HART.

Suggested Pre-requisites

Depending on your job function, you should have taken one or more of the following courses:

Basic Hydraulics Underreaming Operations Introduction to Hydraulics for Operators Advanced Hydraulics and Underreaming Calculations

Course Topics Basic Knowledge Input Data Tabs Analysis Process Appendix

COURSE HART USER’S MANUAL

Following Along in the Manual

When you see this on the screen: You should see this in your manual:

Acronyms From This Book

BHA Bottom Hole Assembly BHT Bottom Hole Temperature cp centipoise DLS Dog Leg Severity ECD Equivalent Circulating Density HART Hydraulic Analysis for Remedial Tools ID Inside Diameter LWD Logging While Drilling KOP Kick Off Point MD Measured Depth MW Mud Weight MWD Measurement While Drilling OBM Oil Based Mud OD Outside Diameter PDC Polycrystalline Diamond Compact ppg Parts Per Gallon PV Plastic Viscosity SBM Synthetic Based Mud SPP Standpipe Pressure

TCI Tungsten Carbide Insert TFA Total Flow Area TVD Total Vertical Depth UWD Underreaming While Drilling YP Yield Point

Basic Knowledge

©2010 Schlumberger HART User’s Manual Page 1 Chapter 1 – Basic Knowledge

Chapter Objectives

At the end of this chapter, you should be able to:

Explain how to apply for reauthorization of HART. Navigate the various menu options in HART. Identify and explain the function of the menu options in HART.

CHAPTER 1 BASIC KNOWLEDGE


Chapter Table of Contents

Overview ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 4

Overview ................................................................................................................................................................................. 4

Reauthorizing HART .................................................................................................................................................................. 6 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................................. 6

Expiration Warning .................................................................................................................................................................. 6

Reauthorizing HART................................................................................................................................................................ 6

HART Operating Basics ............................................................................................................................................................. 8 Opening HART ........................................................................................................................................................................ 8

Help Menu ............................................................................................................................................................................... 8

File Menu ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................................. 9

Data Menu ................................................................................................................................................................................. 11 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................ 11

View Menu ................................................................................................................................................................................. 13 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................ 13

Options Menu ........................................................................................................................................................................... 15 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................ 15

Exercise: Chapter Quiz ............................................................................................................................................................ 18


Overview

Overview Hydraulic Analysis for Remedial Tools (HART) is a proprietary computer program developed by SMITH. It is designed to assist in making decisions related to modeling and optimizing the hydraulic performance of the bottomhole assembly (BHA) for a specific application and environment. It is important to remember that HART is not intended to be a substitute for sound judgment and experience. HART has proven itself a valuable tool for BHA hydraulic performance analysis. The program’s user interface allows the user to edit and test operating parameters. The user enters surface equipment data, survey data, BHA makeup, the application parameters under which the BHA will be used, and hydraulic requirements of specialty tools in the BHA to calculate a valid hydraulic profile. The program calculates a hydraulic profile of:

Bore and annular pressure losses Jet hydraulic details Flow distributions Fluid velocities Flow rates

Program output includes summary and detailed reports of flows and pressures

through the system, a casing scheme plot, and graphical plots. The program provides calculations for:

Rotary steerable systems Mud motors Measurement while drilling (MWD) tools Underreamers Hole openers Tapered drill strings Mulitple casings Liner strings


HART provides calculations for hydraulics, cuttings transport, mud properties, and operating parameters. Calculated values include:

Equivalent Circulating Density (ECD) at working depth Minimum cuttings transport ratio Pressure differentials over jets and pistons Jet impact force Jet hydraulic power

The program calculates hydraulics at beginning and ending depths, and has different friction pressure calculations for both the bore and annulus.


Reauthorizing HART

Introduction The license you have been provided with will expire after a specific period. You will be required to reauthorize the software in order to continue using it.

Expiration Warning

Approximately 30 days before your license for HART expires, you will begin to see a pop-up box when you log in.

Reauthorizing HART

Reauthorize your access using the following steps:

1. Select Options Program Authorization…

2. The Software Authorization screen will appear. Select To re-apply for

authorization code, click here:


3. The Software Authorization Request screen will appear. Select Apply for Software Authorization Code.

4. An Outlook email with the authorization will appear. Click Send. The program administrator will send a new authorization to you.

5. Follow the instructions in the email to reauthorize HART.


HART Operating Basics

Opening HART Open HART by double clicking on the icon. A blank screen will appear.

HART uses some of the standard Windows navigational tools. The most used commands are located along the top of the screen as icons. Rolling the cursor over the icon will let you know what each one does. The menu options at the top of the HART window are explained in the following sections.

Help Menu The Help menu gives the user access to the What’s New in This Version document, the user’s manual, and About HART, which displays the program version number and its copyright information.


File Menu

Introduction The File menu displays the menu commands associated with the job file operations.

New: Starts a new HART job file. Also, or Ctrl + N can be used to access the same function. Open: Opens a saved HART job file. Also, or Ctrl + O can be used to access the same function. Save: Saves the current job file. Also, or Ctrl + S can be used to access the same function. Save As: Saves an open HART job file under a different name. Import: Imports an external HART job file from a HART exchange file or from another HART database that was exported with the same version of the HART program. An import file contains a default file extention of *.shp.


Export: Exports a HART job file to a HART exchange file or from another HART database so it can be sent to and shared by a user who uses the same version of the HART program. An export file contains a default file extension of *.shp. Export Job and Send Mail to…: Exports an open HART job file by email to another HART user. Print: Prints the reports or graphs of the open HART job file. Also, or Ctrl + P can be used to access the same function. Print Preview: Displays a preview of the open HART job file and how it will look when printed. Also, can be used to access the same function. Print Setup…: Sets up the printer and paper size for printing a HART job file. Page Setup: Sets up page margins, page orientation, etc. of a HART job file. The files listed before Exit are the most recent files that have been opened. This allows you easy access to the files you may be using the most. Exit: Exits the HART program.


Data Menu

Introduction The Data menu contains two commands that are associated with the data input operations of the HART program: input and units.

Input: Opens a blank Input Data screen where you enter data for a new job file. Also,

can be used to access the same function.


Units: Opens the Data Units screen where you can select the appropriate units to use in

HART. Also, can be used to access the same function.

Program data is always stored in the internal units regardless of the unit system you choose. When exporting a job file, the units you selected in the Data Units screen are not exported within the file.

Available only when Custom Units is selected.


View Menu

Introduction The View menu commands allows the user to turn on or turn off reports and graphs. When a particular report or graph view is turned on, a check mark appears to the left of that item. When a particular report or graph is turned off, the check mark is removed. All selected views are automatically opened after a calculation is initiated.

Summary Report: This report presents a summation of general and specified information, and calculated data such as Tool Hydraulics Details, and Bore Flow and Annular Flow profiles for “At Beginning Depth” and “At Ending Depth”. Detailed Report: This report presents the complete general and specified information, and calculated data organized as Data Input and Data Output, which encompasses Tubular Geometries, Hydraulics Inside Tubulars, Annular Geometries, and Hydraulics Inside Annulus. Casing Plot: The casing schematic plot is a descriptive graphic representation of select data entered on the Casing/Hole Data and General pages of the Input Data screen. BHA Plot: This option is currently NOT implemented. Bypass Valve Behavior Plot: This plot applies only to window milling jobs and only when a bypass valve is installed.


SPP vs. Flow Rate Plot: This is a plot of calculated standpipe pressure values over a range of flow rates set at the job’s ending measured depth. SPP vs. Working Depth: This plot applies only when solving the hydraulics for standpipe pressure (SPP). Flow Rate vs. Working Depth Plot: This plot only applies when solving the hydraulics for flow rate. Rhino Reamer Shear Piston Plot: This plot displays when a Rhino XS Reamer is in the drill string and ball drop or full-bore lockout mechanism is selected.

The Rhino Shear Piston Plot displays the relation between the pump rate and the shear force by the shear piston BEFORE the cutter block is opened.

Tool Bar: The Tool Bar displays buttons for the most used menu commands for easier access. Status Bar: The purpose of the menu command button in the Tool Bar is stated in the Status Bar when it is highlighted by the cursor.


Options Menu

Introduction The Options menu allows the user to customize his or her reports, calculations, job database, and authorization.

Report Layout Options…: Allows the user to add or remove an image (usually the company logo) on printed reports. You can also use to access the same function.


Advanced Calculation Options…: Allows the user to change hydraulic models and other calculation options.

Under Friction Pressure Calculations the different friction calculations models for friction pressure loss calculations for bore flow and annular flow are listed. When Auto Select is chosen, HART assigns the friction calcuation models as follows:

Bore flow: if mud is oil or synthetic based, the oil based mud (OBM)/ synthetic based mud (SBM) formula option is applied. Otherwise, API 13D option is applied.

Annular flow: Bingham plastic model is applied. Under Cuttings Transport Calculations, choosing Auto Select will use a specific calculation based on what was entered for cuttings shape in the Casing/Hole Data tab under Cutting Parameters. Selecting Flat Disk automatically assigns the Walter and Mayes Correlation; selecting Spherical Cuttings assigns the Moore Correlation.


The following table lists the selection items.

Field Selections Inside the Tubulars Auto Select

API Bulletin 13D Security Formulae Smith Tool Formulae Standard Power Law Bingham Plastic Newtonian Fluid OBM/SBM Formula BS Formula

Inside the Annulus

Cuttings Transport Calculations Auto Select Moor Correlation Chien Correlation Walker & Mayes Correlation

Maintain Job Database…: Displays a list of job files for your database. Maintain Equipment Database…: This option is currently NOT implemented. Program Authorization: Allows the user to locate an authorization file on their computer. This is also where you go to re-apply for authorization.


Exercise: Chapter Quiz

Answer the following questions about information covered in this chapter. Be prepared to share your answers with the class.

1. What does HART stand for?

2. How many days before expiration will you begin to get pop-up boxes from HART upon log in?

3. HART files can be sent to and seen by non-HART users.

True

False

4. Program data measurements are always stored in the ________________________.

5. The Rhino Shear Piston Plot displays the relation between the pump rate and the shear force by the shear piston AFTER the cutter block is opened.

True

False

6. What formula does HART use if mud is oil or synthetic based?

Input Data Tabs

©2010 Schlumberger HART User’s Manual Page 1 Chapter 2 – Input Data Tabs

Chapter Objectives


Explain how to navigate through the Input Data tabs. Identify and explain the information contained in each Input Data

tab. Explain how to open and save job files in HART.

CHAPTER 2 INPUT DATA TABS



Working in the Tabs ................................................................................................................................................................... 5

General Guidelines .................................................................................................................................................................. 5

Field Backgrounds ................................................................................................................................................................... 5

Data Validations ...................................................................................................................................................................... 5

Error Messages ....................................................................................................................................................................... 5

General Tab ................................................................................................................................................................................ 6 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................................. 6

Purpose of Analysis ................................................................................................................................................................. 6

Job Classifications ................................................................................................................................................................... 7

Customer ................................................................................................................................................................................. 7

Schlumberger Representative ................................................................................................................................................. 7

Well Information ...................................................................................................................................................................... 8

Comments ............................................................................................................................................................................... 8

Surface Equipment Tab ............................................................................................................................................................. 9 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................................. 9

Surface Equipment Case ......................................................................................................................................................... 9

Pump Data ............................................................................................................................................................................ 10

Notes ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 10

Survey Data Tab ....................................................................................................................................................................... 11 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................ 11

Well Deviation ....................................................................................................................................................................... 12

Build Survey .......................................................................................................................................................................... 13

Projections from BHL............................................................................................................................................................. 14

Notes ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 14

Mud Data Tab ............................................................................................................................................................................ 15 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................ 15

Mud Profile ............................................................................................................................................................................ 16

Other Mud Data ..................................................................................................................................................................... 16

Mud Rheology ....................................................................................................................................................................... 17

Notes ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 18

Casing/Hole Data Tab .............................................................................................................................................................. 19 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................ 19

Data Information .................................................................................................................................................................... 20

Open Hole ............................................................................................................................................................................. 20

Downhole Information............................................................................................................................................................ 20


Cutting Parameters ............................................................................................................................................................... 20

Notes ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 21

Drill String Tab ......................................................................................................................................................................... 22 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................ 22

Total Drill String Weight ......................................................................................................................................................... 23

BHA Weight ........................................................................................................................................................................... 24

Notes ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 24

Operating Parameters Tab ...................................................................................................................................................... 25 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................ 25

Rhino Reamer Specific .......................................................................................................................................................... 25

Pumping Parameters ............................................................................................................................................................. 25

Depth In & Out Parameters ................................................................................................................................................... 26

Jet Sizes ................................................................................................................................................................................ 26

Flow Restrictions ................................................................................................................................................................... 27

Motor Pressure Drop ............................................................................................................................................................. 27

Opening Job Files .................................................................................................................................................................... 28 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................ 28

File Management ................................................................................................................................................................... 28

Sharing a HART File ............................................................................................................................................................. 29

Opening a Shared HART File ................................................................................................................................................ 29

Saving Job Files ....................................................................................................................................................................... 30 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................ 30

Saving in a Secure Folder ..................................................................................................................................................... 30

Exercise: Tab Information ....................................................................................................................................................... 32


Working in the Tabs

General Guidelines The following guidelines pertain to the Input Data tabs.

Press Tab instead of Enter when moving from field to field in the tabs. Pressing Enter will execute the Calcuate button at the bottom of the screen, which will create the reports and graphs. Press Shift + Tab to move to the previous field.

Override data in a field by tabbing into the field or double-clicking in the field and typing in the new data.

A data field of floating point numbers accepts only numbers and the letter “e” or “E.” A beep will indicate any errors.

Emply fields and fields containing “0” are considered different in HART. An empty field indicates that data has not been entered, and a “0” suggests that the value has been entered and may or may not be in a valid data range.

Field Backgrounds A field with a yellow background indicates that data must be entered before

the hydraulics calculations can be performed. If a yellow background field is empty and the Calculate button is selected, the program displays an error message and indicates the field that needs to be filled in. It is not necessary to fill in all the fields with a white background. An error message will not appear if left blank.

Data Validations HART checks data validations in the following three cases:

After entering data in a field and leaving the field. After entering data in a screen then moving to another screen. After selecting the Calculate button.

Error Messages There are two types of error messages that will appear in HART.

The first is a warning sign, . This indicates that the data entered is not reasonable in the context of other data fields. Ignore the warning by selecting OK. Return to the data field that caused the error by selecting Cancel.

The second is an error sign, . This indicates that the data entered is incorrect and must be reentered. It also signals a data field has been left blank. Press OK to return to the data field that caused the error.


General Tab

Introduction The General tab is where basic information about the customer and job are entered.

Purpose of Analysis

The Purpose of Analysis area differentiates between a proposal and an actual job. This will also make it easier when searching for job files. There is an option at the bottom of the Open Job File screen to list actual jobs only.


Job Classifications

The Job Classifications section is used to select the material of cuttings, job type and cutter type for the job. The Material of Cuttings and Job Type must be selected before moving to another tab. Each item is listed in a pull down menu. HART determines what BHA tools will be available on the Drill String tab based on the information entered in this section. The Material of Cuttings should be selected prior to Job Type and Cutter Type. The table below displays the three categories and a list of items available from each.

Material of Cuttings Job Type Cutter Type

Formation

Drilling Underreaming UWD Hole Opening Other

Milled Tooth TCI PDC Natural Diamond Crushed Carbide Other

Steel

Section Milling Pipe Cutting Traditional Milling Window Milling Pilot Milling Other

Millmaster Crushed Carbide PDC Other

Other

Drilling Underreaming UWD Hole Opening Section Milling Pipe Cutting Traditional Milling Window Milling Pilot Milling Other

Milled Tooth TCI PDC Natural Diamond Crushed Carbide Millmaster Other

Customer Enter the basic customer information into the appropriate fields.

Schlumberger Representative

The Schlumberger Representative section needs to be filled out with your information. It will only be necessary to enter this information once, since HART will remember it the next time you begin a job file. Change the displayed date by using the pull down menu and selecting the date from the calendar.


Well Information Fill in as much information as possible about the well. If there is something you are unable to fill in, it may be necessary to ask the customer about it the next time you speak with them.

The Type and Location fields have pull down menus. The available optoins for each are listed below.

Type Location Barge Coiled Tubing Unit Drill Ship Floater Jack Up Land Rig Platform Semi Submersible Snubbing Unit Submersible Tender Workover

Land Offshore Inland Waters

Comments Enter information about the job you feel is pertinent, but doesn’t have an assigned field. There is an unlimited amount of space to enter information. Everything in this field will be printed in the detailed report.

To start a new paragraph in the Comments field, hold down Ctrl and press Enter. Pressing Enter alone will cause the calculation process to begin.


Surface Equipment Tab

Introduction The Surface Equipment tab is where pertinent information about the equipment used in the well is entered.

Surface Equipment Case

The Surface Equipment Case section allows you to select pre-defined cases of the equipment used in the well.

At least one case selection from Surface Equipment Case is necessary; however, the Coiled Tubing option is not currently implemented.


Pump Data The Pump Data section offers two options: Input Pump Data or Specify Limits. Select Input Pump Data to access the Pump #1 fields on the right. Fill this out with the appropriate information. Although the Strokes per Minute field does not have a yellow background, it is mandatory to enter data in that field. The Number of Pumps field defaults to 1; if there is more than one pump, the number can be changed to reflect that, but they must all have the same number of Strokes per Minute. Click Next if another type of pump needs to be entered. Select Specify Limits to enter the Available Max. Standpipe Press, and Available Max. Pump Rate.

Notes Enter information specific to the surface equipment in this area. Enter as

much information as needed to provide a clear understanding about the job.

The information entered into the Notes field does not display in any reports or graphs. It is provided for user notes only.


Survey Data Tab

Introduction Information and well survey data is entered in this tab.


Well Deviation Select Vertical hole if you are analyzing a vertical well or you don’t have survey data available to enter. Select Deviated hole with survey data if you are analyzing a deviated well and survey data is available or you want to create a well path from well path projections. It is possible to enter survey data four different ways:

Manually Import Survey from

a text file. An example of an import file is located in the program installation directory as “impsvy.txt.” A survey import file should follow the format as shown in the Survey table. The data can be delimited by using a comma, tab, space or semi-colon. If a line begins with a semi-colon, the line will be treated as a comment line and ignored. Azimuth should be entered as the angle between toolface and true north in the range between 0-360º.

Paste from Clipboard. If you copy survey data from a spreadsheet program into a clipboard then past the survey data into the grid. Before selecting Paste from Clipboard, make sure the active cell on the survey grid is at the first row and first column.

Build Survey. Select this if you are using well planning information such as kick off point (KOP), total vertical depth (TVD), dog leg severity (DLS), etc. to create the well survey.

If a well is deviated, treating it as a vertical hole will not affect the standpipe pressure calculations if there are no jets in the middle of the drill string. However, the calculated ECD and pressure at a given point will not be correct without survey data.

If there are tools in the middle of the drill string that divert flow into the annulus, such as a jet sub or an XTU, survey data MUST be entered to ensure the accuracy of all hydraulics calculations.


Build Survey Selecting Build Survey will cause the following screen to appear:

.

Fill out this screen by following these steps:

1. Click the arrow next to the first field under Projections from BHL and select a projection method.

2. Enter the data required to make a projection. 3. Change the survey station spacing, if desired. 4. Select Make Projection.

Insert a row into the grid by clicking

in the row above the position where you want to insert a new row, right-click, select insert row. Delete a row in the grid by clicking in the row, right-click, select remove rows. Delete multiple rows by holding down the left mouse button and dragging the cursor over the desired rows, right-click, select remove rows.


If the projection is successful, data displayed inside the Current Bottom Hole Location section will change to reflect the BHL. If the projection fails, an error message will display.

Projections from BHL

The options from the pull down menu under projections from BHL and the data required are as follows:

Projection Method Data Required Straight Line to MD Ending MD Straight Line to TVD Ending TVD Dogleg to MD Build Rate, Walk Rate, Ending MD Dogleg to TVD Build Rate, Walk Rate, Ending TVD Dogleg to Inclination and Azimuth DLS, Ending Incl., Ending Azimuth

Notes Enter information specific to the data survey in this area. Enter as much information as needed to provide a clear understanding about the job.



Mud Data Tab

Introduction Use this tab to enter information about the mud.


Mud Profile The Mud Profile section allows you to select the mud name and enter comments about the mud. This following list shows the options available for selecting a mud name:

Calcium/Chloride MI Super Mud #1 Nova PLUS Petrofree LE Proposal Mud #1 Salt Polymer SP101-TANA THIN

Once you have chosen the name of the mud, select Save. If you decide on another mud, change the name by selecting delete then another mud name. The comments field is exclusively for information about the mud.

Selecting a mud name will allow you to copy the properties from that mud and apply it to a new mud of similar characteristics for hydraulic analysis.

Other Mud Data This section is for specifics about the mud.


Mud Rheology This section allows you to select values or reading, the mud type, and other related information.

Use PV and YP Values Select this option if only plastic viscosity (PV) and yield point (YP) values are available for the mud. Select the mud type from the pull down menu then enter the beginning depth and ending depth of the mud weight (MW) in parts per gallon (ppg), PV in centipoise (cp) and the YP in lbf/100ft2. If this option is selected, HART will disable the Dial Readings field. Use Viscometer Readings Select this option if viscometer readings are available. Select the mud type from the pull down menu then enter the beginning and ending depth fro MW in ppg and the Dial Reading information. Viscometer values are preferred, especially if the power law friction models are entered from the Advanced Options dialogue screen (found under Options Advanced Calculation Options…). This option enables the fields for viscometer readings while disabling the fields for PV and YP values. Use Empirical Model This option is not currently implemented.

When entering viscometer readings, make certain that 2* Fann300- Fann600>=0.0, since the program calculates the YP value by using YP=2*Fann300-Fann600. A negative YP value is not allowed.


Notes Enter information specific to the mud data in this area. Enter as much information

as needed to provide a clear understanding about the job.



Casing/Hole Data Tab

Introduction This tab is for data regarding the casing and hole.

Insert a row into the grid by clicking in the row above the postion where you want to insert a new row, right-click, select insert row. Delete a row in the grid by clicking in the row, right-click, select remove rows. Delete multiple rows by holding down the left mouse button and dragging the cursor over the desired rows, right-click, select remove rows.


Data Information This section acts as a spreadsheet for data input. After selecting the casing OD from the first column, HART will automatically provide a drop down menu for the Weight w/Cplg (lb/ft) column.

Casings with a special drift ID will have the suffix SD after the casing weight. After selecting the casing weight, HART will automatically populate the remaining parameters with data from the equipment database.

The Top MD (ft) field automatically defaults to 0.0. If you are working with a liner, you can override the value with the actual value of the top of the liner. Enter the casing setting MD in the last column.

Open Hole Open hole applications are identified by selecting Open Hole from the pull-down menu in the first line of the Casing OD (in) column. Enter the hole diameter in the Nominal ID (in) column and the open hole depth in the Bottom MD (ft) column. HART will automatically populate the Top MD (ft) column with the casing shoe location of the previous casing entry.

You can enter the Casing OD (in) or Weight w/Cplg (lb/ft) directly into the cell instead of selecting from the drop-down menu. If the values you enter match the casing OD and weight in the equipment database, the program automatically populates other casing data as soon as you leave the casing weight field.

Downhole Information

This section has fields for entering beginning and ending measured depth. The value for the Job Beginning MD defaults to the casing shoe location of the last casing. The Job Ending MD defaults to the open hole bottom location.

Cutting Parameters

This section allows you to select a specific cutting shape of spherical or flat. Selecting Spherical automatically populates the Cutting Density and Chip Diameter fields.


Selecting Flat Disk will automatically populate all three fields.

Notes Enter information specific to the mud data in this area. Enter as much information as needed to provide a clear understanding about the job.



Drill String Tab

Introduction This tab is where the BHA and drill string information are entered.

HART will automatically populate the Beginning MD and Ending MD fields with the numbers from the previous tab.

Start entering information about the drill string from the top, working down to the bit. It is not necessary to enter the exact length for the top of the drill string, just the BHA; HART will adjust the length based on the target depth and length of the BHA.


The function of the buttons on the right side of the tab perform the following functions:

Add—Adds a tool to the bottom of the drill string Insert—Inserts a tool between the current selection and the previous

tool. Edit—Opens the tool’s pop-up screen for editing. Double clicking

on the tool will also open the screen. Delete—Deletes the selected tool. Move Up—Moves the selected tool above the previous tool. Move Down—Moves the selected tool below the next tool.

Build the drill string by

performing the following steps: 1. Click on the Add button. 2. Select the appropriate tool

from the Select an Equipment window by highlighting it.

3. Click OK to accept the tool or Cancel to exit from the Select an Equipment window.

4. Fill in the fields of the window for the specific tool you selected and click OK.

5. Repeat until drill string is complete.

The equipment listed in Select an Equipment varies depending on the Job Classification assigned in the General tab.

Total Drill String Weight

This section lets the user know the air and buoyed weight of the entire drill string. The tools added to the drill string but with no weight assigned will not be included in this total. The In air weight is automatically populated based on the drill string entered; this is the actual weight of the drill string. The Buoyed field is automatically populated based on the Air weight and the mud weight provided in the Mud Data tab.


BHA Weight This section lets the user know the air and buoyed weight of the BHA only. The In air weight is automatically populated based on the drill string entered minus the drill pipe to surface. The Buoyed field is automatically populated based on the Air weight and the mud weight provided in the Mud Data tab.

Notes Enter information specific to the mud data in this area. Enter as much information as needed to provide a clear understanding about the job.



Operating Parameters Tab

Introduction This tab is directly related to the operating parameters that affect the hydraulics.

Rhino Reamer Specific

This section is available only when performing an underreaming job. Make the appropriate selection based on the job.

Pumping Parameters

The fields in this section are available depending on previous selecitons made. The Standpipe Pressure field is available only when selecting Drill-ahead below casing shoe (cutters opened) and Enter desired flow percentage split or Enter desired flow rate split is selected from the Jet sizes section.


Depth In & Out Parameters

This section provides fields for the beginning and ending depth of the parameters. The availability of the fields is dependant on the selections made in the Rhino Reamer Specific section. When the Drill-out above casing shoe (cutters pinned closed) option is selected under Rhino Reamer Specific, the beginning depth information is all that is necessary to fill out. When Drill-ahead below casing shoe (cutters opened) is selected both the beginning and ending depth need to be calculated.

HART will automatically calculate the feeding volume of cuttings into the annulaus aand the cutting concentration of removal when the beginning rate of penetration is entered. HART will also adjust the mud density in the annulus from the cutting concentration, which modifies the annular hydrostatic pressures. Current models for cutting transport calculations in HART are based on vertical holes and my not be accurate for highly deviated wells.

Jet Sizes The availability of the fields is dependant on the selections made in the Rhino Reamer Specific section. When the Drill-out above casing shoe (cutters pinned closed) option is selected, the only option available is Enter jet sizes where applicable.

When Drill-ahead below casing shoe (cutters opened) is selected, all three

options under Jet Sizes are available. Selecting Enter jet sizes where applicable makes the total flow area (TFA) column available and any tools identified in the Drill String tab will be highlighted in blue on the left. Enter data in the required fields. Selecting Enter desired flow percentage split makes the last two rows of the Flow Percent column available and any tools identified in the Drill String tab will be highlighted in blue on the left. Enter data in the required fields.

Selecting Enter desired flow rate split makes the last two rows of the Flow Rate column available and any tools identified in the Drill String tab will be highlighted in blue on the left. Enter data in the required fields.


When entering Jet Sizes, use the suffix “D” for diverging jets. For example, 13D.

Flow Restrictions This section may already contain values take from other sources in the job file. Verify the information in the Rhino max. inner mandrel bore velocity and Rhino max. inner mandrel bore thru rate are accurate. If necessary, change the information by typing over the fields. Depending on the selections you have made up until this point the Flow Restrictions area could request different information:

OR

Motor Pressure Drop

This section is not currently implemented.


Opening Job Files

Introduction The HART program installed on your computer has three saved job files. Find these files by selecting File Open, or Ctrl + O. The following screen will appear:

Click on any of the column headings at the top of the screen to sort the files alphabetically (or numerically for the date). If you wish to have them listed reverse alphabetically, click on the column header again.

Don’t forget you can remove files that are in the proposal stages only by clicking on the Show analysis for Acutal Job only box in the lower left hand corner.

File Management

HART job files are not part of a normal operating system file. They are part of a database and cannot be viewed or modified from any other type of software. It is necessary to back up the HART files or save the database files in a folder that is backed up regularly. The files can also be saved on a CD or flash drive.


Sharing a HART File

Send a HART file to another HART user using the following steps:

1. Open the desired file. 2. Click Calculate from any of the tabs. 3. Select File Export Job and Send Mail to…

4. An Outlook email will open with the HART file attached. Enter the name of the recipient and select Send.

Opening a Shared HART File

HART files received via email should be complete (otherwise they cannot be calculated and saved). Double click on the file and save it like you would any files that you have created.


Saving Job Files

Introduction When you save a job file, it is saved only within the HART program. As a safety feature, you should save all job files in a folder that is backed up daily. This will prevent the loss of job files if the computer crashes or you are required to reinstall HART.

Saving in a Secure Folder

In order to save the job file in a permanent location perform the following steps for each file.

1. From the HART File menu, select Export To a HART exchange file.

2. Click the New Folder icon on the Export Job File screen.

3. Create a folder called Job Files or something similar so you can remember where all your job files are stored.


4. Open that new folder and type the name of the file in the File name

field. 5. Click Save.


Exercise: Tab Information

Next to each field listed below, indicate the tab where the field appears. Then write down one or two places where you would find the information to enter into the field. 1. Material Cuttings:____________________

2. Azimuth (deg): ____________________

3. YP: ____________________

4. Job Type: ____________________

5. Standpipe Flow Rate: ____________________

6. PV: ____________________

7. Coupling OD: ____________________

8. Available Max. Pump Rate: ____________________


Next to each field listed below, indicate the tab where the field appears. Then write down one or two places where you would find the information to enter into the field.

9. Inclination. (deg): ____________________

10. Friction Pressure Calculations: ____________________

11. Nominal ID: ____________________

12. Beginning MD: ____________________

13. Ending MD: ____________________

14. Rate of Penetration: ____________________

Analysis Process

©2010 Schlumberger HART User’s Manual Page 1 Chapter 3 – Analysis Process

Chapter Objectives


Identify and explain the steps involved with the job analysis process.

CHAPTER 3 ANALYSIS PROCESS



Job Process ................................................................................................................................................................................ 5

Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................................. 5

The Process ............................................................................................................................................................................ 5

Gather Data ................................................................................................................................................................................. 6 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................................. 6

Obtain Information ................................................................................................................................................................... 6

Job Data Sheet ........................................................................................................................................................................ 6

Rhino Reamer Job .................................................................................................................................................................. 8

Enter Data into HART ............................................................................................................................................................... 10 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................ 10

Analyze Reports ....................................................................................................................................................................... 11 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................ 11

Report Options ...................................................................................................................................................................... 11

Summary Report ................................................................................................................................................................... 11

Detailed Report ..................................................................................................................................................................... 14

Casing Plot ............................................................................................................................................................................ 18

BHA Plot ................................................................................................................................................................................ 18

Bypass Valve Behavior Plot .................................................................................................................................................. 19

SPP vs Flow Rate Plot .......................................................................................................................................................... 19

SPP vs Working Depth Plot ................................................................................................................................................... 20

Flow Rate vs Working Depth Plot .......................................................................................................................................... 20

Rhino Reamer Shear Piston Plot ........................................................................................................................................... 21

Revise Data for BHA Components ......................................................................................................................................... 22 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................ 22

Specific Limitations ................................................................................................................................................................ 22

Order of Analysis ................................................................................................................................................................... 23

Revising for Optimal Hydraulic Scenario ............................................................................................................................... 23

Analysis and Revision for Tools Other Than a Reamer ......................................................................................................... 23

Pressure Differential .............................................................................................................................................................. 24

Standpipe Pressure ............................................................................................................................................................... 24

Flow Rate .............................................................................................................................................................................. 24

Velocity Through the Jets ...................................................................................................................................................... 25

BHA Components .................................................................................................................................................................. 26

Flow Distribution .................................................................................................................................................................... 27

Revise Data for Rhino Reamers .............................................................................................................................................. 29


Rhino Reamer Jobs ............................................................................................................................................................... 29

Order of Analysis ................................................................................................................................................................... 29

Achieve Optimal Pressure Drop ............................................................................................................................................ 30

Find Limitations ..................................................................................................................................................................... 30

Confirm Desired Flow Rates .................................................................................................................................................. 31

Establish Drill Ahead ............................................................................................................................................................. 31

Lock-Out Mechanism Limitations .......................................................................................................................................... 31

Make a Recommendation ........................................................................................................................................................ 32 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................ 32

Proposal ................................................................................................................................................................................ 32

Creating a PDF of a Report ................................................................................................................................................... 33

Exercise: Develop a Job Aid ................................................................................................................................................... 34


Job Process

Introduction There are several ways to gather and enter data into HART. The information contained in this chapter is just one way to complete a hydraulic analysis. It is recommended that you follow this process intially, but adjust it to fit your own style later.

The Process The hydraulic analysis process is as follows:

Gather data. Enter data into HART. Analyze Summary Report. Revise data to optimize performance for the customer and protect

Schlumberger’s assets. Make a recommendation to the customer.


Gather Data

Introduction The first step in preparing for an actual job or job proposal is to gather as much information as possible regarding the expectations of the customer. Determining the drilling parameters prior to the start of a job will help with the correct selection of tools. Obtain the parameters by viewing exiting well information and nearby offset records. The district or office supervisory personnel often complte the pre-job planning functions. While the operators may not be involved with the early planning stages, it is essential that personnel who are authorized to collect job data understand the factors involved in order to provide better customer support.

Obtain Information The following list are suggested places to consult for gathering well information:

Customer specifications and objectives Consult co-workers Ask your supervisor Review past job files

Once you have collected as much information as possible about the job, it is necessary to review the information and make sure Schlumberger and Schlumberger tools are right for the job. You may want to create multiple solutions for a wellbore to present to the customer indicating where 3rd parties would be needed to complete the job.

Job Data Sheet There are several items that need to be collected and the most efficient way to get the necessary information is with a job data sheet. The following page shows a general job data sheet. In addition make sure to ask about:

Verify underreaming interval depth

Anticipate mud properties and type

Formation type and strength List drill string equipment Gather BHA information Compare Schlumberger

tools with other service company tools

Establish rig capabilities Anticipate rate of

penetration Determine casing program/

restrictions Determine job type Verify requested flow rates Determine bottom hole

temperature (BHT)


Contact Information


Rhino Reamer Job Planning for a successful Rhino Reamer job requires accurate knowledge of the hydraulic requirements of the tools above and below the reamer. A pre-job hydraulic and BHA analysis should be reviewed and agreed upon by Schlumberger, the customer and other relevant service companies. The following data is needed to complete a HART hydraulic analysis as well as a Stress BHA analysis to ensure proper operation of the Rhino Reamer:

Well schematic, incaluding all casing sizes and depths Expected drill ahead flow rate Mud information Proposed BHA, including bit total flow area (TFA), OD/ID, and

component lengths The distance between each stabilizing point in the BHA Pressure drop across rotary steerable tool and/or MWD/LWD must

be given at a specific pump rate and mud weight. Well path proposal Geological information of section to be enlarged Surface limitations such as maximum standpipe pressure and

maximum pump rate

This information is needed in addition to the form that appears on the next page.


Contact Information


Enter Data into HART

Introduction The screens for entering data are covered in Chapter 2 of this manual.


Analyze Reports

Introduction HART can calculate the values and generate reports and graphs after completing all the necessary tab fields for a job file. Select Calculate at the bottom of any tab screen to implement the process. The tabs for the various reports and graphs are at the bottom of the Summary Report.

Report Options There are several reports to view in HART. The only report that appears on the list to the right, but is not available is the BHA Plot. The Bypass Valve Behavior Plot only applies to Window Milling job types (selected on the General tab) and only when a bypass valve is installed.

Summary Report The Summary Report presents a summation of general and specified information, and calculated data. An example Summary Report is on the next two pages. Limitations are present in every hydraulics scenario. There are rig limitations, BHA component limitations, specific customer limitations and operator limitations. In the Summary Report, identify the parameters that exceed controllable limitations. You may want to initially identify the limitations that cannot be eliminated or worked around, then change something else that can. HART provides an efficient way of manipulating variable, with some limitations.


Detailed Report The Detailed Report presents the complete general and specified information, and calculated data organized as Data Input and Data Output.


Casing Plot The Casing Plot is a descriptive graphic representation of select data

entered on the Casing/Hole Data and General tabs of the Input Data screen.

BHA Plot The BHA Plot is not currently implemented.


Bypass Valve Behavior Plot

The Bypass Valve Behavior Plot applies only to Window Milling job types (selected from the General tab) and only when a Bypass Valve is installed (selected from the Drill String tab).

SPP vs Flow Rate Plot

This is a plot of calculated standpipe pressures (SPP) values over a range of flow rates set at the job’s ending measured depth.


SPP vs Working Depth Plot

This is a plot of calculated standpipe pressures values from the job beginning measured depth to job ending measured depth.

Flow Rate vs Working Depth Plot

This is a plot of calculated flow rate values from the job beginning measured depth to job ending measured depth with the standpipe pressure set a specified value.


Rhino Reamer Shear Piston Plot

The Rhino Reamer Shear Piston plot is used only when a Rhino Reamer is in the drill string and Ball Drop or Full Bore Lock-out Mechanism is used.


Revise Data for BHA Components

Introduction Planning any operations requires much consideration. In an underreaming operation the hydraulics is critical to success; it is necessary to consider the impact the underreamer and other downhole tools will have on the hydraulics. Analysis of the reports and revision will make the recommendation to the customer more through and ensure the goals and objectives will be achieved.

Specific Limitations

Many wells are drilled under pressure limitations imposed by the drilling rig and associated equipment. The pressure ratings of the pump liners and surface equipment and the number of mud pumps available limit the circulating system to a maximum allowable circulating pressure. The maximum allowable circulating pressure and circulating rate are limited assets that can be wasted or maximized. Rheology and hydraulics calculations provide the means for adjusting the mud's properties, the flow rate and the bit nozzles to optimize these assets under the constraints imposed by the rig equipment. Under any set of hole conditions, a theoretical limit is imposed on the flow rate by the maximum allowable circulating pressure. Circulating pressures, and consequently the flow rate, are directly related to the wellbore and tubular geometry used, including special BHA equipment such as underreamers, as well as the fluid’s density and rheological properties. It is therefore imperative to optimize drilling fluid hydraulics by controlling the rheological properties of the drilling fluid to avoid reaching this theoretical limit. Once the rheological properties for a fluid have been determined and modeled to predict flow behavior, hydraulics calculations are made to determine what effect this particular fluid will have on system pressures. The critical pressures are total system pressure (pump pressure), pressure loss across the bit and annular pressure loss (converted to ECD).


Order of Analysis For underreamers (other than Rhinos) the order of analysis is usually:

1. Pressure Differential 2. Standpipe Pressure 3. Flow Rate 4. Velocity through jets 5. BHA components 6. Flow distribution

Revising for Optimal Hydraulic Scenario

1. Select the tool and the tool series (tool sizes). 2. Input your data in HART. 3. Repeat that process in the same well four times using different tools

and tool series.

When you are making revisions during multiple iterations do not exceed any previously established limits.

Analysis and Revision for Tools Other Than a Reamer

Follow the steps in the procedure for analysis and revision of these variables:

Pressure Differential Standpipe Pressure Flow Rate Velocity Through Jets BHA Components Flow Distribution


Pressure Differential Review and revise the pressure differential listed on the Summary Report, as needed. Perform the following steps if the appropriate pressure has not been initially reached:

1. Select Data Input, from the menu bar, to make any necessary changes in the Input Data screen.

2. Reduce or increase the nozzle sizes in the reamer, if required. 3. Select Calculate if any adjustments are made. 4. Review reports and repeat steps 1-3 until the appropriate values are

achieved.

Standpipe Pressure Check the standpipe pressure listed on the first page of the Summary

Report. Perform the following steps if adjustments need to be made:


2. Select Calculate if any adjustments are made. 3. Review reports and repeat steps 1-2 until the appropriate values are

achieved.

Flow Rate HART will alert you if a flow rate over the limit has been entered. Double

check the rate on the Summary Report to verify the limits are acceptable.


Velocity Through the Jets

Review and revise the Jet Velocity listed on the Summary Report, as needed. Perform the following steps if the appropriate pressure has not been initially reached:


2. Select Calculate if any adjustments are made. 3. Review reports and repeat steps 1-2 until the appropriate values are

achieved.

If this is a Rhino Reamer Job, check the results against the Rhino specifications table located in the operator’s manual.


BHA Components All of the BHA components are listed in the Bore Flow and Annular Flow sections of the Summary Report. Review the Section Length and Pressure Loss columns at both the beginning and ending depth of each component. Perform the following steps for each component:

1. Verify that it is within the limitations per the customer. 2. Verify that it is within the limitations per Schlumberger. 3. Select Data Input, from the menu bar, to make any necessary

changes in the Input Data screen. 4. Select Calculate if any adjustments are made. 5. Review and repeat steps 1-4 until the appropriate values are achieved.


Flow Distribution The Flow Distribution section of the Summary Report breaks down the

percentages of the two major components of the well. Follow these steps to check the accuracy of the flow for each component. Perform the following steps for each component:

1. Check the percentages for each component listed. 2. Select Data Input, from the menu bar, to make any necessary

changes in the Input Data screen. 3. Select Calculate if any adjustments are made. 4. Review and repeat steps 1-3 until the appropriate values are achieved.


These numbers can also be found under the Bore Flow section of the Summary Report in the column labeled Flow to Annulus.


Revise Data for Rhino Reamers

Rhino Reamer Jobs The Rhino uses a lock-out mechanism to keep the tool closed while drilling into the shoe track. Regardless of which lock-out type is used, a drill ahead analysis has to be established. Run a HART calculation WITHOUT the lock-out first. Performing a pre-calculation sets the upper and lower benchmark. However, avoid going for an average mark for operational limits. Ball Drop Lock-out Mechanisms A flow shear has a limit of pressure it can tolerate before the tool opens. Take into consideration the rig, application, etc., when establishing a maximum flow for the shear tool. A ball shear is used when the maximum flow rate for a drill out is required. Since all RhinoXS nozzles are closed at this point and all the flow is directed to the bit, it will affect all BHA components. It acts as a blockage to pressure up against the shear tool. Values change from the standpipe pressure down to the bit pressure, but keep this in mind: Do not exceed previously established limitations. A full bore is used when BHA components used in the well do not allow a ball drop.

Order of Analysis For Rhinos the typical order of analysis is:

1. Achieve optimal pressure drop. 2. Find Limitations 3. Confirm desired flow rates for beginning and ending depths 4. Establish drill ahead 5. Lock-out mechanism limitations


Achieve Optimal Pressure Drop

Follow these procedures for achieving an optimal pressure drop if one does not already exist:


2. Adjust the nozzles in the reamer or the bit. a. Increase pressure by reducing the nozzle size TFA. b. Reduce pressure by increasing the nozzle size TFA.

3. Select Calculate if any adjustments are made. 4. Review and repeat steps 1-3 until the appropriate values are achieved.

The recommended psi for all Rhinos is 800. There is no maximum; however, at 1500psi a system trip occurs. At 3000 psi the Rhino will reach test specifications for shutdown.

Find Limitations Check to make sure the following parameters are with the specifications:

Velocity through the Rhino—below 75 ft per second Flow distribution—refer to the Rhino specifications on fluid per nozzle Velocity through the reamer jets—range allowances for mud weight %

of solids content planned hours of run and acceptable allowance for a higher velocity

Check all BHA limitations:

Every BHA component has a limitation and unique characteristic that can affect your pressure drop. Contact the vendor to obtain correct information (formula) for the specific equipment. Some vendors have pressure drop calculations for a particular component.

Each BHA component has a calculated loss. Compare the calculated loss values to the vendor documentation. If the losses are not in line with each other it will be necessary to revise the calculated loss to achieve alignment. Make sure to check the following for their limitations as well:

Pressure differential over the cutter piston Flow rate Jet velocity Standpipe pressure Maximum available flow


Confirm Desired Flow Rates

On the Summary Report it is necessary to check the flow rate against standpipe pressure and bring it back in line if necessary.

Establish Drill Ahead

Run a HART calculation without the lock-out first to establish the drill ahead upper and lower benchmarks.

Lock-Out Mechanism Limitations

Follow the procedures below to analyze and make revisions for the identified lock-out mechanisms: Flow Shear—used to shear open the tool at a given flow rate.

1. Check the flow rate limitations on the flow shear. 2. Establish the maximum flow to shear the tool based on all other

limitations (for example, rig limitations and other tools). 3. Identify the number of pins that are needed for the lock out mechanism

to be sheared to activate the tool (based on limitations). 4. Determine the flow rate needed to shear by entering a specific number

of pins then calculating the flow rate. (The flow shear has to stay under the limitations of flow rate and pressure).

5. Optimize nozzle size against the number of pins. The larger the nozzle, the fewer pins are needed and the smaller the nozzle, the more pins are needed.

Ball Shear—used when maximum flow rate for drill out is required. Rhino nozzles are closed at this point so all flow is directed to the bit. Double check the how the flow will affect BHA components.

1. Check the effect on BHA components, making sure not to exceed any previously established limits.

2. Check standpipe pressure relative to any limitations. 3. Check flow rate against any limitations.

Full-bore—used when a BHA component will not allow a ball drop.

1. Determine the required shear value by performing one of the following analyses: H4 or HB4.

2. If Drill-out above casing shoe (cutters pinned closed) was selected in the Operating Parameters tab in HART, perform the following analysis:

a. H2 or HB2: Determine the maximum flow rate with the Rhino cutters pinned closed (Rhino tfa=.001) based on the rig and BHA limitations.

b. H3or BH3: Perform an analysis of the subsequent drill ahead of the wellbore below the casing shoe.

3. If Drill-out below casing shoe (cutters open) was selected, perform the following analysis:

a. H1 or HB1: Perform an analysis of the subsequent drill ahead of the wellbore below the casing shoe.


Make a Recommendation

Introduction Making a recommendation to the customer should only be done after confirming that the choices for the well program are optimal.

Proposal The proposal presented to the customer should contain at the minimum the Summary Report. Create a PDF of each report before emailing (if that is how the report will be submitted). In the event that a Rhino is used in the BHA, provide the customer with a Summary Report showing both:

Drill Out with Rhino Reamer Cutters Closed Drill Ahead with Rhino Reamer Cutters Open

These can be changed in the Operating Parameters tab, at the top of the screen. Include in the proposal a summary or highlight of how the proposal matches the customer’s expectations, well specifications and drilling parameters. Identify the customer or third party equipment used that affects the outcome on the Summary Report. The customer should know that the report was analyzed for optimal performance and not just entered.


Creating a PDF of a Report

Create a PDF of a report using the following steps:

1. From the report you would like to convert, select File Print,

, or Ctrl + P. 2. A print screen will appear. Under Printer Name, select Adobe

PDF. If you do not have Adobe PDF as an option, you will need to contact IT. Select OK at the bottom of the window.

3. Select a place to save the PDF file. It may be a good idea to create a

folder for all of the PDF files created from HART to be in the same folder and additional folders are created inside for each job.

The PDF will be created and open on your desktop. You can print from this file format to an actual printer.


Exercise: Develop a Job Aid

In groups, create a job aid that would be helpful for someone using HART for the first time. Imagine what information would be most helpful and develop a mock up in any type of medium. You will present these to the class when you are done.

Appendix



Continental-Emsco Pump .......................................................................................................................................................... 5 Gardner-Devner Pump ............................................................................................................................................................... 6 Halliburton Pump ....................................................................................................................................................................... 7 IDECO Pump ............................................................................................................................................................................... 8 National Supply Pump ............................................................................................................................................................... 9 Oilwell Pump ............................................................................................................................................................................. 10 OPI-GIST Pump ........................................................................................................................................................................ 11 Skytop-Brewster Pump ............................................................................................................................................................ 12 Hydraulic Definitions ............................................................................................................................................................... 13

Oilfield Hydraulics .................................................................................................................................................................. 13

Basic Hydraulics .................................................................................................................................................................... 14

Other Geologic and Well Factors .......................................................................................................................................... 15

Rheological Factors ............................................................................................................................................................... 18


Continental-Emsco Pump

Type Model Liner Size

Duplex

D-125 4.500 4.750 5.000 5.250 5.500 5.750 6.000 6.250 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250

D-175 4.500 4.750 5.000 5.250 5.500 5.750 6.000 6.250 6.500 6.750

D-225 4.500 4.750 5.000 5.250 5.500 5.750 6.000 6.250 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250

D-300 4.500 4.750 5.000 5.250 5.500 5.750 6.000 6.250 6.750 7.000 7.250 7.500

D-375 4.500 4.750 5.000 5.250 5.500 5.750 6.000 6.250 6.750 7.000 7.250 7.500

D-500 4.500 4.750 5.000 5.250 5.500 5.750 6.000 6.250 6.750 7.000 7.250 7.500

D-550 4.500 4.750 5.000 5.250 5.500 5.750 6.000 6.250 6.750 7.000 7.250 7.500

D-700 5.500 5.750 6.000 6.250 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250 7.500

D-850 5.750 6.000 6.250 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250 7.500 D-1000 5.750 6.000 6.250 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250 7.500 D-1350 6.000 6.250 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250 7.500 D-1650 6.000 6.250 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250 7.500

Triplex

F-350 3.500 3.750 4.000 4.250 4.500 5.000 5.250 5.500 5.750 6.000 6.250 6.500 6.750

F-500 3.500 4.000 4.250 4.500 4.750 5.000 5.250 5.500 5.750 6.000 6.250 6.500 6.750

F-650 4.250 4.500 4.750 5.000 5.250 5.500 5.750 6.000 6.500 6.750

F-800 4.000 4.500 4.750 5.000 5.250 5.500 5.750 6.000 6.250 6.500 6.750

F-1000 4.500 4.750 5.000 5.250 5.500 5.750 6.000 6.250 6.500 6.750

F-1300 5.500 5.750 6.000 6.250 6.500 6.750 7.000 F-1600 5.500 5.750 6.000 6.250 6.500 6.750 7.000

FA-1300 5.000 5.500 5.750 6.000 6.250 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250 7.500

FA-1600 5.000 5.500 5.750 6.000 6.250 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250 7.500


Gardner-Devner Pump


Duplex

FH-FXL 5.000 5.250 5.500 5.750 6.000 6.250 6.500 6.75 7.000 7.250 7.500 7.750 8.000

FK-FXK 5.000 5.500 6.000 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250 FO-FXO 5.000 5.500 6.000 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250

FQ-FXQ 5.000 5.250 5.500 5.750 6.000 6.250 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250 7.500 7.750

FXN 5.000 5.500 6.000 6.500 7.000 7.250 7.500 FZ-FXZ 5.000 5.500 6.000 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250 GR-GXP 5.000 5.500 6.000 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250 7.750

GR-GXPA

5.000 5.250 5.500 5.750 6.000 6.250 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250 7.500

GR-GXR 5.500 5.750 6.000 6.250 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250 7.500

GXH 6.000 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250 7.500 7.750 GXN 5.000 5.500 6.000 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250 GPX 5.000 5.500 6.000 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250 7.500 GXQ 5.000 5.500 6.000 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250 GXR 6.000 6.250 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250 7.5400 7.750 KXF 5.500 6.000 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250 7.500 KXG 6.000 6.250 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250 7.500 7.750 KXJ 6.000 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250

Triplex

PJ-8 3.000 3.250 3.500 4.000 4.500 5.000 PY-7 4.500 5.000 5.500 6.000 6.500 7.000 PZ-7 4.500 5.000 5.500 6.000 6.500 7.000 PZ-8 4.000 4.500 5.000 5.500 6.000 6.250 PZ-9 4.500 5.000 5.500 6.000 6.250 6.500 7.000 PZ-10 5.500 6.000 6.500 7.000 PZ-11 5.500 6.000 6.500 7.000


Halliburton Pump

Type Model Liner Size Duplex NA NA Triplex HT-400D 5.000 5.500 6.000


IDECO Pump


Duplex

MM-200 3.750 4.000 4.500 5.000 5.500 5.750 6.000 6.500 6.750

MM-300 3.750 4.000 4.500 5.000 5.500 6.000 6.500 7.000 7.250

MM-450 4.500 4.750 5.000 5.250 5.500 6.000 6.500 7.000 7.250

MM-550 47.50 5.000 5.250 5.500 5.750 6.000 6.250 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250

MM-600 5.000 5.250 5.500 5.750 6.000 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.750

MM-700 5.250 5.500 5.750 6.000 6.500 7.000 7.250 7.500 7.750

MM-900 5.500 5.750 6.000 6.500 7.000 7.250 7.500 7.750 8.000

MM-1000 5.500 6.000 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250 7.500 7.750 8.000

MM-1250 6.000 6.250 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250 7.500 7.750 8.000

MM-1450F 6.000 6.250 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250 7.500 MM-1325 6.000 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250 7.500 MM-1750F 6.000 6.250 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250 7.500

Triplex

T-500 4.000 4.500 5.000 5.500 6.000 6.500 7.000 T-800 4.500 5.000 5.500 6.000 6.500 7.000 T-1000 H.P. 4.500 5.000 5.500 6.000 6.500 7.000 T-1300 H.P. 5.000 5.500 6.000 6.500 7.000 7.500 T-1600 H.P. 5.000 5.500 6.000 6.500 7.000 7.500


National Supply Pump


Duplex

C-150-B 5.000 5.250 5.500 5.750 6.000 6.250 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250

C-250 5.000 5.250 5.500 5.750 6.000 6.250 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250

C-350 5.000 5.250 5.500 5.750 6.000 6.250 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250 7.500 7.750

E-500 5.000 5.250 5.500 5.750 6.000 6.250 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250 7.500 7.750

E-700 5.750 6.000 6.250 6.500 6.750 7.000 G-700 5.000 5.250 5.500 5.750 6.000 6.250 6.500 6.750

7.000 7.250 7.500 7.750 G-1000-C 6.000 6.250 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250 7.500 7.750 H-850-A 5.500 5.750 6.000 6.250 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250

7.500 7.750 8.000 H-1250 6.000 6.250 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250 7.500 7.750

K-180 4.750 5.000 5.250 5.500 5.750 6.000 6.250 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250

K-280 4.750 5.000 5.250 5.500 5.750 6.000 6.250 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250

K-380 4.750 5.000 5.250 5.500 5.750 6.000 6.250 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250

K-500 4.750 5.000 5.250 5.500 5.750 6.000 6.250 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250 7.500

K-700 5.500 5.750 6.000 6.250 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250 7.500 7.750 8.000

KSH-180 4.000 4.250 4.500 4.750 5.000 5.250 5.500 5.750 6.000

KSH-280 4.000 4.250 4.500 4.750 5.000 5.250 5.500 5.750 6.000

N-1000 5.500 5.750 6.000 6.250 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250 N-1300 5.750 6.000 6.250 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250 N-1600 6.000 6.250 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250


Triplex

7-P-50 3.500 4.000 4.500 5.000 5.500 6.000 6.250

8-P-80 4.250 4.500 4.750 5.000 5.250 5.500 5.750 6.000 6.250

9-P-100 4.500 4.750 5.000 5.250 5.500 5.750 6.000 6.250 6.500 6.750

10-P-130 5.250 5.500 5.750 6.000 6.250 6.500 6.750 12-P-160 5.500 5.750 6.000 6.250 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250


Oilwell Pump


Duplex

212-P 5.000 6.000 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250 214-P 5.000 6.000 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250 218-P 5.000 6.000 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250 220-P 5.000 6.000 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250 7.750 8.000 816-P 5.000 6.000 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250 7.750 8.000 818-P 6.000 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250 7.750 8.000

1400-P 6.000 6.500 7.000 1700-P 6.000 6.500 7.000 7000-P 5.500 6.000 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250 7.750

A-700-P 5.500 6.000 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250 7.750 A-850-P 5.500 6.000 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250 7.750

A-1000-P 5.500 6.000 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250 7.750

Triplex

350-PT 4.000 4.500 5.000 5.500 6.000 6.500 7.000 850-PT 4.000 4.500 5.000 5.500 5.750 6.000 6.500

1100-PT 4.500 5.000 5.500 6.000 6.500 A560-PT 4.000 4.500 5.000 5.500 5.750 6.000 6.500 7.000

A1400-PT 5.000 5.500 5.750 6.000 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250 7.500 7.750

A1700-PT 5.000 5.500 5.750 6.000 6.500 6.750 7.000 7.250 7.500 7.750


OPI-GIST Pump

Type Model Liner Size Duplex NA

Triplex

OPI-160D 4.000 4.500 OPI-200 1.500 2.000 2.500 3.000 3.500 4.000

OPI-350D 4.500 5.000 5.500 6.000 OPI-700D 4.500 5.000 5.500 6.000 6.500 7.000

OPI-1000DL 5.000 5.500 6.000 6.500 7.000 7.500


Skytop-Brewster Pump


Duplex

B550F 4.750 5.000 5.250 5.500 5.750 6.000 6.250 6.500 6.750 7.000

B750F 5.000 5.250 5.500 5.750 6.000 6.250 6.500 6.750 7.000

B1000F 5.500 5.750 6.000 6.250 6.500 6.750 7.000

Triplex B1300T 4.000 4.500 5.000 5.500 6.000 6.500 7.000 B1600T 4.000 4.500 5.000 5.500 6.000 6.500 7.000


Hydraulic Definitions

Oilfield Hydraulics Drilling or Bit Hydraulics

Hydraulic and mechanical energy are needed for efficient rock cutting and removal when drilling. The hydraulic energy is provided by the drilling fluid or mud being pumped down the ID of the drill string. The mechanical energy is supplied by the speed or RPM at which the string turns and the amount of weight applied to the bit. The Weight on Bit (WOB) controls the chip size and quantity of the cuttings at bottom. The RPM controls the fracture rate or Rate of Penetration (ROP).

Cuttings Removal The removal of cuttings is both mechanical and hydraulic; the mechanics of the teeth of the bit and the hydraulics of the orifice to lift the cuttings away from the bit and up the annulus. In order to increase the hydraulic energy necessary at the bit, the correct orifice must be selected. Once the orifice is selected, other factors which will affect cutting removal are considered:

Particle slip velocity Mud properties (density, viscosity) Circulation rate (annular velocity) WOB Drill string rotation (RPM) Pump pressure Formation type

Underreamers are one part of a complex hydraulic operation. Understanding all the factors involved will allow drilling to proceed with confidence, as we will receive optimum performance from the mechanical and hydraulic energy available.


Basic Hydraulics Bernoulli’s Theorem Bernoulli’s Theorem is a theory or equation discovered by Daniel Bernoulli, an early scientist in the field of hydraulics. Bernoulli stated:

When a fluid is flowing under high pressure, it has a slow velocity or slow traveling time. Once restricted down to a smaller diameter, the pressure is less and velocity is increased or the fluid travels much faster.

In simpler terms, when the speed or velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure decreases and vice versa. The resulting change in pressure is what makes most Schlumberger’s tools, including underreamers, operate.

Pressure Drop As fluid is accelerated due to a severe restriction, such as a jet nozzle, a pressure drop is created beyond the restriction.

Pressure Loss Pressure lost is the pressure lost in a pipeline or annulus due to the velocity of the liquid in the pipeline, the properties of the fluid, the condition of the pipe wall and the alignment of the pipe. In certain mud-mixing systems, the loss of head can be substantial.

Fluid Velocity Velocity is the time rate of motion in a given direction and sense. It is a measure of the fluid flow and may be expressed in terms of linear velocity, mass velocity, volumetric velocity, etc. Velocity is one of the factors which contribute to the carrying capacity of a drilling fluid.

Opening Force The difference in pressure above and below a piston causes the piston to move. The piston will always move in a direction of higher pressure to lower pressure because the piston has a surface area acted upon by pressure which results in a force.

Hydraulic Horsepower Hydraulic horsepower is a designation for a type of very high-pressure plunger pump used in downhole operations such as cementing, hydrofracturing, and acidizing.


Other Geologic and Well Factors

Optimum Flow Rate The major goal of hydraulics optimization is to balance well control, hole cleaning, pump pressure, Equivalent Circulating Density (ECD) and pressure drop across the bit. The fluid's density and rheological properties are the parameters that affect this hydraulic efficiency. If it is assumed that fluid density is maintained at a minimal safe level for well control and wellbore stability, hydraulics optimization is then dependent on the fluid's rheological properties and the flow rate. In many cases, downhole equipment such as downhole motors, thrusters, and measurement-while-drilling (MWD) and logging-while-drilling (LWD) instrumentation has a minimum flow rate requirement to properly function. This leaves fluid rheological properties as the only variable in the optimization process.

Maximum Allowable Circulating Pressure Many wells are drilled under pressure limitations imposed by the drilling rig and associated equipment. The pressure ratings of the pump liners and surface equipment and the number of mud pumps available limit the circulating system to a maximum allowable circulating pressure. The maximum allowable circulating pressure and circulating rate are limited assets that can be wasted or maximized. Rheology (the science of the deformation and flow of matter) and hydraulics calculations provide the means for adjusting the mud's properties, the flow rate and the bit nozzles to optimize these assets under the constraints imposed by the rig equipment. At Schlumberger, these calculations are performed using the HART program and data provided on the Job Data Sheet. As wells are drilled deeper and casing is set, the flow rate will be decreased in the smaller diameter holes. The circulating pressures will increase because of the increased length of the drill string and annulus as well as the possibly smaller-diameter drill string. The mud pump liners will be changed to have smaller diameters and higher pressure ratings. This will increase the maximum allowable circulating pressure. Under any set of hole conditions, a theoretical limit is imposed on the flow rate by the maximum allowable circulating pressure. Circulating pressures, and consequently the flow rate, are directly related to the wellbore and tubular geometry used, including special Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA) equipment such as underreamers, as well as the fluid’s density and rheological properties. It is therefore imperative to optimize drilling fluid hydraulics by controlling the rheological properties of the drilling fluid to avoid reaching this theoretical limit. This is especially true in extended-reach drilling.

Once the rheological properties for a fluid have been determined and modeled to predict flow behavior, hydraulics calculations are made to determine what effect this particular fluid will have on system pressures. The critical pressures are total system pressure (pump pressure), pressure loss across the bit and annular pressure loss (converted to ECD).


Total Annular Circulating Pressure Loss The total annular pressure loss is the sum of all of the annular interval pressure losses. Annular intervals are divided by each change in hydraulic diameter. A change in drill string outside diameter and/or a change in casing, liner or open hole inside diameter would result in a hydraulic diameter change. As with drill string pressure loss equations, the friction factor must first be determined before calculating the pressure loss for each annular section.

Equivalent Circulating Density ECD The pressure on a formation while circulating is equal to the total annular circulating pressure losses from the point of interest to the bell nipple, plus the hydrostatic pressure of the mud. This force is expressed as the density of mud that would exert a hydrostatic pressure equivalent to this pressure. This equivalent mud weight is called the Equivalent Circulating Density (ECD).

Excessive ECD may cause losses by exceeding fracture gradient on a well. It is important to optimize rheological properties to avoid excessive ECD.

Fracture Gradient The factor used to determine formation fracturing pressure as a function of well depth in units of psi/ft. For example, a fracture gradient of 0.7 psi/ft [0.15 kPa/m] in a well with a true vertical depth of 8000 ft [2440 m] would predict a fracturing pressure of 5600 psi [38.6 MPa].


Turbulent Flow All fluid flow is classified into one of two broad categories or regimes, laminar flow (also referred to as streamline or viscous flow) and turbulent flow. The flow regime is important in the design and operation of any fluid system. The amount of fluid friction, which determines the amount of energy required to maintain the desired flow, depends upon the mode of flow.

Turbulent flow is characterized by swirling or chaotic motion as the fluid moves along the hole. This characteristic makes turbulent flow more efficient for hole cleaning and for the removal of formation cuttings. However, the potential for erosion may be significant, especially with abrasive fluids and a tortuous flow path. Managing turbulent flow is therefore a balancing act: the operator needs to be aware of the characteristics of the flow, and how it is impacting both the formation and the efficiency of the underreamer. While drilling, the drill string is almost always in turbulent flow, and the resulting increases in pressure loss can limit the flow rate. The pressure losses associated with turbulent flow in the annulus can be critical when the Equivalent Circulating Density (ECD) approaches the fracture gradient. As mentioned above, turbulent flow in the annulus is associated with hole erosion and washouts in many formations. In susceptible zones, the hole will erode to a diameter where the flow reverts to laminar. When drilling these zones, the flow rate and the mud’s rheological properties should be controlled to prevent turbulent flow. The pressure required to pump a fluid in turbulent flow is significantly higher than the pressure required to pump the same fluid in laminar flow. Once the flow is turbulent, increases in the flow rate increase the circulating pressure geometrically. In turbulent flow, doubling the flow rate will increase the pressure by a factor of four. Increasing the flow rate three times will increase the pressure loss eight times.


Surge and Swab Pressures During tripping, pipe run into the wellbore too fast may generate large surge pressures inside the hole which can lead to lost circulation and formation fracture. On the other hand, when pipe is pulled out too fast, it may generate large swab (negative surge) pressures that can lead to kicks and blowouts. When the drill string is picked up to make a connection or trip out of the well, the mud in the annulus must fall to replace the volume of pipe pulled from the well. The hydrostatic pressure is momentarily reduced while the mud is falling in the annulus. This action is referred to as swabbing and the maximum reduction in hydrostatic pressure is called the swab pressure. If the swab pressure is greater than the hydrostatic pressure safety margin (overbalance pressure), formation fluids will be swabbed into the wellbore. When the drill string or casing is lowered or run into the well, mud is displaced from the well. The frictional pressure losses from the flow of mud in the annulus as it is displaced by the pipe causes pressures in excess of the hydrostatic pressure of the column of mud in the wellbore. The elevated pressures caused by running the drill string into the well are called surge pressures. If the surge pressure plus the hydrostatic pressure exceed the fracture gradient, the formation will be fractured with resultant loss of circulation.

Rheological Factors

Mud Weight/Type Rheological factors include the mud. Rheology plays in to the hydraulic optimization of the well. If you use all the pressure drop on downhole tools, you may not have enough pressure left to lift the cuttings out of the well and, therefore, the rate of penetration in the well bogs down, along with the bits (underreaming bits and drill bits). Different muds can help by lifting the cuttings more efficiently. Each mud changes properties as you go deeper down the well, so that has to be factored in as well.


Yield Point (YP) Yield point, the second component of resistance to flow in a drilling fluid, is a measurement of the electro-chemical or attractive forces in a fluid. These forces are a result of negative and positive charges located on or near the particle surfaces. Yield point is a measure of these forces under flow conditions and is dependent upon:

The surface properties of the fluid solids Volume concentration of the solids The electrical environment of these solids (concentration and types of

iron in the fluid phase of the fluid) Yield point is that part of resistance to flow that may be controlled by proper chemical treatment. The yield point will decrease as the attractive forces are reduced by chemical treatment. Reduction of yield point will also decrease the apparent viscosity.

Plastic Viscosity (PV) The plastic viscosity is a measure of the internal resistance to fluid flow attributable to the amount, type, and size of solids present in a given fluid. It is expressed as the number of dynes per cm2 of tangential shearing force in excess of the Bingham yield value that will induce a unit rate of shear. This value, expressed in centipoises, is proportional to the slope of the consistency curve-determined in the region of laminar flow for materials obeying Bingham’s Law of Plastic Flow. When using the direct-indicating ciscometer, the plastic viscosity is found by subtracting the 300-RPM reading from the 600-RPM reading.

hart student manual for print 10-2010_5923216_01

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