FIBER OPTICSCOMMUNICATIONS

HAROLD KOLIMBIRISSeneca College

PEARSON

PrenticeHall

Pearson Education International

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION xi

PARTI INTRODUCTORYCONCEPTS1 ELEMENTS OF OPTICS AND

QUANTUM PHYSICS 11.1 Introduction 21.2 Elements of Geometric Optics 31.3 Elements of Physical Optics 71.4 Absorption 121.5 Scattering 131.6 Dispersion 181.7 Electromagnetic Theory and the Dielectric

Medium 211.8 Wave Polarization 231.9 Elements of Quantum Optics 29

2 FUNDAMENTALS OFSEMICONDUCTOR THEORY 392.1 Semiconductor Theory 402.2 Af-Type Semiconductors 502.3 P-Type Semiconductors 512.4 The /W-junction 532.5 Optical Emission 57

PART II E^CTRO-OPTICS3 OPTICAL SOURCES 63

3.1 Introduction 643.2 Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) 653.3 Laser Diodes 743.4 Quantum Well Laser Diodes 833.5 Surface Emitting Lasers 853.6 Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers 85

4 OPTICAL DETECTORS 954.1 Photodetection 964.2 PIN Photodetectors 964.3 Avalanche Photodetectors 100

4.4 Photodetector Device Characteristics4.5 Advanced Optical Semiconductor

Devices 107

104

OPTICAL AMPLIFIERS 1215.1 Types of Optical Amplifiers 1225.2 Raman Optical Amplifiers 1245.3 Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers 1245.4 Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers 1265.5 Applications: 155 Mb/s SONET/OC3-STM

Transimpedance Amplifier 128

OPTICAL TRANSMITTERS 1376.1 Introduction 1386.2 The Multiplexer 1386.3 32:1 2.488 Gb/s Multiplexers with Clock

Generators (VSC8131) 1416.4 Led Drivers Based on the Motorola

MC10SX1130 1446.5 Led Drivers Based on the Nippon NE53OO

DEVICE 1486.6 Led Drivers Based on the Philips

74F5302 1506.7 Laser Drivers Based on the Philips

OQ2545 HP 1536.8 Laser Drivers Based on the Lucent

Technologies LG1627BXC 1616.9 Laser Drivers Based on the

Nortel YA08 1636.10 Laser Drivers Based on the Vitesse

VSC7928 3.2 Gb/s 1686.11 Externally Modulated Laser Diodes 1786.12 The Effect of Noise and Power Supply Noise

Rejection 1786.13 Uncooled Laser Transmitters 1856.14 10 Gb/s DWDM Optical Transmitters 187

OPTICAL RECEIVERS 1937.1 Introduction 1947.2 Data Patterns 1947.3 Photodetector Diodes 1967.4 Classification of Optical Receivers 2017.5 Transimpedance Amplifiers 2057.6 AGC Postamplifiers 209

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7.77.8

7.9

Data and Clock Recovery Circuits 218Optical Receiver PerformanceCharacteristics 233Optical Receiver Performance with ClockRecovery 236

8 OPTICAL TRANSRECEIVERS 2418.1 Introduction 2428.2 LEDTransreceivers 2428.3 LASER Diode Transreceivers 2508.4 Design Guidelines for a Fiber Channel

Transreceiver 2768.5 High Speed Optical Transreceivers 281

PART III OPTICS9 OPTICAL FIBERS 291

9.1 Introduction 2929.2 The Ray Theory 2929.3 Theory of Optical Wave

Propagation 2969.4 Optical Fiber Attenuation (a) 2999.5 Optical Fiber Absorption 3009.6 Scattering 3019.7 Fiber Bend Losses 3059.8 Classification of Optical Fibers 3069.9 Dispersion 3129.10 Multimode Fibers for Gb.E Applications

(IEEE 802.37) LAN 3179.11 Nonzero Dispersion Shifted Fibers

1NZ-DSF) 3209.12 Large Effective Area NZ-DSF 3219.13 Optical Fiber Nonlinear Effects 3229.14 Ability to Upgrade Already Installed Standard

Single-Mode Fibers 3329.15 Plastic Optical Fibers (POF) 3339.16 Optical Fiber Geometry 3349.17 Splicing Efficiency 3349.18 Optical Fiber Alignment 335

1 0 OPTICAL MODULATION10.1 Introduction 34610.2 The Mach Zehnder Interferometer 34610.3 The Mach Zehnder (LiNbO,) Optical

Modulator 34610.4 The MZ LiNbO. Design Process 34910.5 MZ UNbO3 Optical Modulator Operating

Requirements 355] 0 6 Modulator Drivers 35610.7 DFB Laser Diode with PMFs for External

Modulators 35810.8 Electro-Absorption Modulated

Lasers 360

345

PARTIV SYSTEMS1 1 MULTIPLEXING 369

11.1 Introduction 37011.2 Frequency Division Multiplexing 37011.3 Time Division Multiplexing of

PCM Signals 37311.4 Code Division Multiplexing Access 37611.5 Wavelength-Division-Multiplexing 38011.6 Future Optical Devices for DWDM

Schemes 39011.7 DWDM Multiplexing 39111.8 AWG Multiplexers/Demultiplexers for

DWDM Systems 39911.9 40-Channel AWG Multiplexer/

Demultiplexer 40011.10 Add/Drop Optical Multiplexing/

Demultiplexing (OADM) 40311.11 Programmable Add/Drop

Multiplexers/Demultiplexers 40411.12 2.5 Gb/s 8:1 Multiplexer Circuit and Laser

Diode Driver 40611.13 2.5 Gb/s 16:1 Multiplexer 41111.14 2.5 Gb/s 1:8 Demultiplexer with Clock and

Data Recovery 41411.15 2.5 Gb/s 1:16 Demultiplexer 41611.16 Ultra High Speed Demultiplexers

(40 Gb/s-100 Gb/s) 417

1 2 OPTICAL SYSTEMS 42312.1 Introduction 42412.2 Optical Power Budget Analysis 43012.3 10 Mb/s Optical Link Designed for Industrial

Applications 43312.4 Optical Fiber Link Design 43512.5 The Dispersion Effect 44012.6 20 Gb/s and 40 Gb/s Experimental Systems

that Employ Spectral Inversion 46312.7 Application 1 46712.8 Application 2 46912.9 Application 3 47012.10 Application 4 47212.11 The Wave Polarization Effect in Optical

Systems 47412.12 LED Transmitters Coupled into Multimode

Fibers 47812.13 LASER Transmitters Coupled into Multimode

Fibers 48012.14 LASER Sources Coupled into Single-Mode

Fibers 48012.15 Analog Optical Systems 48412.16 Hybrid Multichannel Analog and Digital

Optical Systems 49712.17 Undersea Optical Systems 50112.18 Tb/s Experimental Optical Systems 516

VIII

CONTENTS

12.19 Ultra High Spmi Singh.- Channel OTDM l.VS AsuichminMis TnmsU-r Mo«k- 5S5Experimental Systems 521 I I ' ) AIM ur linuilKiiul ISDN IVmvol .̂ N"

12.20 Soliton Transmission 527 l.vll) Nvnilnononv OjMual Ntluoiks

iSOM li 5l>|

1 3 NETWORKS SSI13.1 mlroduL-tion 552 CUOSSARY SK

13.2 Optical Nclvvorks ?5413.3 Review olDatiiCDmnuniiLatiidis I.inks s.Sh ABBREVIATIONS d.13.4 Networks 55713.5 Network Tuinsport Aivhnechiiv 5W) REI :I :RI:NCtS (>.t13.6 LAN Slandards 5M13.7 The Fiber Channel 574 I N D E X <>4

CONTENTS IX