harmonic assessment in a modern transmission network …

Harmonic Assessment in a Modern Transmission Network HARMONY Symposium August 2015

Christian Flytkjær Jensen Energinet.dk

1

Harmonic Coordination at transmission level

2

3


4

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 500

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

Harmonic [-]

Vol

tage

[%]

Planning level EHVPlanning level MV

MV and EHV planning levels according to IEC-61000-3-6. THDV at MV is restricted to 6% and 3% at MV and HV

Harmonic Coordination at transmission level – the planning level

5

The responsibility of the TSO is:

1. Ensure that the harmonic voltage distortion level is below the planning level at all nodes where customers are connected

2. Allocate each connectee as must of the planning level as possible

Harmonic Coordination at transmission level – the planning level

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Harmonic Coordination at transmission level – a complicated task

> 2200 MW PE operated by different developers connected at the same transmission node

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Harmonic Coordination at transmission level – a complicated task

PoCPCC

HRC

EDR400 EDR220 BBG220 HRC220 HRC33

Power quality issues on Anholt

Anholt

PoCPCC

Measured (U(t), I(t)) Measured (U(t), I(t))


Owned and operated by Energinet.dk

Grenå Anholt


0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30Måling på Platformen kl. 13:06, 28 kHz sampling

Time [sec]

Cur

rent

[A]

IL1

IL2IL3

0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06-400

-300

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

400Måling i Grenå kl. 13:06, 28 kHz sampling

Time [sec]

Cur

rent

[A]

IL1

IL2IL3

Grenå 220 kV – måling på søkablet Anholt 220 kV – måling på søkablet


Grenå 220 kV Anholt 220 kV

0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2x 105 Måling i Grenå kl. 13:06, 28 kHz sampling

Time [sec]

Vol

tage

[V]

UL1

UL2UL3

0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2x 105 Måling på Platformen kl. 13:06, 28 kHz sampling

Time [sec]

Vol

tage

[V]

UL1

UL2UL3


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 130

50

100

150

200

250

Harmoniske [-]

Spæ

nidn

g [k

Vrm

s]

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 130

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

Harmoniske [-]

Spæ

nidn

g [%

]

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 130

50

100

150

200

250

Harmoniske [-]

Spæ

nidn

g [k

Vrm

s]

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 130

0.5

1

1.5

Harmoniske [-]

Spæ

nidn

g [%

]

Grenå 220 kV Anholt 220 kV

THDa=1.5%THDb=1.0%THDc=1.4%

THDa=1.7%THDb=1.3%THDc=1.6%


Wound GIS voltage transformers class 0.2

Measuring challenges

Measuring challenges

0 200 400 600 800 1000 12000

20

40

60

P [M

W]

Active Power

0 200 400 600 800 1000 12000

2

4

Uh [%

]

13th order harmonc voltage T1

0 200 400 600 800 1000 12000

2

4

Uh [%

]


0 200 400 600 800 1000 12000

2

4

Time stamp [-]

Uh [%

]


Harmonic distortion at the PoC

Poor correlation of harmonic voltage level to production

11th order harmonic at 33 kV level

No production

0 200 400 600 800 1000 12000

20

40

60

P [M

W]

Active Power

0 200 400 600 800 1000 12000

2

4

Uh [%

]


0 200 400 600 800 1000 12000

2

4

Uh [%

]


0 200 400 600 800 1000 12000

2

4

Time stamp [-]

Uh [%

]


Harmonic distortion at the PoC

Poor correlation of harmonic voltage level to production

No production


Z2

Z1

Ubck(h)

B1

ZG

BG

Additional Harmonic Contribution (AHC)

∙ ∙

where is an amplification factor (gain factor) from 400 kV busbar to the PoC and is the combined impedance seen by the current source .

The Harmonic Voltage Distortion Level at the PoC for the hth harmonic can be calculated as:

TRI400 TRI220

GNK220

AHA220 AHA33

Landkabel Standkabel Søkabel

60-120 Mvar60-120 Mvar

120 Mvar

61,1 km 24,5 km0,5 km



The Additional Harmonic Contribution is defined as the total increase in the magnitude of the Harmonic Voltage Distortion Level (HVDL) due to connection of the Plant to the Transmission System. The AHC includes the increase in HVDL due to:

1. Additional harmonic distortion due to harmonic voltages or currents generated and emitted by the Plant.

2. Amplification of the background harmonic voltage distortion level at the PoCcaused by an interaction between the Plant’s and the Transmission System’s harmonic impedances (for instance due to resonance)

TRI400 TRI220

GNK220

AHA220 AHA33


60-120 Mvar60-120 Mvar

120 Mvar

61,1 km 24,5 km0,5 km


1 ∙ ∙

Factors influencing the AHC – grid impedance

∙ ∙

where is an amplification factor (gain factor) from 400 kV busbar to the PoC and is the combined impedance seen by the current source .

The Harmonic Voltage Distortion Level at the PoC for the hth harmonic can be calculated as:

TRI400 TRI220

GNK220

AHA220 AHA33


60-120 Mvar60-120 Mvar

120 Mvar

61,1 km 24,5 km0,5 km

Z2

Z1

Ubck(h)

B1

ZG

BG

• Grid impedance depends on:

• Loading

• Dispatch

• Grid configuration (n-1, n-2,..)

• Passive filter coupling

• …


0 500 1000 15000

50

100

150

200

250

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400

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500

R [

]

f [Hz]

0 500 1000 1500-300

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

X [

]

f [Hz]

R1 vs X1 under 364 system conditions @ 400 kV

R1 vs X1 and R0 vs X0 for 364 system conditions at the 11th harmonic f+-10% with polygons

• Grid impedance depends on:

• Loading

• Dispatch

• Grid configuration (n-1, n-2,..)

• Passive filter coupling

• …


1 3 5 7 11 13 23 25 300

2

4

6

8

Harmonic [-]

Am

plifi

catio

n [-

]

Uh AHA 33a3

1 3 5 7 11 13 23 25 300

5

10

15

Harmonic [-]

Am

plifi

catio

n [-

]

Uh AHA 33b3

1 3 5 7 11 13 23 25 300

2

4

6

8

10

Harmonic [-]

Am

plifi

catio

n [-

]

Uh AHA 33c3

Positive sequence amplification factor as function of harmonic frequency and ZG


Z2

Z1

Ubck(h)

B1

ZG

BG

Zero sequence amplification factor as function of harmonic frequency and ZG

1 3 5 7 11 13 23 25 300

1

2

3

Harmonic [-]

Am

plifi

catio

n [-

]

Uh HRC 220a

1 3 5 7 11 13 23 25 300

1

2

3

Harmonic [-]

Am

plifi

catio

n [-

]

Uh HRC 220b

1 3 5 7 11 13 23 25 300

1

2

3

Harmonic [-]

Am

plifi

catio

n [-

]

Uh HRC 220c


Z2

Z1

Ubck(h)

B1

ZG

BG

Factors influencing the AHC – array system

1015

20 -10

0

100

1

2

Park cable length [%]

BBG a

Harmonic [-]

Am

plifi

catio

n [-

]

1015

20 -10

0

100

1

2


BBG b

Harmonic [-]

Am

plifi

catio

n [-

]

1015

20 -10

0

100

1

2


BBG c

Harmonic [-]

Am

plifi

catio

n [-

]

1015

20 -10

0

100

1

2


HRC a

Harmonic [-]

Am

plifi

catio

n [-

]10

1520 -10

0

100

1

2


HRC b

Harmonic [-]

Am

plifi

catio

n [-

]

1015

20 -10

0

100

1

2


HRC c

Harmonic [-]

Am

plifi

catio

n [-

]

Z2

Z1

Ubck(h)

B1

ZG

BG

PoC to PCC amplification factors

Positive sequence amplification factor from PoC to PCC as function of harmonic frequency

1 3 5 7 11 13 23 25 300

0.5

1

1.5

2

Harmonic [-]

Am

plifi

catio

n [-

]

Uh EDR 400a

1 3 5 7 11 13 23 25 300

0.5

1

1.5

2

Harmonic [-]

Am

plifi

catio

n [-

]

Uh EDR 400b

1 3 5 7 11 13 23 25 300

0.5

1

1.5

2

Harmonic [-]

Am

plifi

catio

n [-

]

Uh EDR 400c

Z2

Z1

Ubck(h)

B1

ZG

BG

Z2

Z1

Ubck(h)

B1

ZG

BG

PoC to PCC amplification factors

Phase resistive and reactive components of the frequency dependent impedance seen from the off-shore platform under changing configurations in the 400 kV grid.

0 200 450 900 1500 2000 25000

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1400

R [

]

f [Hz]

0 200 450 900 1500 2000 2500-800

-600

-400

-200

0

200

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600

X [

]

f [Hz]

Ra

Rb

Rc

Xa

Xb

Xc

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200-20

0

20

40

P [M

W]

Active Power

0 200 400 600 800 1000 12000

2

4

Uh [%

]


0 200 400 600 800 1000 12000

2

4

Uh [%

]


0 200 400 600 800 1000 12000

2

4

Time stamp [-]

Uh [%

]



Transmission level harmonic modelling

What is a Crossbonded Cable System?


0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 20000

50

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|Z| [

]

Frequencu [Hz]

10 Major sections5 Major sections3 Major sections


0 00 00 0


600 620 640 660 680 700 720 740 760 780 8000

0.5

1

1.5

2

Time stamp [-]

Uh [%

]



Difficulties in obtaining representative AHC values lead to:• A conservative limit for each connectee is given• Complicated high voltage level harmonic coordination

-> AHC must be evaluated as a harmonic phasor for compliance evaluation


Difficulties in obtaining representative AHC values lead to:• A conservative limit for each connectee is given• Complicated high voltage level harmonic coordination

-> AHC must be evaluated as a harmonic phasor for compliance evaluation

Post

con

nect

ion

dist

ortio

n Pre connection distortion

Post connection distortion

AHC

Limit

The PQ-sensor for CVTs

The PQ-sensor for CVTs

• Harmonic phasors can be determine correctly (AHC)

• The harmonic sequence components can hence be determined

45

Program covers: • All 400 kV substations

• All 220 kV substations

• Selected 132 kV and 150 kV

substations

The first Danish WA PQ-measuring system

46

Research goals: • Determine the main source(s) of

harmonic distortion in the Danish

transmission system

• Reduce emission at the source

The first Danish WA PQ-measuring system

harmonic assessment in a modern transmission network …

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