harmacologyonline - silae€¦ · sinopsis de la flora del cusco by herrera [10] and by comparison...

http://pharmacologyonline.silae.itISSN: 1827-8620

April 30, 2012

Special ISSUE • 2012 • vol.1 • 154 - 219

harmacologyOnLine

Medicinal plants and phytotherapy in traditional medicine of Paruro province, Cusco department, Peru

Vincenzo De Feoa*, Rosa Maria Urrunaga Soriab

aDipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Salerno,Via Ponte Don Melillo, I-84084 Fisciano (Salerno), Italy

bCentro de Estudios de Plantas Alimenticias y Medicinales,Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Avda. La Cultura, Cuzco, Peru

[email protected]

*Dr. Vincenzo De Feo, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Biomediche,Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Ponte don Melillo - I-84084 Fisciano (Salerno), Italy

phone +39 089 969751, fax +39 089 969602; e mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Medicinal plants constitute a very important resource in Peru both in culture and health-care systems, and a deep knowledge about the curative properties of plants has been developed, namely in rural areas. An ethnobotanical investigation was carried out in Paruro Province, Peru, with the aim to producing a census of medicinal plants utilized in traditional medical practices. Collection of information was performed in the field, by interwievig 118 traditional healers and collecting data on therapuetical uses of plant. The use of two hundred fifty five plants belonging to 73 families is reported. For each species the following data are provi-ded: latin binomial, vernacular name(s), medicinal uses and preparation of the remedy. Data reported con-firms the fundamental importance of medicinal plants in care-health systems and the deep knowledge about the curative properties of vegetal species in the studied area, which may potentially constitute a source of new pharmaceuticals.


155 (154 - 219)PhOL

Introduction

Peru's wide variety of ecological and climatic conditions favour the existence of one of the richest floras of the world, since it is represented by about 45,000 species, with a considerable number of plants employed for their medical properties. Medicinal plants have a long history of use in traditional medicine and even today a large portion of Peruvian populations relies solely on the admini-stration of plant-derived preparations for the treatment of a diversity of ailments. Indeed, if in modern western civilization synthetic drugs prevail over those of extractive origin, in developing countries medicinal plants and/or their extracts are the main, often the only, sources of medicines. Thus, traditional medicine is a very important part of the health-care system in Peru. Access to hospital and other medical facilities are limited, and a high percentage of the population relies mainly on traditional healers for their illnesses.

Traditional healer, or shaman, is central in tradi-tional medical practices; such a practitioner he uses various methods in the cure. Some rely on magical rites or on superstition, intended to pacify spirits, believed to have caused the illness. Others have specialized in healing broken bones by manipula-tion, a practice which is often successful. Most of healers use preparations of plants in their curative treatments, some of whichs are employed as adjuvant for treatments which are mainly based on magical rites: other healers regard the plant prepa-rations as real drugs. These plants are obviously of interest to study for their content of possible pharmacologically active compounds. In Peru, the knowledge about medicinal plants has a very deep root, including and deriving from a very ancient inheritance that has a pre-hispanic origin and that was enriched by the influence of Spanish and European cultures.

A repertory of ethnobotanical resources may be important for developing countries, as basis to develop appropriate programs toward their agricul-ture, medical, pharmaceutical and commercial use. Since the degree of deforestation has been accele-

rated in Peru, it was felt important to collect docu-ment, and save knowledge on medicinal plants. Aside from the significance as a basic knowledge, the study of plants with medical properties is especially meaningful in tropical countries, due to their great variety of animal and vegetal species, a factor that increase the number of available resour-ces [1]. On the other hand, tropical areas, and in particular forests, are regarded as a primary source of undiscovered pharmaceuticals [2] and studies on traditional medicines would undoubtedly help to alleviate human suffering in the long term [3].

Moreover, ethnobotanical data provide the basis for developing the cultivation of medicinal plants, thus lowering the costs of drugs in areas where economic conditions and/or cultural environment make the use of manufactured pharmaceuticals more difficult or more expensive. It has been stated that the more commonly used remedies within an ethnopharmacological system are the most likely to contain active ingredients [4].

The knowledge of ethnobotany and traditional phytotherapy is of fundamental importance, which Schultes [5] referred to as “the prolific and promi-sing treasure-trove of the ethnopharmacological knowledge”.

In Peru several books and papers reported the knowledge about medicinal plants used in traditio-nal medicin e [11-21]. No reports on this subject, however, are available for Paruro Province, even if in this area operate many tradizional haealers and medicinal plants are used daily.

The purpose of our ethnobotanical study is to show a panorama on the use of medicinal plants from one of the older regions of Peru, through an inventory of the plants used by traditional healers, with their botanical identification and reported uses, including diseases treated and the prepara-tions of the remedies.


156 (154 - 219)PhOL

Methods

Study area

Paruro Province is located in the Department of Cusco, southwestern Peru (Figure 1). This Province consists of four different phytogeographic zones, each with a typical vegetation: a) the tropical forest (“selva”), between 200 and 1,000 m above sea level, which represents about 55% of the territory; b) the “Ceja de la Selva” (12%) with a characteristic tropical low-mountain vegetation; c) the upper plane (18%), whose vegetation is constituted mainly by herbs and shrubs; d) the inter-Andean valleys (15%), rich in herbs and shrubs, often aromatic. About two-third of the Paruro Province is thus covered by the vegetation of tropical forest, in different ecological zones.

Collection of information

Collection of information was performed in the field, during three consecutive years (2006-2008). Information on medicinal plants was obtained through casual conversation with healers and users (118 informants), in order to prevent biasing the answer and compromising spontaneity [6-8]. The informants were then asked to collect a specimen of the medicinal plant. Everything that came out during the interwiew was subsequently transferred to a structured form, recording for each plant, vernacular name, modes of preparation, and thera-peutic prescription(s). Special attention was paid to the description of the symptoms of the diseases treated and these were translated in medicinal nomenclature. A particular care was paid to separa-te ritual/superstitious beliefs from the use of the plants in phytotherapy. Information about plants for which the botanical identification was impossi-ble or uncertain was omitted.

Identification of plants

Identification of plants was performed by the Authors by using the McBride's Flora of Peru [9], the Sinopsis de la Flora del Cusco by Herrera [10] and by

comparison with identified vouchers deposited in the Herbarium Vargassianum (CUZ) and in the Herbarium of the Museo de Historia Natural "J. Prado" of the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima (USM). A voucher specimen of all plants mentioned in this paper is deposited at the Herbarium of the Centro de Estudios de Plantas Alimenticias y Medicinales at Cusco National University, Peru.

Literature survey

A literature survey was performed for the plants recorded in the available phytochemical and phar-macolgical literature. These data are presented in Results as “Secondary Metabolites” and “Pharmacological activities”, respectively. Ethnobotanical data obtained have been also compared to the literature available for Peru: Herrera [11], Uphof [12], Girault [13], Soukup [14], Alarco de Zandra [15], Aldave Pajares and Mostacero Leon [16], Roersch and van der Hoogte [17], Rutter [18], De Feo [19], Velasco-Negueruela et al. [20] and Hammond et al. [21].

Results

Medicinal plants are listed in an alphabetical order by families. For each plant the following data are given: Latin binomial; vernacular name (V. N.), with the indication of its origin [(S) = Spanish, (Q) = Quechua, (A) = Aymara], parts of the plants used, preparation of remedies, medicinal uses, literature survey: uses reported in the mentioned ethnobota-nical literature, secondary metabolites and pharma-cological activities reported in published papers.

AMARANTHACEAE

Alternanthera repens Steud.

V. N.: Ccepo-ccepo (Q), hierba del moro (S), umutu (Q)

A decoction of the whole plant is used as a laxative and a purge. The same preparation is used


157 (154 - 219)PhOL

topically for anti-inflammatory cataplasms and baths in case of traumas and ecchymosis, as a vulnerary and as an antirheumatic.

Literature: Uses: Laxative [11, 13, 18]; vulnerary and local decongestant [13]. Secondary metabolites: Triterpene saponins [22]. Pharmacological activities: Antidiarrhoeal activity [23].

Amaranthus peruvianus (Schauer) Standley

V. N.: Jattacco (Q), yuyo (Q)

A leaf infusion is claimed to be an ovaric and a renal anti-inflammatory. The leaves are used as a food.

Literature: Uses: Purge, laxative, antidiarrhoic, antidysenteric, emmenagogue, regulator of the menstrual cycle, antirheumatic, oral and throat anti-inflammatory [15]. Secondary metabolites: Dietary fiber [24]. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Amaranthus quitensis HBK.

V. N.: Jattacco (Q), yuyo (Q)

An infusion of leaves is claimed to be an ovaric and a renal anti-inflammatory. The leaves are used as a food.

Literature: Uses: No records. Secondary metabo-lites: Saponins [25]. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Amaranthus spinosus L.

V. N.: Jattacco (Q)

A leaf infusion is claimed to be an ovaric and a renal anti-inflammatory. The leaves are used as a food.

Literature: Uses: Sudorific, febrifuge, in treat-ment of eruptive fevers and eczema, emollient, galactophorous [12]; laxative, in treatment of orchitis, ocular decongestant, in treatment of gout [13]; emmenagogue [14]; urinary antiseptic, anti-rheumatic [14, 19]; oral-pharynx antiseptic [19].

Secondary metabolites: Sterols [26]; Saponins [27-28]; Flavonoids [29, 48, 50, 53]; Coumarin derivati-ves [30-31]; Micronutrients, nutritional and anti-nutritional components [49, 54]. Pharmacological activities: Allergenic activity [32-34]; Antioxidant activity [35, 40, 42-44, 46]; Antiparasitic activity [36-37]; Antimalarial activity [38]; Lymphocyte-stimulating activity [39]; Alpha-amylase inhibitory activity [40]; Hepatoprotective activity [41, 45-47, 56]; Antipyretic activity [51]; Anti-diabetic, anti-hyperlipidemic and spermatogenic activity [52]; Antifungal activity [55]; Antinociceptive activity [57].

Guilleminea illecebroides HBK.

V. N.: Umuto (Q)

A decoction of the whole plant is claimed to be a laxative and a purge.

Literature: Uses: Vulnerary, maturative, laxative [13]. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

AMARYLLIDACEAE

Bomarea involucrosa Baker

V. N.: Caña-caña (Q), sullu-sullu (Q)

A decoction of the leaves is used as a renal antinfective. The rhizome is used as a food.

Literature: Uses: Girault [13] reports Bomarea sp., "sullu sullu" as an abortifacient and in the treatment of nose bleeding. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Crocopsis fulgens Pax

V. N.: Chihuanhuay (Q)

A decoction of bulbs is used orally in the treat-ment of constipation and topically for anti-inflammatory cataplasms in the treatment of traumatic pains.

Literature: Uses: No records. Secondary metabo-


158 (154 - 219)PhOL

lites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Furcroya andina Trelease

V. N.: Cabuya (S), chunta-pacpa (Q), maguey (S), pacpa (Q).

A decoction of leaves is used topically in baths in the treatment of the arthritis and rheumatism. A flower infusion is claimed to be a diuretic. The flowers and the leaves are used as a veterinary food.

Literature: Uses: Sudorific in colds, lenitive for burns [13]; antiseptic, vulnerary, decongestant, in treatment of oedemas, in treatment of hepatic disorders [13-14]; skin depurative, ocular deconge-stant, in treatment of hydrophobia, gastric anti-inflammatory, in case of appendicitis (14). Secondary metabolites: Steroidal sapogenins [58-59]. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Stenomesson variegatum (R. et P.) Macbride

V. N.: Mahyua (Q), nahyua (Q)

A decoction of the bulbs is used as an abortifa-cient.

Literature: Uses: Purge [13]; abortifacient [13, 15, 19]; contraceptive [18], emmenagogue [19]. Secondary metabol ites: Sterols [60]. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Zephyranthes parvula Killip

V. N.: Pulla-pulla (Q)

A decoction of the bulbs is applied topically in maturative cataplasms.

Literature: Uses: Maturative [11, 15]; resolvent [15]. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

APIACEAE

Arracacia xanthorrhiza Brancr.

V. N.: Arracacha (Q), Virraca (Q)

A leaf infusion is claimed to be a blood depura-tive. Topically, a decoction of the leaves is used as an anti-inflammatory in case traumas and for antinfective baths. The juice obtained from the roots is drunk to treat hyperglycemia. The roots are used as a food.

Literature: Uses: Maturative, antirheumatic, gastralgic, anti-icteric [13]; galactophorous [14, 16]; to promote the conception [18]. Secondary metabo-lites: Phenols [62]; Starch [63]; Dietary fiber [24]; Flour [64]. Pharmacological activities: Antioxidant activity [61-62].

Azorella multifida Pers.

V. N.: China-llamachaqui (Q), china-tullma (Q), orcco-llamachaqui (Q)

An infusion of the whole plant is used as a gastral-gic, a digestive, an anti-inflammatory of the respira-tory tract, a mucolytic, an antitussive and in the treatment of renal diseases. A decoction of the whole plant is used topically as a vulnerary and a cicatrizer.

Literature: Uses: Rubefacient, maturative, to help fractures consolidation [14], in treatment of pneu-monia, antirheumatic, antiseptic for wounds [16]. Uphof [11] reports A. yareta Haumann, "yareta", as an astringent and an absorbent. Girault [13] reports Azorella sp. "yareta" in treatment of pulmonary fevers, colds and migraine, as a tonic and to help fractures consolidation. Alarco de Zandra [15] reports A. diapensoides Agw., "diareta", as an analgesic, a maturative, and an emmenagogue. S e c o n d a r y m e t a b o l i t e s : N o r e c o r d s . Pharmacological activities: No records.

Bowlesia acutangula Benth.

V. N.: Upfuisuru (Q)

A decoction of the whole plant is used as a


159 (154 - 219)PhOL

diuretic and a renal anti-inflammatory, and in treatment of cough and bronchial affections.

Literature: Uses: Sudorific, antirheumatic, in treatment of pulmonary diseases [13]. Velasco-Negueruela et al. [20] report B. flabilis J. F. Macbr., “uphuy suru”, as an antitussive, an antipyretic and used in treatment of “wind diseases”. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Bowlesia tropaeolifolia Gill. & Hook.

V. N.: Cuti-ckora (Q)

An infusion of the whole plant is claimed to be effective as a gastralgic; a decoction of the same parts is used as a topical vulnerary.

Literature: Uses: No records. Secondary metabo-lites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Daucus montanus H. et B. ex Schult.

V. N.: Jampatu-perejíl (Q-S)

An aerial parts decoction is used as an abortifa-cient.

Literature: Uses: Digestive, antitussive [13]; gastralgic [13, 20]; rubbed on sore wrist [20]. S e c o n d a r y m e t a b o l i t e s : N o r e c o r d s . Pharmacological activities: No records.

Eryngium paniculatum Cav. & Dumby ex Delar.

V. N.: Chancorma (Q), escorzonera (S).

An infusion of the aerial parts is used as an antipyretic, and in treatment of respiratory illnes-ses, namely bronchitis.

Literature: Uses: No records. Secondary metabo-lites: Essential oil [65]. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Eryngium weberbaueri H. Wolff.

V. N.: Aya-llanta (Q), escorzonera (S), willanqui-chu (Q).

An infusion of the aerial parts is used as a sudori-fic, an antipyretic and in the treatment of respira-tory affection, bronchitis and coughs. It is also used as an emollient and in the treatment of urinary retention.

Literature: Uses: Tonic, aperient, laxative, chola-gogue, antirheumatic, antidiabetic, expectorant, skin depurative, in treatment of arteriosclerosis [15]; depurative, diuretic, hypotensive, in treatment of gout, sudorific [15, 19]. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Hydrocotyle alchemilloides A. Rich.

V. N.: Matteccllu (Q)

A leaf infusion is employed in the treatment of gastric ulcers and as a hepatoprotector. A decoction of the whole plant is claimed to be effective in the treatment of thypoid fevers and as an antigangre-nous. Topically, the same preparation is used as an ophthalmic decongestant and an anti-inflammatory for varices.

Literature: Uses: Diuretic, in treatment of hepatic disorders and ulcers [11]; deodorant, anti-inflammatory, ocular decongestant, antihemorrhoi-dal, skin depurative [15]. Girault [13] reports H. bonariensis Lam., "matteklu", as an antiseptic and a cicatrizer for sores and wounds, in cases of erysipe-las and sunstroke, as an ocular decongestant, especially in treatment of conjunctivitis, in treat-ment of venereal diseases, as a hepatoprotector and a vomitory. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Hydrocotyle umbellata L.

V. N.: Chchucu-chchucu (Q)

An infusion of the whole plant is used to promote the uterus strengthening after the parturition.

Literature: Uses: Aperient, vomitory, hepatic anti-


160 (154 - 219)PhOL

inflammatory, odontalgic [14]; diuretic, vulnerary, antiseptic for wounds, ocular decongestant [14, 16]; skin depurative [14, 19]; antipyretic, cholagogue, depurative, in cases of headache [19]. Secondary metabolites: Flavonoids [66], Essential oil [67]. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Oreomyrrhis andicola Endl.

V. N.: Cancer-verbena (S), Pampa cominos (S)

An infusion of the aerial parts is claimed to act as a gastric antispasmodic and a digestive.

Literature: Uses: Antiscorbutic, antitussive, diuretic, cicatrizer [13]. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

ARACEAE

Gorgonidium vargasii J. Bogner & D. H. Nicholson

V. N.: Amacho (Q), aya-culis (Q)

The leaves and the roots are toxic and their decoction is used as a biocide in agriculture.


ASCLEPIADACEAE

Cynanchum tarmense Schlechter

V. N.: Ambar-ambar (Q), ambarina (Q)

An infusion of the whole plant is claimed to be effective in all respiratory affections, especially as an antitussive.

Literature : Uses: Girault [13] reports as "ambarina" Scabiosa sp. (Dipsacaceae) as an antiseptic for wounds, an antitussive, an ocular decongestant and in case of cataract. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

ASTERACEAE

Achyrocline alata DC.

V. N.: Wira-wira (Q)

An infusion of the aerial parts is used in the treatment of respiratory affections.

Literature: Uses: Antitussive, in treatment of pulmonary diseases [13]. Secondary metabolites: Diterpenes [68]; Flavonoids [69-72]; Polyphenols [72-73]; Essential oil composition [74-76, 80-81]; Saponins [83]; Caffeoyl derivatives [88]. Pharmacological activities: Antioxidant activity [79-80]; antifungal activity [81]; citotoxicity [81]; antitu-bercular activity [82].

Achyrocline ramosissima Britton

V. N.: Huira-huira (Q), wira-wira (Q)

An infusion of the aerial parts is used in the treatment of respiratory affections.

Literature: Uses: Antimalaric, antibilious [11]; antitussive, in treatment of pulmonary diseases [13]. S e c o n d a r y m e t a b o l i t e s : N o r e c o r d s . Pharmacological activities: No records.

Achyrocline satureioides DC.

V. N.: Wira-wira (Q)

An infusion of the aerial parts is used as a topic anti-inflammatory in case of traumas and disloca-tions, and in baths, in the treatment of muscular atony.

Literature: Uses: Antitussive, in treatment of pulmonary diseases [13; 20]. Secondary metabolites: Flavonoids [72, 80, 83-89, 119, 127-128] ; Pyrones [86, 90]; Essential oil [74-75, 86, 97-94, 126]; Polysaccharides [95-98]; Caffeoylquinate derivatives [99]; Dibenzofurans [100]; Phenols [124]. Pharmacological activities: Immunostimulating activity [92-95, 101, 130-131]; Anti-inflammatory activity [88, 95, 127]; Antispasmodic activity [102-103]; CNS activity [102]; Mutagenic and genotoxic


161 (154 - 219)PhOL

activity [104-105]; Diuretic activity [106]; Antiviral activity [107-108]; Antihyperglycemic activity [100, 132]; Antioxidant activity [109-110, 120, 123-125]; Antitumoral activity [112-113]; Hepatoprotective activity [114]; Antibacterial activity [115-116, 121, 131]; Photoprotective activity [117]; Prothrombotic activity [118]; Tyrosinase inhibitory activity [122]; Antigiardial activity [129]; Insect repellent activity [126].

Ambrosia peruviana Willd.

V. N.: Altamisa (S), Marcju (Q)

An infusion of the leaves is used internally in the treatment of amenorrhoea, as a diuretic, in treat-ment of blood vomiting, as a cardiotonic and a sedative. Chopped leaves are used as a topic anti-inflammatory and in treatment of muscular pains. A tincture obtained from aerial parts is used exter-nally in treatment of paralysis and rheumatism. The flowering tops, decocted in wine, are claimed to act as a vermifuge. The powder of dried and roasted seeds is employed in treatment of epilepsy.

Literature: Uses: Antirheumatic [11-14, 16, 18, 20]; astringent, tonic [12]; antiecchymotic, in treatment of headache and epilepsy, general anti-inflammatory, gastralgic, cardiotonic, maturative, digestive [13]; vermifuge [13-19]; lenitive for hemor-rhoids [13, 15]; emmenagogue, in treatment of amenorrhoea [14-15, 19-20]; anti-hysteric [14, 16]; antinevralgic [14, 16, 18]; aperient, to facilitate the parturition, antiparasitic [15]; insecticide [16]; digestive, tonic, antispasmodic [19-20]; antipyretic, to aid fractures consolidation, vermifuge, regulator of the menstrual cycle, to treat “wind diseases” [20]. Velasco-Negueruela et al. [20] report as “markhu” also A. artremisioides Miller as an antipy-retic and a gastralgic. Secondary metabolites: Sesquiterpene der ivat ives [133-135] . Pharmacological activities:. Cytotoxic activity [134]; Antileishmanial, trypanocidal, antituberculosis activity [135].

Aster sp.

V. N.: Puna llantén (Q-S)

An infusion of the plant is claimed to be effective in treatment of kidney affections and to act as a general antinfective.

Baccharis genistelloides Pers.

V. N.: Quinsa-cucho (Q)

A decoction of the whole plant is used for wa-shings as a uterine antinfective and in treatment of gonorrhoea. Orally, the same preparation is claimed to act as a blood depurative, an emmenagogue, an antidiarrhoic and as a general antinfective.

Literature: Uses: Uterine astringent [11]; tonic, febrifuge [12]; antimalaric [13-14, 16, 18]; antirheu-matic [14, 16, 18-19]; antiasthmatic, in treatment of dyspnoea, antiecchymotic [19]; diuretic, in treat-ment of urinary retention, in treatment of leucor-rhoea and blenorrhagia, to help the blood circula-tion, topic decongestant and skin depurative [13]; gastralgic, in treatment of dislocations [20]. Secondary metabolites: Essential oil [136-148]; Diterpenoids [140-145]; Flavonoids [144, 146]; Sterols [146]; Aromatic esters [144]; Phenolic compounds [147, 156]; Alkaloids [148]; Saponinis [149]. Pharmacological activities: Antiviral activity [150-151]; Antimutagenic activity [152]; Antiarthritic activity [153]; Gastric cytoprotective activity [154]; Hepatotoxicity [155].

Baccharis polyantha HBK.

V. N.: Chchillca (Q), mayu-chchillca (Q)

The leaves are warmed and applied to the partu-rient thighs to promote the uterus dilatation. An alcoholic tincture of the leaves is used topically for massages and baths as an antirheumatic, an antiar-thritic, in the treatment of facial paralysis, and in the treatment of the "aire" (respiratory disease).

Literature: Uses: To swollen stomach [20]. S e c o n d a r y m e t a b o l i t e s : N o r e c o r d s .


162 (154 - 219)PhOL

Pharmacological activities: No records.

Baccharis salicifolia Pers.

V. N.: Chchillca (Q)

The powder of the leaves, mixed with other plants (Ambrosia peruviana Willd., Minthostachys spicata Epling) and salt is used for cataplasms to promote bones consolidation in cases of fractures. A decoction of the aerial parts is claimed to be an anti-inflammatory, an antirheumatic, an antiarthri-tic, and is used in sedative washings or baths for bones pains. A tincture of the leaves, with Ambrosia peruviana Wi l ld. and Schinus mol le L. (Anacardiaceae) leaves, is used for the same purpo-ses.

Literature: Uses: Astringent, anti-inflammatory in podagra [14]; antirheumatic, sedative, analgesic [14, 16]. Alarco de Zandra [15] reports as "chillca" Eupatorium amygdalinum Lam. [Asteraceae] as an anti-inflammatory, an analgesic, a veterinary purge, in treatment of lumbago, as an antirheumatic, to help fractures consolidation, as an antiseptic for wounds and as an antiasthmatic. Secondary meta-bolites: Sterols [157]; Flavonoids [158-160]; Terpenoids [159, 161]; Essential oil [162-164, 166]. Pharmacological activities: Insect-repellent activity [165]; Antibacterial activity [166]; Anthelmintic activity [167].

Bidens andicola HBK.

V. N.: Misico (A), ppirca (Q), quello-ttica (Q), quico (Q), zumila (A).

A whole plant decoction is claimed to be effective as an oral contraceptive and, topically, as an anti-rheumatic. An infusion of the aerial parts is used in the treatment of renal affections. The leaves are used as a food.

Literature: Uses: Uterine antihaemorrhagic [13, 15]; antirheumatic [14-15, 18]; in baths for the fright [“susto”] [20]. Secondary metabolites: Flavonoids [168]. Pharmacological activities: Antioxidant

activity [169-170].

Bidens triplinervia HBK.

V. N.: Ppirca (Q), quico (Q), silquihua (Q)

A decoction of the whole plant is used for cata-plasms to stimulate blood circulation in cases of varices.


Cosmos peucedanifolius var. tiraquensis (Kuntze) Scherff

V. N.: Panti (Q)

An infusion of flowers is claimed to be effective as an antitussive, in the treatment of pleuritis and tuberculosis, as an expectorant, and as a diuretic.

Literature: Uses: Diuretic, in treatment of pleuri-tis [11]; sudorific [15, 18]; in treatment of respiratory diseases, uterine anti-inflammatory, to help fractu-res consolidation [17]; antitussive [17, 20]; antipyre-tic, in treating lumbago [20]. Girault [13] reports C. diversiflorus Ott. et Dic., "panti panti", as a sudorific, an antirachitic and in treatment of respiratory diseases. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Eupatorium pentlandianum DC.

V. N.: Jayac-chchillca (Q), manca-paqui (Q)

A leaf infusion is used topically for anti-inflammatory cataplasms, in the treatment of varices and in antirheumatic baths. An alcoholic tincture prepared with the aerial parts is employed topically for decongestant massages in cases of traumatic events.

Literature: Uses: To wean young children [20]. Girault [13] reports as "mankapaki" Werneria scorpioides (Lam.) Pers., chewed in case of halitosis and to strengthen the teeth, as an uterine antinfec-


163 (154 - 219)PhOL

tive and in treatment of blennorrhagia, as a decon-gestant for traumas, as a galactogogue, as a digesti-ve and in treatment of hepatic affections, as an antiasthmatic, and in case of otitis. Rutter [18] reports as "manca paqui" E. ayapanoides and E. parviflorum. E. ayapanoides is reported as an anti-diarrhoic, in treatment of aphta, as an appetizer, a carminative, a digestive, a diuretic, in treatment of throat inflammations, as a tonic, a gastralgic, and in treatment of urinary and kidney illnesses. E. parviflo-rum is reported in treatment of aphta, as an appeti-zer, a carminative, a digestive, a diuretic, in treat-ment of throat inflammations, as an antidiarrhoic, a tonic, a gastralgic, an antidysenteric, an antitussive, an analgesic, in treatment of hepatic, urinary and renal illnesses. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Eupatorium sternbergianum DC.

V. N.: Lambra-caña (Q), manca-paqui (Q), rosa cayetana (S)

This plant is also called the "women’s plant", because its uses in women diseases. An infusion of its aerial parts is used orally as an emmenagogue, in treatment of dysmenorrhoea and as a genito-urinary anti-inflammatory (topically and internally). A decoction of the aerial parts is used topically for anti-inflammatory and antiseptic washings.

Literature: Uses: Diuretic, antiblennorrhagic, antidiabetic [11]. Velasco-Negueruela et al. [20] reported as “manka-p’aki” Ageratina sternbergiana [DC.] King. et Rob. [Asteraceae], as a digestive, a sedative for gastric and colic pains and as an aid in childbirth. Secondary metabolites: Benzofurane derivatives [171]; Flavonoids [172-173]. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Flaveria bidentis Robinson

V. N.: China-paya (Q), mata-gusano (S)

An infusion of the leaves is used as an antitussive; the decoction is claimed to be a vermifuge and a topical cicatrizer.

Literature: Uses: Decongestant for insect bites [13]; antitussive [13-14, 18-19]; antiseptic for wounds, vulnerary [13-15, 18-19]; antidote for poisonings [18]; antiparasitic [19]. Secondary metabolites: Flavonoids [174-188, 192, 195]; Thiophene derivatives [189; 196]. Pharmacological activities: Inhibitory activity on the reduction of carbonyl groups [181]; Insecticide activity [190, 193]; Anticoagulant activity [187-188, 192]; Antioxidant activity [191; 194], Antibacterial activity [193, 197]; Allelopathic activity [193]; Nematocidal activity [196].

Gamochaeta spicata (Lam.) Cabrera

V. N.: Cketo-cketo (Q), orcco q'eto-q'eto (Q), pacha wira-wira (Q), q'eto-q'eto (Q)

An infusion of the aerial parts is claimed to be effective as an antitumoral, as a gastric antispasmo-dic, an antitussive, in the treatment of tuberculosis, an anti-inflammatory for gastric ulcers, and in treatment of renal and hepatic diseases. The same preparation is recommended topically as an antisep-tic for wounds. The powder obtained from dried leaves is used as a topic antiseptic and to help the bone consolidation. The leaves of the plant, with the flour obtained from Vicia faba L. seeds, are used in decoction as an antitussive and in treatment of tuberculosis.

Literature: Uses: In literature, the plant is repor-ted as Gnaphalium spicatum Lam. in treatment of pulmonary diseases [11, 13, 17-18]; in treatment of cancer [11, 19]; as an aperient [13]: an antiseptic for wounds [13, 17]; a hepatic anti-inflammatory [13-14; 17, 19, 21]; a tonic [14, 19-20]; an urinary antinfective, in treatment of kidney illnesses, an antitussive, a throat anti-inflammatory, in treatment of bronchitis, as an intestinal antinfective, in case of colics and hematuria, gastralgic, in treatment of gastric ulcers, skin depurative, antihaemorrhagic after the parturi-tion [17]; as a vaginal and uterine anti-inflammatory [17, 19]; as an antiparasitic, a cholagogue [19]; to relieve leg cramps, for lumbago and lung problems [20]; as a general antinflammatory [21]. Alarco de Zandra [15] reports Gnaphalium viravira, "cketo


164 (154 - 219)PhOL

cketo" [Asteraceae], as a tonic, febrifuge, antiasth-matic, antitumoral. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: Antimicrobial activity [198]; Larvicidal activity against Aedes fluviatilis [199].

Grindelia boliviana Rusby

V. N.: Chchiri-chchiri (Q), chiri-chiri (Q)

Cataplasms obtained with a decoction of the aerial parts are used to help the consolidation of bone fractures and dislocations. A decoction of the same parts is used topically as an analgesic, a vulnerary, a maturative and an antirheumatic. An infusion of the aerial plant parts is used in the treatment of the respiratory diseases and is recom-mended in cases of tuberculosis.

Literature: Uses: Vulnerary and resolvent [11, 13-14]; antihaemorrhagic, antirheumatic, sedative, analgesic, in treatment of leucorrhoea and blennor-rhagia [13]. Secondary metabolites: Diterpenes [200]. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Hieracium neo-herrerae Zahn

V. N.: Taruca-ninri (Q), villarga (Q)

A decoction of the aerial parts is used topically for washings as an antiseptic for wounds and in treatment of gonorrhoea. An infusion of the aerial parts is claimed to be effective in the treatment of respiratory and renal affections.


Hypochoeris acaulis Britton

V. N.: Quello-pilli (Q).

An infusion of the leaves is claimed to be a stomachic and a diuretic.

Literature: Uses: Intestinal antinfective, antitus-sive, antihaemorrhagic after parturition, in treat-

ment of bronchitis, topic anti-inflammatory, resol-vent in case of dislocations [17]. Secondary metabo-lites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Hypochoeris sessiliflora HBK.

V. N.: Chicoria amarga (S), jayac-pilli (Q).

The juice of the plant, pure or mixed with a fruit juice, is claimed to be effective as an antibilious.

Literature: Uses: Antibilious [11]; antimalaric [11, 14]; urinary antiseptic, antipyretic, in treatment of renal and hepatic disorders [13]. Secondary metabo-lites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Hypochoeris sonchoides HBK.

V. N.: Jayac-pilli (Q), oq'e-pilli (Q).

The juice of the plant, pure or mixed with a fruit juice, is claimed to be effective as a hepatoprotector and as an anti-choleretic. The leaves and the roots are used as a food.

Literature: Uses: Antibilious, antimalaric [11]. S e c o n d a r y m e t a b o l i t e s : N o r e c o r d s . Pharmacological activities: No records.

Hypochoeris stenocephala Kuntze

V. N.: Misqui-pilli (Q), pilli-pilli (Q)

An infusion of leaves is used as a hepatic anti-inflammatory and an antibilious. The leaves are used as a food.

Literature: Uses: Antibilious, antimalaric [11]. Girault [13] reports H. andina Griseb. "misqui pilli" as a blood depurative and a tonic. Secondary metaboli-tes: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Hypochoeris taraxacoides Benth. & Hook. f.

V. N.: Jayac-pilli (Q)


165 (154 - 219)PhOL

The juice of the leaves, pure or mixed with a fruit juice, is claimed to be effective as an antibilious. The leaves are used as a food.

Literature: Uses: For stomach problems, for pains of the waist area, tonic [20]. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Liabum bullatum Hieron.

V. N.: Marancera (Q), pilli (Q)

A decoction of the roots is claimed to be an antidiarrhoic, while an infusion of the leaves is used as a digestive and a gastric antispasmodic.

Literature: Uses: Decongestant for dislocations, antirheumatic, in treatment of venereal diseases [13]. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Liabum uniflorum Sch. Bip.

V. N.: Chchawi-chchawi (Q)

An infusion of the leaves is used as a diuretic. A decoction of the whole plant is used as an anti-inflammatory, an antirheumatic, an antiarthritic and as a lenitive for bone pains. The leaves are used as a food.

Literature: Uses: No records. Secondary metabo-lites: Phenylpropanoid glycosides [201]. Pharmacological activities: No records have been found in the literature concerning uses or pharma-cological activities.

Mutisia cochabambensis Hieron.

V. N.: China-chinchircuma (Q)

An infusion of the flowers is claimed to be a hypotensive.

Literature: Uses: Tonic (20). Secondary metaboli-tes: No records. Pharmacological activities: Antioxidant activity [197].

Mutisia hirsuta Meyen

V. N.: Chinchilcuma (Q), Chinchircuma (Q)

A decoction of aerial parts is employed for antirheumatic baths and as a sedative for bone pains. A leaf infusion is claimed to be a diuretic, a tonic and a digestive. An infusion of the flowers is used to treat respiratory affections.

Literature: Uses: Girault [13] and Alarco de Zandra [15] report as "chinchircuma" M. viciaefolia Cav. as a diuretic, an ovaric anti-inflammatory, a blood depurative, a cardiotonic, in case of bronchitis [13]; an anti-inflammatory, an antiseptic for wounds, a tonic, in treatment of respiratory diseases and as a cardiotonic [15] . De Feo [19] reports as "chinchircuma" M. acuminata R. et P. as a vulne-ray, a cholagogue, an antitumoral, in treatment of respiratory affections. Secondary metabolites: Chromone, coumarin and coumestan derivatives [202]. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Onoseris albicans (D.Don) Ferreyra

V. N.: Panti-panti (Q)

A flower infusion is claimed to be effective in treatment of cold and coughs.

Literature: Uses: No records. Secondary metabo-lites: Sesquiterpenes [203]. Pharmacological activi-ties: No records.

Pectis sessiliflora Sch. Bip.

V. N.: China-paya (Q)

An infusion of the aerial parts is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of dyspepsia; a decoction of the same parts is employed internally and for washings in the treatment of gonorrhoea.

Literature: Uses: Antiblennorrhagic [11]. S e c o n d a r y m e t a b o l i t e s : N o r e c o r d s . Pharmacological activities: No records.


166 (154 - 219)PhOL

Perezia multiflora Less.

V. N.: Chancorma (Q), chancoruma (Q), valeriana (S)

An infusion of the whole plant is employed as an emollient, a sudorific, a diuretic, an antitussive, in the treatment of angina pectoris and of hepatic affections, as an ovaric and uterine anti-inflammatory, an antitumoral and in the treatment of eruptive affections.

Literature: Uses: Emollient [11, 13-14]; sudorific [11, 14, 16, 18]; diuretic [11, 14, 16, 18, 19-20]; in treatment of angina, bronchitis and cough; resolvent for dislocations, in treatment of hepatic disorders, analgesic for menstrual pains, ovaric anti-inflammatory, in case of rubella [13]; febrifuge [13, 16, 18-20]; antidote for poisonings [19]; anticatarrhal [20]. Secondary metabolites: Sesquiterpenes [204-205]; Coumarins [206-207]; Essential oil [208]. Pharmacological activities: Pesticide activity [208].

Perezia pinnatifida Lag. ex D. Don

V. N.: Orcco sotuma (Q), sotuma (Q)

An infusion of the whole plant is claimed to be effective as an antiasthmatic, an antitussive and in treatment of colds.

Literature: Uses: Tonic, diuretic, in treatment of angina, bronchitis and coughs, resolvent for trau-mas, in treatment of hepatic disorders, analgesic for menstrual pains, ovaric anti-inflammatory, in case of rubella, antipyretic [13]; for stomach ailments [20]. S e c o n d a r y m e t a b o l i t e s : N o r e c o r d s . Pharmacological activities: No records.

Perezia poeppigii Less.

V. N.: Sotuma (Q)

An infusion of the whole plant is used as an antipyretic, a diuretic, a diaphoretic and in the treatment of bronchial affections.

L i t e r a t u r e : U s e s : I n l i t e r a t u r e as "sotuma" or "valeriana" is reported Perezia

coerulescens Wedd. as an antipyretic [11]; diuretic, sudorific, [11, 15-16. 18]; antiseptic, cardiotonic, astringent [15]; sedative, skin depurative [15. 17]; for uterus strengthening after the parturition, in treatment of respiratory diseases and kidney troubles, antirheumatic, in case of headache, contraceptive, uterine anti-inflammatory, in treat-ment of hepatic disorders, urinary antiseptic [17]. S e c o n d a r y m e t a b o l i t e s : N o r e c o r d s . Pharmacological activities: No records.

Schkuhria pinnata var. octoaristata Cabrera

V. N.: Canchalagua (Q), gentil perejíl (S), piqui-pichana (Q), rajacha (Q)

A decoction of the aerial parts is claimed to be a blood depurative, a diuretic, to help in lowering glycemia levels, an antirheumatic, an anti-icteric, an antibilious and a renal anti-inflammatory.

Literature: Uses: Anti-icteric [11, 13]; depurative, diuretic [13, 19]. Girault [13] reports S. octoaristata DC. used in hepatic disorders and biliar calculosis, as a depurative, an antimalaric, a cicatrizer, a suppura-tive, and in treatment of pulmonary diseases. Secondary metabolites: Sterols [209]; Triterpenoids [209]; Diterpenes [210-212]; Sesquiterpenes [213-216]; Phenylpropanoids [216]. Pharmacological activities: Insect-antifeedant activity [214]; Antioxidant activity [216]; Antibacterial acitivty [217]; Hypoglycaemic activity [218]; Antimalarial activity [219].

Senecio canescens (H. et B.) Cuatrec.

V. N.: Quea-quea (Q)

A decoction of the aerial parts is used as an antirheumatic and in treatment of respiratory and renal affections.

Literature: Uses: In treatment of pneumonia, cicatrizer, antiseptic [13]; pectoral and antitussive [13-14]; sudorific [14]. Secondary metabolites: Sesquiterpenoids [220]. Pharmacological activities: No records.


167 (154 - 219)PhOL

Senecio herrerae Cabrera

V. N.: Arnica (S), maichcha (Q)

A decoction of aerial parts is used topically for resolvent baths in cases of traumas.


Senecio pinnatilobatus Sch. Bip.

V. N.: Huertaculis (Q)

An infusion of leaves is used as an analgesic and in the treatment of epilepsy and respiratory affec-tions.


Senecio pseudotites Griseb.


A decoction of flowers and leaves or their pow-der is used topically as an anti-inflammatory, a resolvent in cases of traumatic pains, an antirheu-matic, and an antiarthritic. An alcoholic tincture of the aerial parts is used topically and orally as an anti-inflammatory.

Literature: Uses: Vulnerary [11, 14-15]; in treat-ment of colics, vomitory, sternutatory, in treatment of urinary retention [13]; diuretic [13-15, 19]; resol-vent for traumas, vermifuge [13, 15, 19]; anti-inflammatory, emollient, in treatment of angina [15]; antiasthmatic [19]. Secondary metabolites: Chalcones [221]; Triterpenes [222]. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Senecio rhyzomatosus Rusby

V. N.: Llancahuasa (Q), ticllayhuarmi (Q)

A decoction of the aerial parts, alone or with milk,

is claimed to be effective in the treatment of respi-ratory diseases (pneumonia, bronchitis, cough) and as a hepatoprotector. Fresh and powdered leaves are used topically as a vulnerary for sores and wounds, while a decoction of the leaves is used as a cicatrizer. An infusion of the aerial parts is used as a gastric anti-inflammatory, a stomachic, and in treatment of kidney affections.

Literature: Uses: Vulnerary, in treatment of pneumonia [11, 13-16, 18-19]; in case of angina, throat anti-inflammatory, to treat haemoptysis, topic decongestant, in cases of dog's bites [13]; skin depurative [14, 16, 18-19]; cholagogue, to heal wounds [21]. Velasco-Negueruela et al. [20] report as “t’iqllay warmi” S. erosus Wedd. for kidney pains. S e c o n d a r y m e t a b o l i t e s : N o r e c o r d s . Pharmacological activities: No records.

Senecio rudbeckiaefolius Meyen &Walp.


Chopped leaves in wine or alcohol are used as analgesic for traumatized areas. An infusion of the leaves, drunk on empty stomach, is claimed to be an appetizer, an emmenagogue and a diuretic. An alcoholic tincture of the flowers is claimed to be a topic antirheumatic and antiarthritic (in massages) and, orally, a balsamic for the respiratory tract. An alcoholic tincture is recommended for anti-inflammatory baths.

Literature: Uses: Gargles in angina and throat inflammations, to facilitate the conception [13]; antitussive, rubbed to cure dislocations [20]. S e c o n d a r y m e t a b o l i t e s : N o r e c o r d s . Pharmacological activities: No records.

Stevia galeopsidifolia Hieron.

V. N.: Manca-paqui (Q)

An infusion of the aerial parts is used for wa-shings as a uterine antinfective. The same prepara-tion is used orally as a stomachic and a digestive.

Literature: Uses: No records. Velasco-Negueruela


168 (154 - 219)PhOL

et al. [20] report as “manka p’aki” S. rombifolia HBK. var. stephanacona as a gastralgic and an emetic. Secondary metabolites: Flavonoids [223]. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Tagetes elliptica Sm.

V. N.: Monte-huacatay (Q).

A leaves infusion is claimed to be effective as a gastric antispasmodic, a carminative and a digesti-ve. The leaves are used as food flavouring.

Literature: Uses: Flavouring for aliments [14]. Secondary metabolites: Flavonoids [224]. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Tagetes filifolia Lag.

V. N.: Anis-anis (S), anis silvestre (S), pampa-anis (Q-S), tuna-anis (Q-S).

The aerial parts, chewed on empty stomach, are used in the treatment of halitosis, against flatu-lence, as an antibilious, a gastric antispasmodic and an anti-inflammatory. A decoction of the whole plant, with stigmas of maize and Bowlesia acutan-gula Benth. plant, is used in treatment of respiratory diseases and pneumonia, as a diuretic and an emmenagogue. The leaves are used as food flavou-ring.

Literature: Uses: Stomachic [11, 15]; against flatulence [11, 13]; appetizer, digestive, galactogo-gue, in treatment of leucorrhoea, environmental disinfectant [13]; diuretic [14]; in treatment of meteorism [15]; in cases of colics [15, 17]; carmina-tive, antispasmodic, aromatic [16]; gastralgic, urinary antiseptic, gastric and vaginal anti-inflammatory, antinfective after the parturition, in treatment of headache and hepatic disorders [17]. Secondary metabolites: Essential oil [225-236]; Thiophene derivatives [237-238, 241]. Pharmacological activities: Antifungal activity [226]; Anti-inflammatory activity [239]; Insecticidal activity [231]; Antiviral activity [241].

Tagetes graveolens L’Hérit. ex DC.

V. N.: Kita-huacatay (Q), mula-huacatay (Q).

An infusion of leaves is claimed to act as a gastric antispasmodic, a carminative, and a digestive.

Literature: Uses: Gastralgic, antirheumatic [13]. S e c o n d a r y m e t a b o l i t e s : N o r e c o r d s . Pharmacological activities: No records.

Tagetes mandonii Sch. Bip.

V. N.: Chicchipa (Q), chijchipa (Q)

A leaves infusion is claimed to be effective as a gastric antispasmodic, a carminative, a digestive and an expectorant. The same preparation is used topically as a cicatrizer and an antiseptic for wounds. The leaves are used as food flavouring.

Literature: Uses: Digestive, gastralgic, antirheu-matic, in treatment of sciatica, cardiotonic [13]; flavouring for aliments [14]; antitussive, astringent for sores [15]. Secondary metabolites: Flavonoids [242-244]; Essential oil [245]. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Trixis divaricata Spreng.

V. N.: Jancu chchutan (Q)

The fresh aerial parts are used topically for cataplasms in the treatment of dislocation and traumas and to dissolve ecchymosis.

Literature: Uses: No records. Secondary metabo-lites: Sesquiterpenes [246]; Essential oil [247-249]. Pharmacological activities: Antiulcerogenic activity [250].

Viguiera mandonii Sch. Bip.

V. N.: Sunchchu (Q).

A decoction of the whole plant is employed orally as an antidote in cases of snake's bites. An infusion of the leaves is claimed to be an antidiarrhoic. The leaves are used as a food.


169 (154 - 219)PhOL

Literature: Uses: Girault (13) reports V. pflanzii vel. aff. Perkins "Akkosunchu" as an antiseptic for wounds, a cardiotonic, a diuretic. Secondary meta-bolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Werneria dactylophylla Sch. Bip.

V. N.: Pupusa (Q)

A flower infusion is used orally as an antipyretic, an analgesic in the treatment of headache, respira-tory diseases, and as an anti-inflammatory.

Literature: Uses: No records. Secondary metabo-lites: Diterpenes [251-252]. Pharmacological activi-ties: No records.

Werneria nubigena HBK.

V. N.: Puna margarita (S)

An infusion of the whole plant is used topically as an antiseptic for wounds and as a cicatrizer.

Literature: Uses: Veterinary antiparasitic, digesti-ve, ovaric antiseptic [13]; tonic, depurative, stoma-chic, cholagogue, in treatment of renal lithiasis, mucolytic, sedative for muscular pains [15]; in treatment of uterine cancer [21]. Secondary meta-bolites: Pyrrolizidine alkaloids [253]; Benzopyran derivatives [254]. Pharmacological activities: Antioxidant activity [191].

Werneria villosa A. Gray

V. N.: Puna ichu ichu (S-Q)

A decoction of the aerial parts is claimed to be effective as a hepatoprotector and in treatment of kidney affections. An infusion of the flowers is used an antitussive.

Literature: Uses: In treatment of leucorrhoea, vaginal anti-inflammatory, in treatment of urinary retention [13]. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Zinnia multiflora L.

V. N.: Paya-china (Q), paya-paya (Q)

A whole plant infusion is used as a vermifuge. A decoction of the aerial parts is claimed to act as a blood depurative, an antibilious and a gastro-intestinal anti-inflammatory.

Literature: Uses: Vermifuge, gastralgic, in treat-ment of hepatic illnesses [14, 18]. Secondary meta-bolites: Sesquiterpenes [255-256]. Pharmacological activities: No records.

BASELLACEAE

Ullucus tuberosus Caldas

V. N.: Olluco (Q), papa-lisas (S), atok-lisas (Q-S)

A leaves decoction is used as a gastric anti-inflammatory and an antispasmodic; on empty stomach, it is recommended as a laxative. Topically, a decoction of the tubers is used for maturative cataplasms, as a skin depurative, an escharotic, and a vulnerary. The tubers are used as a food.

Literature: Uses: To promote the conception, in treatment of erysipelas, antiseptic and cicatrizer for burns, stomachic, diuretic, in treatment of urinary retention [13]; vulnerary [13-14]; anti-inflammatory, gastralgic, to help the parturition [14]; emollient [14, 19]; decongestant, in treatment of respiratory affections, antispasmodic in parturition and gastric pains [19]. Secondary metabolites: Flavonoids [257, 62]; Triterpene saponins [258-259]. Pharmacological activities: Dietary fiber [24]; Hypoglycaemic activity [258]; Antioxidant activity [61-62, 260].

BEGONIACEAE

Begonia veitchii Hook. f.

V. N.: Achanccaray (Q)

A decoction of the rhizome is used as an urinary, intestinal and hepatic anti-inflammatory, and, drunk on empty stomach, is used as a laxative. The rhi-zome is used as a food.


170 (154 - 219)PhOL

Literature: Uses: Rutter (1990) reports Begonia spp. "Achanccarai" as an appetizer. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

BERBERIDACEAE

Berberis boliviana Lechl.

V. N.: Chchejche (Q), quisca-quisca (Q)

A leaves decoction is claimed to be effective as a blood depurative and as an antimalaric. The same activity, but stronger, is attributed to the decoction of roots. The fruits are employed to prepare a refreshing drink.

Literature: Uses: Laxative, hypotensive, tonic, in treatment of hepatitis [15]. Girault [13] reports as "chchejche" B. lutea R. et P. var. conforta as a sedative, a tonic, in treatment of anaemia, in treat-ment of amoebic dysentery and urinary retention. Secondary metabolites: Alkaloids [261], Anthocyanins [262]. Pharmacological activities: No records.

BETULACEAE

Alnus acuminata HBK. ssp. acuminata

V. N.: Aliso (Q), lambran (Q)

A decoction of the leaves is used topically as an antirheumatic. An infusion of the leaves is claimed to be effective as an emmenagogue. A decoction of roots, mixed with milk, is recommended as an astringent, in the treatment of respiratory diseases, as an antidiarrhoic, an antipyretic, a diuretic, and a cholagogue. A decoction of trunk bark is used topically for cataplasms and washings as a haemor-rhoid lenitive and in gargles for teeth strengthe-ning.

Literature: Uses: Emmenagogue [11, 19]; antirheu-matic, anti-inflammatory, in treatment of oedemas, odontalgic [13, 21]; galactofuge, maturative [14-15; 19]; astringent, febrifuge, haemostatic [15]; vulne-rary, antispasmodic [15, 19]; hypotensive, diuretic

[19]; in treatment of uterine cancer [21]. Secondary metabolites: Flavonoids [263]; Triterpenes [264]; Alkaloids [264]. Pharmacological activities: Abortive effects in mice [263].

BRASSICACAE

Descurainia perkinsiana Muschler

V. N.: Huayralacha (Q), alcalde-ccora (S-Q)

An infusion of the aerial parts is used topically as an ocular decongestant.


Lepidium bipinnatifidum Desv.

V. N.: Chichira (Q),chijchi (Q), mayu mostaza (Q-S)

A decoction of aerial parts is used as an intestinal antinfective, an analgesic, and a gastric antispasmo-dic; topically, it is recommended as a vulnerary and in cases of nasal haemorrhages. The leaves are used as a food.

Literature: Uses: Vulnerary and nasal haemostatic [11, 14]; in treatment of hepatic colics [13]; antidote for vegetal poisonings [18], to resolve swellings [20]. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Lepidium chichicara Desv.

V. N.: Chichicara (Q)

A decoction of the aerial parts is used as an antiseptic for infected wounds. An infusion of the same parts is claimed to be an antidiarrhoic and an antihaemorrhagic.

Literature: Uses: Febrifuge, children's antiparasi-tic [13]; in case of nose-bleeding [13, 15, 19, 20]; skin depurative [14, 18]; antidysenteric [14, 18-19]; odontalgic [15]; purge [15, 18]; vulnerary, antiseptic [19-20]. Secondary metabolites: No records have been found in the literature concernin secondary


171 (154 - 219)PhOL

metabolites. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek

V. N.: Berro (S), chchijchi (Q), mayu-mostacilla (Q-S)

The juice of the plant is used in treatment of anaemia and as an antidiabetic; a decoction of the whole plant is recommended in the treatment of bronchitis and topically for baths and inhalations in case of respiratory affections and as an antirheuma-tic. Fresh leaves, eaten in salads, are used as a stimulator of the biliar function, in treatment of renal and vescical calculosis and are claimed to be a skin depurative, to act as a gastric anti-inflammatory, and in treatment of scurvy. The leaves are used as a food and in preparation of a fermented drink, the "chicha de berro".

Literature: Uses: Antiscrophulosic, in treatment of kidney troubles [12]; febrifuge [12, 20]; antiscor-butic [12-13-16]; diuretic, cholagogue [13], gastric anti-inflammatory, in treatment of enteritis and amygdalitis, antidiarrhoic [14]; re-fresher, depura-tive, tenicide, diuretic, antirheumatic, in treatment of respiratory illnesses, to strengthening the gums, antianemic, in case of eczema [15]; laxative, in case of hepatic disorders [16]. Secondary metabolites: Essential oil [265-268]; Carotene and vitamins [269]. Pharmacological activities: Antioxidant activity [270].

BROMELIACEAE

Pitcairnia ferruginea R. et P.

V. N.: Ccoe-achupalla (Q), china-achupalla (Q), ñuttu-achupalla (Q)

A decoction of the inflorescences is employed as an analgesic and as an anti-inflammatory. A decoc-tion of roots and leaves is used as a topical antirheu-matic and antiarthritic.

Literature: Uses: Antitussive, in treatment of bronchitis, antidysenteric, purge, antiseptic in case of blennorrhagia [13]. Secondary metabolites: No

records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Puya herrerae Harms

V. N.: Achupalla (Q), achupa (Q)

A decoction of the inflorescences is used as an ophthalmic lenitive.

Literature: Uses: Antiasthmatic, antiscorbutic [13]. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Tillandsia capillaris R. et P.

V. N.: Clavel del aire (S), huayaco (Q), illau-illau (Q)

A decoction of the aerial parts is used topically as an antiparasitic.


Tillandsia usneoides L.

V. N.: Salvajina (S), milmajina (Q)

An infusion of the whole plant is used as an antitussive and in treatment of tuberculosis. A decoction of the same parts is used for washings as a haemorrhoid lenitive. The plant is also used, fresh or dried, as an environmental insecticide.

Literature: Uses: Antihaemorrhoidal [11, 13, 14-16, 18]; antitussive [13, 15]; analgesic for muscular pains [14-15]; antirheumatic, in treatment of cardiac, hepatic and pulmonary diseases [14, 16, 18]; tonic, insecticide [14, 18]; vulnerary, galactophorous [15]; sedative for headache, to wash hairs [20]. Secondary metabolites: Triterpenes [271-276]; Sterols [271]; Flavonoids [277-280]. Pharmacological activities: Analgesic activity [281]; Hypoglycaemic activity [282], Antiviral activity [283], Antimicrobic activity [284], Allergenic activity [285].


172 (154 - 219)PhOL

BUDDLEIACEAE

Buddleia coriacea Remy

V. N.: Puna-quishuar (S-Q)

A bark decoction is used as an antibilious.

Literature: Uses: No records. Secondary metabo-lites: Flavonoids [286-288]. Pharmacological activi-ties: Tyrosinase inhibitory activity [286-288].

Buddleia longifolia HBK.

V. N.: Quishuar (Q)

A bark decoction is used as an antibilious.

Literature: Uses: Antiseptic for wounds, in treatment of venereal diseases and ovaric inflam-mations [13]. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

CACTACEAE

Austrocylindropuntia exaltata (A. Berger) Blackeb.

V. N.: Patta-quisca (Q)

The trunk mucilage is used as a topic re-fresher in cases of traumas. An infusion of the trunk is used as an analgesic and an antipyretic. The fruits are used as a food.


Lobivia pentlandii (Hook.) Britton & Rose

V. N.: Añapancu (Q), sankaillo, (Q) sankairuro (Q).

The trunk mucilage is used a topic anti-inflammatory and as a nasal anti-haemorrhagic. The fruits are used as a food.

Literature: Uses: Girault (13) reports the use of Lobivia sp. "añapancu" in cases of sunstroke. Secondary metabolites: Alkaloids [290]. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Opuntia floccosa Salm-Dyck

V. N.: Huaraco (Q), ckora-rocka (Q)

The trunk mucilage, in water, is used as an emol-lient in the treatment of bronchitis. The fruits are used as a food.

Literature: Uses: In treatment of pulmonary diseases [11]; maturative, antiseptic for wounds [13]; gastralgic, to wash hairs [20]. Secondary metaboli-tes: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Opuntia soehrensii Britton & Rose

V. N.: Airampo (Q)

An infusion of seeds is used in the treatment of eruptive illnesses, as an antipyretic, a tonic, and a sedative. The trunk mucilage is used as a topical anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic and in treat-ment of aphta. The fruits are used as a food.

Literature: Uses: Antiscorbutic, antirheumatic, depurative, in treatment of intestinal fevers [13]; in treatment of children aphta [14]; skin depurative [14-15]; diuretic, antiseptic for wounds, febrifuge, nasal haemostatic, antitussive [15]; food colouring [16]. Secondary metabolites: Lignans [290]. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Trichocereus cuzcoënsis Britton & Rose

V. N.: Jahuackollai (Q), gigantón (S)

The trunk mucilage is used as a topic anti-inflammatory in cases of traumas; it is also em-ployed as a topical antimycotic. An infusion of the flowers is used as a cardiotonic.

Literature: Uses: In treatment of hydrophobia, vulnerary, diuretic (14]. Girault [13] reports T. peruvianus Britt. et Rose "jawakollay" as a febri-fuge, a re-fresher and in treatment of dropsy. De Feo [19] reports T. peruvianus Britton & Rose and T. pachanoi Britton & Rose as hallucinogenic species. Secondary metabolites: Alkaloids [291]; Triterpenes [292]. Pharmacological activities: No records.


173 (154 - 219)PhOL

CALYCERACEAE

Acicarpha tribuloides Juss.

V. N.: Estrella-quisca (S-Q), torillo-huma (Q)

A whole plant infusion is claimed to be a cholago-gue as a mucolytic, and in treatment of respiratory affections. A decoction of the same parts is used as a hepatoprotector, in treatment of prostate inflam-mation, in treatment of kidney affections and as an odontalgic.

Literature: Uses: No records. Secondary meta-bolites: Flavonoids [293]; Iridoids [294]. Pharmacological activities: CNS activtiy [294]; Antiviral activity [295].

CAPRIFOLIACEAE

Sambucus peruviana HBK.

V. N.: Sauco (S)

An infusion of the flowers is claimed to be a diaphoretic in fevers, an expectorant and an antitus-sive. A decoction of aerial parts is used for anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic and antiarthritic baths. An alcoholic tincture of flowers is claimed to be an antitussive and effective in treatment of aphta; this preparation is also used as a purge. The fruits are used as a food.

Literature: Uses: In treatment of throat affec-tions [11-12, 15, 19-20]; diuretic, in reatment of prostate and bladder inflammations [11, 15]; cicatri-zer [12]; cardiotonic, vomitory, in case of sciatica [13]; odontalgic [13-14]; maturative [13-15, 18]; resolvent for traumas, lenitive for hemorrhoids [13, 15]; purge [13, 15, 18]; antirheumatic [13, 15, 19]; in treatment of respiratory diseases [13, 20]; in treat-ment of dropsy [14-15]; sudorific [14-15, 18, 20]; laxative, emollient, carminative, tonic, galactofuge, expectorant, antitussive, skin depurative, cicatrizer for burns [15, 21]; depurative [15, 19]; odontalgic, in case of oedemas [18]; aphrodisiac, antispasmodic in childbirth, gastralgic [20]; in treatment of kindney inflammations [21]. Secondary metabolites:

Flavonoids [296-297], Anthocyanins [298]. Pharmacological activities: Antimicrobial activity [296]; Antioxidant activity [297].

CARICACEAE

Carica candicans A. Gray

V. N.: Papayuelo serrano (S)

A flower infusion is claimed to be an antidiabetic; the fruit is eaten in the treatment of dyspepsia. The fruits are used as a food.

Literature: Uses: No records. Secondary metabo-lites: Essential oil [299]. Pharmacological activities: No records.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE

Arenaria lanuginosa Rohrb.

V. N.: Janchali (Q), celedonia (S)

An infusion of the whole plant is used for gargles as a throat anti-inflammatory; internally it is used as an antitussive, a uterine antihaemorrhagic and an emmenagogue.

Literature: Uses: Vaginal antihaemorrhagic [18]; gastralgic, regulator of the menstrual cycle [20]. Secondary metabolites: No records have been found in the literature concerning isolated substan-ces. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Paronychia andina A. Gray

V. N.: Huayrañuñu (Q)

An infusion of the aerial parts is employed as a diuretic.

Literature Uses: No records. Secondary metaboli-tes: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Spergularia ramosa Cambess.

V. N.: Choquetacarpo (Q), choquetarpo (Q), sable


174 (154 - 219)PhOL

de oro (S)

A root decoction is claimed to be an antitussive and is used in treatment of tuberculosis and respira-tory diseases.

Literature: Uses : No records. Secondary metabo-lites: Sterols [300]; Triterpenoid saponins [301-302]. Pharmacological activities: No records.

CELASTRACEAE

Maytenus cuzcoina Loes.

V. N.: Paltay-paltay (Q)

An infusion of aerial parts is employed as gastric respiratory anti-inflammatory.

Literature: Uses: No records. Secondary metabo-lites: Sesquiterpenes [303-305] ; Triterpenes [306-307]. Pharmacological activities: Antitumoral activity [303]; Inhibitory activity of nitric oxide and prostaglandins [307]; Anti-Leishmania activity [306].

CHENOPODIACEAE

Chenopodium incisum Poir.

V. N.: Allcja-paicco (Q), arcja-paicco (Q)

An infusion of the aerial parts is used as a gastric antispasmodic, a carminative and a digestive, while a more concentrated infusion is recommended as an antidiarrhoic. The leaves are used as food flavou-ring.

Literature: Uses: Maturative, in treatment of gastric and hepatic disorders [13]. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Chenopodium opulifolium Schrad.

V. N.: Ayara-quinua (Q-S), quinua silvestre (S), arac-quinua (Q-S), yana-quinua (Q-S), llipcha (Q)

A decoction of the aerial parts is used in treat-ment of tuberculosis; in parturition, it is used to promote the uterus contractions.

Literature: Uses: No records. Secondary metabo-lites: Flavonoids [308-309], Terpenoids [310]. Pharmacological activities: Mosquito-repellent activity [311].

CLADOPHORACEAE

Cladophora allantoides (Month.) Kntz.

V. N.: Mayu lacco (Q)

The fresh plant is used for anti-inflammatory cataplasms in case of traumas and dislocation, and a topic antipyretic. The fresh or dried plant is used as a food.

Literature: Uses: Re-fresher [11]. Girault [13] reports Cladophora sp. "lakho" or "llachchu" in treatment of hepatic disorders, as a decongestant and a resolvent for traumas. Secondary metaboli-tes: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

CONVOLVULACEAE

Convolvulus crenatifolius var. peruviana Hallier f.

V. N.: Huillco (Q)

A decoction of the whole plant is claimed to be an antiseptic and a cicatrizer for wounds; orally, it is used as a depurative. An infusion of the aerial parts is used as a laxative and purge.


CUCURBITACEAE

Apodanthera herrerae Harms

V. N.: Ckoto-ckoto (Q)

A fruit decoction is used on empty stomach as a laxative and a purge.

Literature: Uses: Purge [11]. Secondary metaboli-tes: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.


175 (154 - 219)PhOL

Cyclanthera brachybotrys Cogn.

V. N.: Achojcha (Q), kita-achojcha (Q), monte-achojcha (S-Q)

The fruits, eaten in salads, are claimed to be re-fresher and digestive. Their juice and a decoction of leaves are used as an ophthalmic analgesic and decongestant. The fruits and the leaves are used as a food.


Sicyos bryonaefolia Moris

V. N.: Putac-llanco (Q)

A decoction of leaves and fruits is used as a laxative. The fruits and the young twigs are used as a food.

Literature: Uses: Purge [11, 13, 15]; in the treat-ment of intoxications [13]. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

CUSCUTACEAE

Cuscuta grandiflora HBK.

V. N.: Mallhunua (Q), arwi-arwi (Q)

A whole plant decoction is used on empty sto-mach as a laxative, in case of flatulence, an antipyre-tic, a sedative, a contraceptive and in treatment of pharingitis. Topically, the same preparation is used as a cicatrizer, an antiseptic for wounds, and in treatment of dermatitis.

Literature: Uses: Girault [13] reports Cuscuta sp. "mallunwa" in treatment of hepatic disorders, as a tonic, a febrifuge, a purge, a contraceptive, a maturative. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

CYATHACEAE

Cyathea cuspidata Kuntze

V. N.: Sano-sano (Q)

A trunk decoction is used topically as an antisep-tic for wounds and as a vulnerary. Orally, this preparation is claimed to be effective in treatment of renal affections and as a diuretic. The fronds are used as a food.

Literature: Uses: Vulnerary, cicatrizer [11, 18]. Girault [13] reports as "sanu sanu" Alsophyla armata (Sw.) Pr. (Cyathaceae) used a maturative and antiseptic for wounds. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

CYPERACEAE

Schoenoplectus californicus (C.A. Mey) Soják

V. N.: Totora (Q)

A decoction of the aerial rhizome is used orally as a diuretic, and an antidysenteric. Topically, the same preparation is claimed to act as an antiseptic for wounds, an antiecchymotic and a decongestant. A decoction of the trunk is used as a skin depurative. The subaqueous trunk is used as a food.

Literature: Uses: Hepatic depurative, resolvent for traumas and antiecchymotic, vulnerary, haemo-static, cicatrizer, antiseptic for wounds [13]; astrin-gent, depurative [18]. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

ELAEOCARPACEAE

Vallea stipularis L. f.

V. N.: Chicllurmay (Q), chchicllur (Q)

A leaves infusion is used as an antidiarrhoic, an astringent and an antipyretic. A decoction of leaves and young branches is used as a cholagogue, a depurative of blood, a vomitory; topically is is used as an ophthalmic anti-inflammatory.

Literature: Uses: Ocular astringent [14]; astrin-gent [18]; vulnerary, skin depurative, topical anti-septic, antihaemorrhagic, for stomach-ache, anti-


176 (154 - 219)PhOL

rheumatic [20]. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

EPHEDRACEAE

Ephedra americana H. et B. ex Willd.

V. N.: Pinco-pinco (Q), pfiuco-pfiuco (Q)

A decoction of the aerial parts is used topically for washings in the treatment of gonorrhoea, in gargles in treatment of pyorrhoea, and as an ocular anti-inflammatory. An infusion of the same parts is used orally as a diuretic.

Literature: Uses: In case of pyorrhoea and gums inflammations [11, 13-15, 18]; depurative [12, 14, 18, 19]; diuretic [12, 14-15, 18-19]; in case of flatulence, antidysenteric, ovary antiseptic [13]; urinary antin-fective [13-15, 18, 19]; to help fractures consolida-tion, vulnerary [13, 15, 19]; astringent [13, 19]; anti-blenorrhagic, in treatment of typhus, genito-urinary antinfective, antitubercular [15]; balsamic, in treat-ment of bronchitis, sudorific, antipyretic, antitussive [16]; antiasthmatic [16, 19]; in treatment of conjunc-tivitis [18]; antiseptic, antirheumatic, in treatment of amenorrhoea [19]. Secondary metabolites: Alkaloids [312]; Tannins [313]. Pharmacological activities: No records.

EQUISETACEAE

Equisetum bogotense HBK.

V. N.: Cola de caballo (S), mocco-mocco (Q)

A decoction of the aerial parts is used as a diure-tic, in the treatment of hydropsy, as a regulator of the menstrual cycle, as an anti-icteric, as an emol-lient. Topically, the decoction of the aerial parts is used as a nasal antihaemorrhagic and for antiarthri-tic baths. A decoction prepared with this plants and lemon juice, Linum usitatissimum L., Triticum sati-vum L., Foeniculum vulgare Miller, Zea mays L., is claimed to be a sedative and an antipyretic.

Literature: Uses: Stomachic [11]; astringent, antidysenteric, in treatment of gonorrhoea, antidia-

betic [12]; antihaemorrhagic [12, 14, 19]; diuretic [12, 14, 18-20]; vaso-constrictor [14]; in treatment of mouth affections, emmenagogue, tonic, in treat-ment of hepatic disorders [14, 18]; skin depurative [14, 18-19]; antiseptic for wounds [14, 19]; haemosta-tic, antitumoral, in case of halitosis, in treatment of dental abscesses, sedative in colics, urinary antisep-tic [18]; vulnerary, antimalaric [19]; depurative, urinary antiseptic [20]. Girault [13] reports E. xylo-chaetum Hild. var. mokko mokko as "mokko mokko" in treatment of yellow fever, in treatment of bladder illnesses and in lithiasis, as an uterine and urinary antinfective, an antiseptic for venereal wounds, in treatment of hepatic disorders, in case or urinary retention, in case of epistaxis, as an antirachitic. Alarco de Zandra [15] reports as “cola de caballo” E. arvense L. as a diuretic, an astringent, a re-fresher, in treatment of renal lithiasis, a throat anti-inflammatory, a skin depurative, a depurative, an analgesic in hepatic and renal pains, a lenitive for hemorrhoids, a nasal haemostatic, in case of pyor-rhoea. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: Diuretic activity [314-315].

EUPHORBIACEAE

Euphorbia penicillata (Millsp.) R. E. Schult.

V. N.: Huachanca (Q)

A decoction of the aerial parts is used, on empty stomach, as a laxative and as a purge.


FABACEAE

Apurimacia incarum Harms

V. N.: Chacanuhuay (Q), chacanhuay (Q)

A decoction of the whole plant is used topically as an antiparasitic and insecticide. Orally, it is used as a narcotic.


177 (154 - 219)PhOL

Literature: Uses: Narcotic [11]; antispasmodic [11, 18]. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Astragalus sp.

V. N.: Pacha-juscka (Q)

The aerial parts of the fresh plant are used for cataplasms in cases of traumas.

Astragalus garbancillo Cav.

V. N.: Garbancillo (S), juscka (Q), porotillo (S)

A decoction of the aerial parts is used as veteri-nary cicatrizer and an antiseptic for wounds, a resolvent in cases of traumas and in treatment of scabies and dandruff.

Literature: Uses: Vulnerary [11, 13]; insecticide [11-14; 19]; narcotic, abortifacient, antirheumatic, in treatment of gout [13]; skin depurative, in cases of dandruff [14, 19]; to consolidate fractures in man, equines and cattle, analgesic, depurative in case of nettle-rash [20]. Rutter [18] reports A. uniflo-rus, "garbancillo", as an insecticide and a skin depurative. Secondary metabolites: Saponins [316]. Pharmacological activities: Haemolytic activity [316].

Cassia hookeriana Gill.

V. N.: Muttuy (Q)

A leaves decoction is claimed to be a topic anti-inflammatory, an antirheumatic, an antispasmodic. Orally, it is used as a purge and a diuretic. An infu-sion of the leaves is used as an aperient and in the treatment of amenorrhea. The flowers are used as a food.

Literature: Uses: Laxative [11, 13, 16]; antirheuma-tic, maturative [13], to wash hairs [20]. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Dalea boliviana Britton

V. N.: Pimpinela (S), orcco-pimpinela (Q-S), pichi-rachi (Q), yahuar-maqui (Q)

An infusion of the aerial parts is used as a seda-tive, in the treatment of epilepsy and as a cardioto-nic.

Literaure: Uses: No records. Secondary metaboli-tes: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Desmodium mollicum DC.

V. N.: Runa-manayupa (Q)

A decoction of the whole plant is used as a diuretic and in treatment of kidney affections, as a haemostatic and, topically, as a skin antiseptic.

Literature: Uses: Diuretic [13]; antiseptic for wounds [13, 15]; kidney and liver antinflammatory [21]. Aldave Pajares and Mostacero Leon [16] and De Feo [19] report D. limense Hook. "manayupa" as a diuretic and an antinflammatory [16]; as a depura-tive, an antinflammatory, a regulator of the men-strual cycle, to help the parturition [19]. Secondary metabolites: Flavonoids [317]. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Krameria triandra R. et P.

V. N.: Pacha-lloque (Q), ratania (S)

A root decoction is claimed to be a tonic, an astringent, an antidiarrhoic, an anti-inflammatory, a stomachic, an anti-haemorrhagic, and an antitumo-ral. Topically, it is used as an antimycotic, a vulne-rary and a cicatrizer and for gargles in treatment of laryngitis.

Literature: Uses: Astringent [11-16; 18]; tonic [11-12, 14, 16]; tooth preservative [12, 18]; vaginal antihaemorrhagic, lenitive for haemorrhoids, gastric and vaginal antihaemorrhagic, in treatment of bronchopneumonia, antidiarrhoic, antidysenteric [13]; haemostatic [13-16, 18]; diuretic, expectorant, gastric and vaginal anti-inflammatory, otalgic, antihaemorrhoidal, antidysenteric, in treatment of


178 (154 - 219)PhOL

intestinal and nasal haemorrhages [15]. Secondary metabolites: Flavonoids [318-320]; Neolignans [321-324]. Pharmacological activities: Carcinogenic activity [325]; Algicidal activity [326]; Antioxidant activity [319, 324]; Allergenic activity [327]; Antiherpetic activity [320]; Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity [328, 330]; Photoprotective activity [324]; Molluscicidal activity [329].

Lupinus dorae C. P. Smith

V. N.: Pacha q'era (Q)

A decoction of the aerial parts is used topically as a resolvent and a decongestant in cases of traumas and as a vulnerary, in washings and cataplasms.


Lupinus microphyllus Desr.

V. N.: Quera (Q), kera (Q), pata-quera (Q)

A decoction of the aerial parts is used topically as a resolvent and a decongestant in cases of traumas, and as a vulnerary, in washings and cataplasms.


Lupinus prostratus Agardh

V. N.: Pacha-quera (Q), pata-quera (Q)

A decoction of the fresh leaves and trunk is applied topically as a resolvent and an anti-inflammatory in cases of traumas and as an anti-rheumatic. Orally, this preparation is used as an abortifacient.


Otholobium pubescens J. W. Grimes

V. N.: Huallhua (Q)

An aerial parts decoction is used externally as a cicatrizer and an antiseptic for wounds. The same preparation, orally, is claimed to be a vermifuge, a laxative and a purge. Powdered seeds are claimed to be an analgesic. An infusion of the plant is used as a stomachic, a digestive, an emmenagogue, an antidiabetic and an antidiarrhoic.

Literature: Uses: In the literature is reported Psoralea glandulosa L. [Fabaceae], as “huallhua”, as a regulator of the menstrual cycle [11, 15]; gastralgic, blood depurative [13]; digestive [13, 15]; carmina-tive, stomachic [14]; vermifuge, sudorific [14; 15; 18]; astringent, antidiarrhoic, purge [14, 18]; antidiabetic, vomitory, emollient, haemorrhoid lenitive [15]; in treatment of enteritis [18]. De Feo [19] reports Psoralea pubescens L. as a lenitive for haemorrhoids, an antiparasitic (mange), a digestive and in treat-ment of children enteritis. Secondary metabolites: Phenylpropanoids [331]. Pharmacological activities: Antihyperglycemic activity [331].

Trifolium amabile HBK.

V. N.: Chicmu (Q), chijmu (Q), layu (Q)

A decoction of the roots is used as an antiseptic for wounds, as a cicatrizer and as a vulnerary; it is also used as an ocular decongestant. Orally, it is claimed to be a tonic. The roots are used as a food.

Literature: Uses: Vulnerary, ocular decongestant [11, 13, 15]; regulator of the menstrual cycle, digesti-ve, in treatment of constipation, in treatment of bronchial diseases, oral antihaemorrhagic, cicatrizer [13]; tonic [15]. Velasco-Negueruela et al. [19] report as “chiqmu” or “ch’ukau” T. peruvianum (Kuntze) I. M. Johnston as an antitussive, in treatment of pharyngitis and ocular diseases. Secondary metabo-lites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

GENTIANACEAE


179 (154 - 219)PhOL

Gentiana prostrata Haenke

V. N.: Penccacuc (Q), pencca-pencca (Q)

An infusion of the whole plant is used in the treatment of respiratory diseases, as a sudorific, and as a sedative.


Gentianella campanuliformis (Reimers) Fabris

V. N.: Pfata-mote (Q)

An infusion of the whole plant is used in the treatment of renal affections, respiratory illnesses, as an antitussive,and as a sedative.

Literature: Uses: Sudorific [11]; digestive, gastral-gic, tonic, antidysenteric, antirachitic, in treatment of anemia and scurvy [13]. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Gentianella dolichopoda (Gilg) J. S. Pringle

V. N.: Phallcha (Q), ckello-phallcha (Q)

An infusion of the aerial parts is claimed to be an antitussive, a diuretic, and a diaphoretic.

Literature: Uses: Girault [13] reports G. primuloi-des Gilg "phallcha" as a sudorific, a veterinary antiparasitic, against hair loss. Secondary metaboli-tes: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Gentianella scarlatina (Gilg) J. S. Pringle

V. N.: Puca-phallcha (Q), casi-huanca (Q)

An infusion of the aerial parts is claimed to be effective as a hepatoprotector and in treatment of kidney and respiratory affections.

Literature: Uses: Sudorific [11]. Girault [12] reports Gentiana acaulis L. (Gentianaceae) "puka phall-cha" as an antitussive, in treatment of gingivitis and to strengthen the teeth, a digestive, a sudorific in

pulmonary diseases. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Gentianella vargasii Fabris

V. N.: Morado-phallcha (S-Q)

An infusion of the whole plant is used as an antipyretic.


Halenia bella Gilg

V. N.: China-phallcha (Q), ckello-phallcha (Q)

An infusion of the whole plant is used as an antitussive and a mucolytic.


GERANIACEAE

Geranium filipes Killip

V. N.: Chili-chili (Q), ajotillo (Q)

A decoction of the roots is used as a digestive, an antinfective, a hepatoprotector, in treatment of pancreas affections, as an urinary antinfective, to stimulate the regeneration of the intestinal flora, as an antidiarrhoic, as an antipyretic and in the treat-ment of bronchitis. Topically, it is used as a skin depurative and for gargles in treatment of aphta.

Literature: Uses: In treatment of children aphta [11, 13]; vaginal antiseptic, regulator of the men-strual cycle [13]; chewed against highland sickness [13, 15, 19]; anticatarrhal [13, 20]; in treatment of respiratory diseases, skin antiseptic and depurative, escharotic, antimycotic [17]; in treatment of hepatic disorders [17, 20]; in treatment of kidney affections [20]. Velasco-Negueruela et al. [20] report G. sessili-florum Cav., “chili-chili”, as an antipyretic. S e c o n d a r y m e t a b o l i t e s : N o r e c o r d s .


180 (154 - 219)PhOL


Geranium staffordianum Kunth

V. N.: Cristala china (Q), pasuchaca (Q)

A decoction of the roots is used as a depurative.


HALORRHAGIDACEAE

Myriophyllum elatinoides Gaudich.

V. N.: Chchinquil (Q)

An infusion of the aerial parts is employed as an ophthalmic anti-inflammatory.


HYDROCHARITACEAE

Elodea chilensis Casp.

V. N.: Chchinquil (Q), unu-chchinquil (Q)

An infusion of the whole plant is claimed to be a digestive; a decoction is employed as a vomitory.


Elodea potamogeton Espinosa

V. N.: Onera (Q), pucquio-onera (Q)

A leaves infusion is used as a gastric antispasmo-dic and as a hepatoprotector.


HYPERICACEAE

Hypericum struthiolaefolium Juss.

V. N.: Chinchamale (Q)

A decoction of the whole plant is used for wa-shings in treatment of gonorrhoea and blennorrha-gia. Orally, it is used as an anti-icteric, an antibilious and an antihaemorrhagic.


IRIDACEAE

Cypella herrerae Diels

V. N.: Michi-michi (Q)

An infusion of the aerial parts is claimed to be an antipyretic, a diuretic, an emmenagogue and an intestinal antinfective. A decoction of the same parts is used topically as a haemorrhoid lenitive.


Sisyrinchium chilense Hook.

V. N.: Pfataco-ccollanan (Q), pascua-ccollanan (S-Q)

The bulbs in decoction are used in the treatment of scurvy and as a gastric anti-inflammatory.

Literature: Uses: In treatment of children aphta [11, 14]; abortifacient, antiseptic and cicatrizer for ulcers [13]. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

JUGLANDACEAE

Juglans neotropica Diels

V. N.: Nogal (S)

Dried and powdered leaves are applied topically in treatment of eczema and blepharitis. The infusion


181 (154 - 219)PhOL

of fresh leaves are used for baths in the treatment of rheumatism and arthritis. A decoction of leaves is used topically as an antiseptic for wounds, as a cicatrizer, a vulnerary, a uterine antinfective and as a haemorrhoid lenitive. Orally, the same formulation is claimed to be a digestive, an antitubercular, an anti-rachitic, an emmenagogue, a mucolytic, in treatment of anaemia, an astringent and a vomi-tory. The fruits are used as a food.

Literature: Uses: Vermifuge, sudorific, in treat-ment of respiratory diseases, lenitive for hemor-rhoids, in treatment of leucorrhoea, skin depurative [13]; antidiabetic [13; 15]; antipyretic [13; 15; 19]; tonic, digestive anti-inflammatory, diuretic, expec-torant [15]; astringent [15; 19]; antitussive [15; 18; 18]; vulnerary, topic and vaginal antinfective, against hair-loss, in treatment of respiratory disea-ses, regulator of the menstrual cycle [19]. S e c o n d a r y m e t a b o l i t e s : N o r e c o r d s . Pharmacological activities: Antiviral and antimicro-bial activities [332].

JUNCACEAE

Luzula racemosa Desv.

V. N.: Kumu-kumu (Q)

A whole plant decoction is used as an infective, in treatment of kidney affections and as an antitus-sive.

Literature: Uses: Antitussive, for lumbago and backaches [20]. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

LAMIACEAE

Hedeoma mandoniana Wedd.

V. N.: Pacha-cjuñuca (Q), pampa-muña (Q), pata-cjuñuca (Q), pata-oregano (Q-S)

An infusion of the aerial parts is used as an antidiarrhoic, a gastric antispasmodic and a digesti-ve. The leaves are used as a food flavouring.

Literature: Uses: Antiseptic for wounds, in

treatment of colics and migraine [13]; gastralgic [20]. Secondary metabolites: Essential oil [333-335]. Pharmacological activities: Insecticide and antipara-sitic activities [333-334].

Lepechinia meyenii (Walp.) Epling

V. N.: Salvia (S), puna-salvia (S), pacha-salvia (Q-S)

An infusion of the aerial parts is used topically as an antiseptic, a vulnerary, an astringent, an anti-inflammatory and, orally, as a gastric antispasmodic, a tonic, an antidiabetic and is recommended in the treatment of bronco-pulmonary affections.

Literature: Uses: Digestive, gastralgic [13]; anti-spasmodic, carminative [21]. Secondary metaboli-tes: Diterpenoids [336]. Pharmacological activities: Antioxidant activity [191, 337]; Antimicrobial activity [338].

Minthostachys setosa Epling

V. N.: Muña (Q), muña-muña (Q)

An infusion of the aerial parts is used as an antipyretic, a gastric antispasmodic, an antirheuma-tic, a carminative, a digestive, against flatulence and as an anti-inflammatory of the respiratory tract. A decoction of the leaves is claimed to be effective in the treatment of kidney and biliar affections. Topically, the same preparation is used as a skin depurative and as a vulnerary. The leaves are used as food flavouring.

Literature: Uses: Stomachic, digestive [11, 17]; gastralgic, antitussive, throat anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic in case of colics, regulator of the menstrual cycle, to expulse the placenta after parturition, analgesic in parturition pains, uterine anti-inflammatory, in cases of intestinal occlusion, antirheumatic [17]; antimycotic, antidiarrhoic, anthelmintic, in treatment of respiratory diseases [17, 19]; antiparasitic [17, 19-20]; vermifuge, gastral-gic, insecticide, antimycotic [20]. Girault [13] reports M. mollis [Kunth.] Griseb. "khoa muña" as a digesti-ve, in case of flatulence and as an anti-rachitic.


182 (154 - 219)PhOL

Secondary metabolites: Essential oil [339]. Pharmacological activities: Larvicidal activity [340].

Minthostachys spicata Epling

V. N.: Muña (Q), muña-muña (Q)

An infusion of the aerial parts is claimed to be an antipyretic, an antidiarrhoic, a stomachic and a digestive. The leaves are used as food flavouring.

Literature: Uses: No records. Secondary metabo-lites: Essential oil [341]; Flavonoids [342]. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Salvia dombeyi Epling

V. N.: Llagas-ñucchu (Q)

A flower infusion is claimed to be an antitussive. The fruits in decoction are used as a strong narcotic.

Literature: Uses: Girault (13) reports S. rubrifaux Epl. "llakas ñujchu" as a sudorific in colds, an anti-septic and cicatrizer for purulent wounds, and in treatment of migraine. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Salvia oppositiflora R. et P.

V. N.: Ñujchchu (Q)

An infusion of the flowers is used as a diaphoretic in the treatment of pleuritis and respiratory disea-ses. A decoction of the same parts is claimed to act as a contraceptive.

Literature: Uses: Regulator of the menstrual cycle, emmenagogue, abortifacient, antimalaric, uterine antihaemorrhagic, ocular decongestant, antiseptic for sores and wounds, cicatrizer, antiasth-matic [13]; antipyretic, in treatment of respiratory affections [13, 17, 19]; in treatment of hepatic illnesses [17]; tonic [19]. Secondary metabolites: Essential oil [343]. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Satureja brevicalyx Epling

V. N.: Cjuñuca (Q), sayac-cjuñuca (Q), sunchu-muñsa (Q)

An infusion of the aerial parts is used as a gastric antispasmodic, a stomachic, an anti-choleretic and a digestive; the decoction of the same parts is used as a vermifuge. The plant is used as food flavouring.

Literature: Uses: Vaginal and ovaric antiseptic, stomachic, in treatment of hepatic disorders [13]; for stomach pains and colics [20]. Aldave Pajares and Mostacero Leon [16] report Satureja spp. as a tonic, stimulant, aperient. Secondary metabolites: Essential oil [344]. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Stachys boliviana Briq.

V. N.: Hierba del cancer (S), cancer-ccora (S-Q), china-cancer (Q-S), pampa-ccora (Q)

An infusion of the aerial part is claimed to be an antihaemorrhagic and a diaphoretic in the treat-ment of pleuritis and respiratory affection, and mammary cancer. Topically, a decoction of the same parts is employed as an antinfective for purulent wounds.

Literature: Uses: In treatment of pleuritis [11]; in cases of halitosis, emmenagogue [13]; antiseptic, vulnerary [11, 13, 15, 17, 19]; antitumoral [15, 19]; carminative, in case of meteorism [16]; resolvent for traumas, antimycotic, in treatment of biliar lithiasis, uterine anti-inflammatory, antihaemorrhagic after the parturition, in treatment of leishmaniasis, gastralgic, in case of colics, escharotic [17]; antipara-sitic, anti-inflammatory [17, 19]. Velasco-Negueruela et al. [20] report as “yerba del cancer” S. aperta Epl. to treat those who have drunk too much cane alcohol, as anti-inflammatory, a vulnerary, an escharotic and an antiseptic. Secondary metaboli-tes: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

LILIACEAE


183 (154 - 219)PhOL

Nothoscordum andicola Kunth

V. N.: Chchullcus (Q), añas-cebolla (Q-S), kita-cebolla (Q-S)

A bulb decoction is claimed to be an antipyretic, an anti-inflammatory of the respiratory tract and a vermifuge. The bulbs are used as a food.

Literature: Uses: Vomitory [13]; febrifuge [13-14]. S e c o n d a r y m e t a b o l i t e s : N o r e c o r d s . Pharmacological activities: No records.

LOASACEAE

Caiophora horrida Urban et Gilg ex Rusby

V. N.: Orcco-quisa (Q), puna-quisa (S-Q)

An infusion of the aerial parts is claimed to be effective as a genito-urinary and respiratory anti-inflammatory, and as a gastric antispasmodic.

Literature: Uses: In cases of nose-bleeding; in treatment of sciatica, in treatment of pneumonia, regulator of the menstrual cycle, abortifacient [13]. S e c o n d a r y m e t a b o l i t e s : N o r e c o r d s . Pharmacological activities: No records.

Loasa cuzcoensis Killip

V. N.: China-quisa (Q), ortiga (S)

The warmed aerial parts are used for massages in cases of facial paralysis. An infusion of the aerial parts is used as a diuretic and a mucolytic, while the decoction is used as a vulnerary.

Literature: Uses: Diuretic [11]; for kidney ailments and for side aches [20]. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Mentzelia cordifolia Dombey ex Urb. et Gilg

V. N.: Manca-rajra (Q)

A decoction of the whole plant is used as an anthelminthic, a hepatoprotector, and an emollient.

Literature: Uses: Antitussive, diuretic, depurative

[13]; anthelmintic, hepatic antinflammatory, chola-gogue [14. 19]; cicatrizer of gastric ulcers [19]; in case of ear aches; wound-healing agent [21]. Secondary metabolites: Ir idoids [345]. Pharmacological activities: Wound-healing activity [346].

LOBELIACEAE

Lobelia decurrens Cav.

V. N.: Amacho (Q)

A leaves infusion is used as a laxative and a drastic purge. A whole plant decoction is employed as an insecticide.

Literature: Uses: Maturative, antiasthmatic, throat anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, cicatrizer [13]; purge, escharotic [13-14, 18]; insecticide [14, 18]. Secondary metabolites: Alkaloids [347]. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Lobelia tenera HBK.

V. N.: Marancera (Q), pilli (Q)

A decoction of the roots is claimed to be a laxa-tive, a purge, a contraceptive and a topical antisep-tic. The leaves are used as food flavouring.

Literature: Uses: Antiseptic for wounds, purge, vermifuge [13]. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

LORANTHACEAE

Ligaria cuneifolia Van Tiegh.

V. N.: Liga (S), suelda que suelda (S), popa (Q)

An infusion of the whole plant is claimed to be a vomitory and a cardiotonic. The dried and powde-red plant is used topically to help the fractures consolidation and as a resolvent in cases of trau-mas. The gum is used in topical applications as an analgesic and as a local anti-inflammatory.

Literature: Uses: To help fractures consolidation


184 (154 - 219)PhOL

[11]. Secondary metabolites: Flavonoids [348-352]. Pharmacological activities: Antioxidant activity [170]; Toxic activity [353]; Antiproliferative activtiy [351-352]; Hypotensive activtiy [351-352]; Immunomodulatory activtiy [351-352, 354] ; Activity on hemorheological blood properties [355, 357-358]; Antitumoral activity [356]; anticholesterolemic activity [358].

MALVACEAE

Acaulimalva englerana (Ulbr.) Krapovickas

V. N.: Altea (S), thurpa (Q), pachamalva (Q-S), china thurpay (Q)

A decoction of the roots is used as an emollient, in the treatment of digestive illnesses, as an anti-diarrhoic and as an antitussive. Topically, the same preparation is used as an antiseptic and a vulnerary. The roots, fresh or air-dried, are used as a food.

Literature Uses: No reports have been found in the literature concerning traditional uses. S e c o n d a r y m e t a b o l i t e s : N o r e c o r d s . Pharmacological activities: No records.

Malva parviflora L.

V. N.: Malva (S), malva comun (S), malva silvestre (S), rupfo (Q), pampa-rupfo (Q)

A decoction of the leaves is used in treatment of pyorrhoea, as an anti-inflammatory in the respira-tory disorders, as a diaphoretic, in treatment of gastric ulcers and, on empty stomach, as a laxative. An infusion of the leaves is claimed to be an emol-lient and a digestive. A flower infusion is used as an ocular antinfective; topically, it is used as a matura-tive, a skin depurative and a resolvent for traumas. A decoction of the whole plant is used for vaginal washings in treatment of dysmenorrhoea and blennorrhagia.

Literature: Uses: Decongestant for insect bites, antiseptic for wounds, laxative, antitussive, in treatment of angina and laryngitis [13]. Alarco de Zandra [15] reports as "malva" Althea rosea as an

emollient, a pectoral, a sudorific, an urinary antisep-tic, an antiecchymotic, a gastralgic, an odontalgic, an antitussive and in case of blood emesis. Rutter [18] reports as "malva" Malva sp. as a gastralgic, in treatment of dysmenorrhoea and bronchitis, as an ocular analgesic and a maturative. Secondary metabolites: Antinutritional constituents [362], Phenols [363]. Pharmacological activities: Myopathy-inducing activity [359, 365]; Antibacterial activity [360-361]; Antioxidant activity [363]; Wound healing activity [364].

Malvastrum acaule A. Gray

V. N.: Rupfu (Q)

An infusion of the leaves is used, on empty stomach, as a gastric emollient and as a purge. The decoction of the aerial parts is employed for baths as a female genito-urinary antinfective.

Literature: Uses: Purge [11]. Secondary metaboli-tes: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Malvastrum peruvianum (Gray) Hill.

V. N.: Rupfu (Q)

An infusion of the leaves is used, on empty stomach, as an emollient and as a purge. A decoc-tion of the aerial parts is used for baths as a female genito-urinary antiseptic.


Nototriche aretoides A. W. Hill.

V. N.: Panti-thurpay (Q), thurpay (Q)

An infusion of the aerial part is used in the treat-ment of respiratory and digestive diseases, an antitussive and a general tonic.

Literature: Uses: Mallow substitute [11].


185 (154 - 219)PhOL

S e c o n d a r y m e t a b o l i t e s : N o r e c o r d s . Pharmacological activities: No records.

Nototriche flabellata A. W. Hill.

V. N.: Pulliri-tascha (Q)

An infusion of the aerial parts is employed in treatment of organic general debilitation, as a tonic and as an emollient in bronchial affections.


Nototriche holoserica A. W. Hill.

V. N.: Thurpay (Q)

A whole plant is claimed to be effective as a hepatoprotector, an antitussive, a stomachic and in treatment of renal affections. Topically, a decoction of the same parts is used as a decongestant in cases of traumas.

Literature: Uses: Mallow substitute [11]; gastral-gic [20]. Girault [13] reports as "thurpay" N. mando-niana (Wedd.) Hill., as an antidysenteric, a throat anti-inflammatory, in cases of pyorrhoea, as an antitussive, in treatment of bronchitis and hepatic disorders, as an intestinal antinfective. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Nototriche sulphurea A. W. Hill.

V. N.: Puna-phallchay (Q)

A decoction of the whole plant is used as a decongestant in cases of traumas.


MYRTACEAE

Eugenia chequen Molina

V. N.: Arrayan (S), mirto (S)

A tincture of the flowering branches is used orally and topically as an antirheumatic and an antiarthri-tic. An infusion of the leaves is claimed to be an antidysenteric, an antidiarrhoic, a sedative, a neura-sthenic, a nervine tonic, an anti-anaemic, an anti-icteric, an antiscorbutic. The fruits are used as a food.

Literature: Uses: Tonic, expectorant, diuretic, anticatarrhal, antitussive [12]; to strengthen the teeth, in treatment of gingivitis, antirheumatic, antidysenteric [13]. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

ONAGRACEAE

Epilobium junceum Forst. f.

V. N.: Duraznillo (S), sortigilla (S)

An infusion of the aerial parts is used as and anti-inflammatory of renal and digestive tracts, as an antidysenteric, an antidiarrhoic and a gastric anti-spasmodic.


Fuchsia boliviana Carr.

V. N.: Capac-ñucchu (Q), chimpu-chimpu (Q)

A decoction of the fruits is used as a strong narcotic. The leaves are used as topic anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic. The fruits are used as a food.

Literature: Uses: Narcotic [15]. Secondary meta-bolites: Flavonoids [366]. Pharmacological activi-ties: No records.


186 (154 - 219)PhOL

Oenothera campilocalyx C. Koch et Bouché

V. N.: Alto-yahuar-chchunka (Q), huaylla-yahuar-chchunka (Q)

An infusion of the aerial parts is used as a topical antiecchymotic. The dried aerial parts are applied to help fractures consolidation.

Literature: Uses: Haemostatic [11]. Girault [13] and Soukup [14] report O. multicaulis R. et P. "huailla-cajetilla" or "yahuar chchunca" as a vaginal an uterine anti-inflammatory, in treatment of leucorrhoea [13] and as an antiecchymotic [14]. S e c o n d a r y m e t a b o l i t e s : N o r e c o r d s . Pharmacological activities: No records.

Oenothera rosea L'Hérit. ex Aiton

V. N.: Yahuar-chchunka (Q)

An infusion of the aerial parts is used as an emmenagogue in the treatment of amenorrhoea. Topically, the same preparation is used as a resol-vent in cases of traumas, an antiseptic, a vulnerary and an antiecchymotic.

Literature: Uses: Vulnerary, antiecchymotic, resolvent for traumas, to help fractures consolida-tion [11, 13, 15, 17, 19-20]; in case of nose-bleeding, depurative, regulator of the menstrual cycle [13]; vermifuge [15, 19]; in treatment of respiratory illnesses [15, 18-19]; antinfective after the parturi-tion, antitussive, sedative in pregnancy pains, analgesic for uterine, gastric and intestinal pains, in treatment of biliar gallstones, uterine anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic [17]; to treat kidney ailments [17, 20]; anti-inflammatory, sudorific, to treat headaches [20]. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: Antidiarrhoic activity [367]; Antinflammatory activity [368].

OXALIDACEAE

Hypseocharis pimpinellifolia Remy

V. N.: Yanaroco ( Q), pampa tara (Q)

An infusion of the aerial parts is claimed to be

effective in the treatment of renal affections.

Literature Uses: No reports have been found in the literature concerning traditional uses. S e c o n d a r y m e t a b o l i t e s : N o r e c o r d s . Pharmacological activities: Antimutagenic and antioxidant activities [369].

Oxalis petrophila Kunth

V. N.: Occa-occa ( Q), vinagrillo (S)

An infusion of the aerial parts is used as an antiscorbutic and an intestinal anti-inflammatory.

Literature: Uses: In treatment of aphta [11, 13], vomitory [13]. Velasco-Negueruela et al. [20] report as “vinagrillo” O. scandens HBK. as an antipyretic. S e c o n d a r y m e t a b o l i t e s : N o r e c o r d s . Pharmacological activities: No records.

Oxalis picchensis Kunth

V. N.: Occa-chchllcu (Q)

An infusion of the aerial parts is used as an antiscorbutic and an intestinal anti-inflammatory.

Literature: Uses: In treatment of children aphta [11]. Velasco-Negueruela et al. [20] report as “ch’ullkus” Oxalis sp. as an antipyretic and for oral cavity ailments. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Oxalis tuberosa Molina

V. N.: Oca (Q)

A leaves decoction is used topically as an ocular decongestant and for antirheumatic baths; orally, it is used as a tonic, a cholagogue, an antipyretic, and an anti-inflammatory in cases of traumas. A decoc-tion of the tubers, on empty stomach, is used as a vomitory. The tubers are used as a food.

Literature: Uses: Vomitory, maturative, skin depurative [11]; re-fresher [14]; emollient [14, 19]; antiscorbutic, anti-inflammatory, anti-icteric, in treatment of genito-urinary diseases, purge, to


187 (154 - 219)PhOL

prevent typhus, in treatment of otalgia, emollient, in treatment of testicle inflammations [15]; astrin-gent [18]; in case of earache, urinary antiseptic [19]. Secondary metabolites: Dietary fiber [24]; b-Carbolines [370]; Flavonoids [371]; Phenols [62, 372]. Pharmacological activities: Antioxidant activity [61-62, 259, 372].

PAPAVERACEAE

Argemone subfusiformis G.B. Ownbey

V. N.: Ccjarhuinchu (Q), cardo santo (S), cardón (S)

A decoction of the aerial parts is used topically as an antihaemorrhagic and a local analgesic. A leaves infusion is claimed to be a sudorific in the treatment of colds and dropsy, a diuretic, an antipyretic, a mucolytic, and, on empty stomach, it is employed as a purge and as a narcotic. The fruits are used as a narcotic.

Literature: Uses: Purge, narcotic [11, 13-15]; antitussive, expectorant, sudorific, tonic [13-15]; cicatrizer, antiseptic for wounds [13, 15]; antiasth-matic, febrifuge, escharotic [14-15]; diuretic, depura-tive, choleretic, stomachic, vomitory, odontalgic [15]; ocular anti-inflammatory [15-16]; in treatment of hepatic disorders [13]. Secondary metabolites: Alkaloids [373-374]. Pharmacological activities: Antimalarial activity [375].

PASSIFLORACEAE

Passiflora ligularis A. Juss.

V. N.: Granadilla (S)

The juice obtained from the fruits is administered in weaning of childrens, as a stomachic, a digestive, an antibronchial and in the respiratory affections, as an antipyretic and an anti-inflammatory, in treat-ment of headache, as a sedative for menstrual pains and as a spasmolytic. Topically, a decoction of the leaves is used in cases of bites of viper or hydropho-bic dog. The fruits are used as a food.

Literature: Uses: Antiseptic for wounds, vulne-rary, antimalaric, stomachic [14, 19]; febrifuge, to prevent yellow fever [14, 18-19]; mucolytic, in treatment of gallstones, tonic, in case of rabies [19]. Secondary metabolites: Alkaloids [376]; Glycosides [377-379]; Phenols [380-381]; Polysaccharides [382]. Pharmacological activities: Antioxidant activity [380-382].

Passiflora pinnatistipula Cav.

V. N.: Tintin (Q)

The fruits in boiling water are used as a stomachic and in the treatment of respiratory affections, namely bronchitis. The fruit is claimed to act as a sedative, a sudorific, an anti-inflammatory of diges-tive tract, especially in cases of gastric ulcers. The fruits are used as a food.

Literature: Uses: Girault [13] reports as "tintin" P. mixta L. fil. as an antiseptic for wounds, a matura-tive, a febrifuge, and in treatment of hepatic and biliar affections. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

PIPERACEAE

Peperomia inaequalifolia R. et P.

V. N.: Congona (Q)

An infusion of the aerial parts is employed as an analgesic for headache and gastric pains, as a stomachic and a cardiotonic. A decoction of the aerial parts is used for washings as an antiseptic and a cicatrizer for wounds.

Literature: Uses: In treatment of gingivitis and otitis [18]. Girault [13] reports P. reflexa (L. fil.) Diert. as "konkona" as an antiscorbutic, a tonic, a cardio-tonic, in treatment of colds, as an auricular and ocular anti-inflammatory. Alarco de Zandra [15] reports P. congona “congona” against hair-loss, as a lenitive for hemorrhoids, a resolvent for traumas, an antiscorbutic and a sedative. De Feo [19] reports as “congona” P. flavamenta Trel. and P. galioides HBK. as a vulnerary, ear anti-inflammatory, lenitive for


188 (154 - 219)PhOL

hemorrhoids, decongestant in case of burns, against hair-loss, in treatment of scurvy, as an anti-hysteric. Velasco-Neguruela et al. [20] report as “congona” P. galioides HBK. as a vulnerary, a decongestant for burns, an anti-inflammatory and to cure toothache. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Piper angustifolium R. et P.

V. N.: Mocco-mocco, matico

A decoction of the aerial parts is used as a balsa-mic in respiratory affections, as an antirheumatic (also in baths) and as an antiasthmatic. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic for venereal infections and wounds and as a cicatrizer.

Literature: Uses: Astringent, antiseptic for wounds, skin depurative, diuretic, stomachic, in treatment of bronchial and pulmonary diseases, vulnerary, vomitory, promoter of the conception [15]. Uphof [12], Soukup [14], Rutter [18] and De Feo [19] reports as "matico" P. elongatum R. et P. as an astringent, a stimulant, a styptic [12]; a cicatrizer [12, 14]; a genito-urinary antiseptic [12, 17]; a vulnerary [12, 17, 19]; a pectoral [14]; an antiseptic for wounds [14, 17, 19]; a throat anti-inflammatory, an antihae-morrhagic, a vaginal antitumoral, an antihaemorrha-gic post-partum, to facilitate the parturition and in pregnancy swellings, an antirheumatic [18]; in treatment of respiratory affections [17, 19]; in treatment of venereal infections [18]; a general anti-inflammatory, an antimalaric, an antidysenteric [19]. Girault [13] reports as "kita matiku" or "moho moho" P. elongatum var. moco moco Trelease as an antiscorbutic, in treatment of dropsy, a skin depura-tive, a febrifuge, an antiseptic for venereal wounds. Secondary metabolites: Essential oil [383]; Phenols [384]. Pharmacological activities: Anthypertesive and anthyperglycaemic activity [384].

PLANTAGINACEAE

Plantago durvillei Del. ssp. pflanzii (Pilg.) Pilg.

V. N.: Saccarara (Q)

An infusion of the leaves is used as a renal anti-inflammatory. The leaves are used as a food.

Literature: Uses: Oral astringent [11]. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Plantago hirtella HBK.

V. N.: Huaccac ccallon (Q), saccarara (Q), lengua de vaca (S)

A whole plant decoction is used as a topic anti-septic for wounds, a cicatrizer and an antihaemor-rhagic. Orally, it is employed as a diuretic, an anti-tussive, an expectorant and in the treatment of bronchitis.

Literature: Uses: In treatment of mouth affec-tions [11, 17]; antiseptic for wounds, antidysenteric [13, 17]; carminative, in treatment of urinary reten-tion, diuretic, in hepatic disorders, anti-inflammatory, gastralgic, vulnerary, in case of otalgias and respiratory illnesses, intestinal antisep-tic, antiparasitic, antigangrenous, in treatment of biliar lithiasis, in treatment of hematuria, antitus-sive, in treatment of nausea and emesis in pre-gnancy, to promote the parturition, febrifuge and antinfective after the parturition, skin depurative, vaginal anti-inflammatory, contraceptive, in case of herpes, to help fractures consolidation [17]. S e c o n d a r y m e t a b o l i t e s : N o r e c o r d s . Pharmacological activities: No records.

Plantago monticola Decne.

V. N.: Ichu-ichu (Q)

An infusion of the whole plant is employed for antiseptic washings in cases of gonorrhoea. An infusion of the aerial parts is claimed to act as a diuretic, a depurative and an antitussive.

Literature: Uses: In treatment of cold and pulmo-nary illnesses, in cases of urinary retention, in treatment of blennorrhagia, antidote for poisonings [13]. Velasco-Negueruela et al. [20] report as “ichu ichu” P. lamprophylla Pilger as an antitussive.


189 (154 - 219)PhOL


POACEAE

Agropyron brevearistatum Hitchcock

V. N.: Grama (S)

A decoction of the whole plant is used as a hepatoprotector, in the treatment of renal affec-tions and as an intestinal antinfective.

Literature: Uses: Girault [13] reports as "grama común" or "kachu" Cynodon dactylon Willd. as a diuretic, an antidysenteric, in treatment of hepatic affections and in biliar gallstones. Secondary meta-bolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Cortaderia bifida Pilg.

V. N.: Nihua (Q), ñihua (Q), huantar (Q), cortadera (S)

A decoction of the roots is used as an antihae-morrhagic and a blood depurative.

Literature : Uses: Girault [13] reports as "niwa" or "okkcha okkcha" C. quila [Nees.] Stapf. as a plant administered to puerperae to facilitate the post-partum . De Feo [19] reports as "cortadera" Scleria malaleuca (Shlecht. et Cham.) Reichb. (Cyperaceae) in treatment of female steri-lity. Secondary metabolites: Triterpene derivatives [385]. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Distichlis spicata Greene

V. N.: Grama (S), grama dulce (S), r'ama-ckachu (Q)

A whole plant decoction is used as a urinary and a digestive anti-inflammatory, as a diuretic, a depura-tive and in treatment of pleuritis. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic and a cicatrizer.

Literature: Uses: Re-fresher, emollient, diuretic, in treatment of pleuritis [11]. Secondary metabolites:

Essential oil [386]. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Festuca dichoclada Pilg.

V. N.: Cuchu-ñihua (Q), yana-coya (Q)

A decoction of the aerial parts is used as a galac-tophorous and as a diuretic.

Literature: Uses: In treatment of bronchitis and cough, antiseptic for varices [13]. Secondary meta-bolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Festuca dolichophylla J. et C. Presl.

V. N.: Chillihua (Q), chilligua (Q)

A decoction of the aerial parts is used as a diure-tic.


Stipa jarava Beauv.

V. N.: Ichu (Q), iru-ichu (Q), paja (S)

A decoction of the whole plant is claimed to be useful as an antitussive and in the treatment of bronchial affections.

Literature: Uses: Antiseptic for ulcers, uterine anti-inflammatory [13]. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

POLEMONIACEAE

Cantua buxifolia Lam.

V. N.: Ccantu (Q) , kantu (Q)

A flower infusion is used as an anti-inflammatory and as an antitussive.

Literature: Uses: Ocular decongestant, antitus-sive, anti-icteric [13, 15, 19-20]. Secondary metaboli-


190 (154 - 219)PhOL

tes: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

POLYGALACEAE

Monnina amarella Chodat.

V. N.: Aceitunilla (S)

An infusion of the aerial parts is used as an antipyretic and a decoction of the same parts is employed as a topic antirheumatic.

Literature: Uses: No reports have been found in the literature concerning traditional uses. S e c o n d a r y m e t a b o l i t e s : N o r e c o r d s . Pharmacological activities: No records.

Monnina salicifolia R. et P.

V. N.: Sambo ckorota (Q)

A decoction of the aerial parts is used against dandruff and to strengthen hairs. Orally, an infusion of the aerial parts is employed in the treatment of bronchitis and coughs.

Literature: Uses: Antidysenteric, maturative, antirheumatic [13]; against dandruff, to promote hair growth [14]. Secondary metabolites: No re-cords. Pharmacological activities: No records.

POLYGONACEAE

Muehlenbeckia volcanica Endl.

V. N.: Mullaka (Q), mullaca (Q),coca-coca (Q)

An infusion of the aerial parts is used orally as an anti-inflammatory, an analgesic, a diuretic, an antiasthmatic and a mucolytic; topically, it is used in the treatment of scurvy, for gargles in tonsillitis and in treatment of aphta.

Literature: Uses: In treatment of scurvy [11]; antipyretic [11, 19]; chewed in toothache, antitus-sive, in treatment of gastric ulcers [13]; in treatment of aphta [13, 14, 19]; antiasthmatic, in case of capil-lary fragility [16]; in treatment of bronchitis [19].

Secondary metabolites: Antraquinones [387-388]; Flavonoids [389]. Pharmacological activities: Inhibitory activity on gastrointestinal transit [389].

Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx.

V. N.: Duraznillo (S), arroz-arroz (S)

An infusion of the aerial parts is claimed to be effective as a renal anti-inflammatory.

Literature: Uses: In cases of urinary retention, maturative, decongestant for insect bites, in treat-ment of gout [13]; haemostatic [16]. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: Antibacterial activity [390].

Rumex cuneifolius Campd.

V. N.: Llaque (Q), lengua de vaca (S)

A leaves decoction is used topically for washings as an antiseptic for wounds, as a haemorrhoid lenitive and in treatment of gonorrhoea. Orally, the same preparation is used as an anthelminthic and as a depurative. The leaves and the roots are used as a food.

Literature: Uses: Blood depurative [11]; matura-tive, resolvent for traumas, in treatment of hepatic disorders, urinary antiseptic, regulator of the menstrual cycle, to strengthen gums and teeth, in frictions against alopecia [13]; astringent, tonic, depurative [15]; vulnerary, for dermatitis and swellings [20]. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

POLYPODIACEAE

Asplenium fragile C. Presl.

V. N.: Cuti-raqui-raqui (Q), cuti-cuti (Q)

An infusion of the aerial parts is used as a diapho-retic, an astringent and an antidiabetic.

Literature: Uses: Girault [13] reports Asplenium sp., "kuti raki raki" or "kumu kumu" as a sudorific in colds and to promote the conception of a male son.


191 (154 - 219)PhOL


Asplenium monanthes L.

V. N.: Kumu-kumu (Q)

An infusion of the aerial parts is used as a diapho-retic.

Literature: Uses: Sudorific (11). Secondary meta-bolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Campyloneurum angustifolium (Sw.) Feé

V. N.: Calahuala (Q)

A decoction of the fronds is employed as an astringent, an antidiarrhoic, a diaphoretic, a stoma-chic, a re-fresher of the renal tract, a blood depura-tive in treatment of gout, an antitussive, an anti-rheumatic and in treatment of syphilis.

Literature: Uses: Astringent [11, 12, 14, 18]; diapho-retic [11, 12, 14-15, 18-19]; in treatment of dropsy [12, 15]; diuretic, depurative, expectorant, febrifuge [12, 15, 18-19]; antirheumatic [15]; in treatment of vene-real diseases [15, 19]; urinary antiseptic [18]; against "blood illnesses” [19]. Girault [13] reports Polypodium pycnocarpum Christ. as "kalahuala" as a vermifuge, a vulnerary and in treatment of pulmo-nary diseases. Secondary metabolites: Anthraquinones [391]. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Cheilanthes incarum Maxon

V. N.: Inca-cuca (Q)

An infusion of the rhizome is used as an expecto-rant and in treatment of respiratory diseases.

Literature: Uses: Diuretic, abortifacient, in treat-ment of bronchitis [13]; anticatarrhal [13, 20]. S e c o n d a r y m e t a b o l i t e s : N o r e c o r d s . Pharmacological activities: No records.

Niphidium crassifolium (L.) Lellinger

V. N.: Ancac-pfurum (Q), calahuala (Q)

A decoction of the fronds is used in treatment of gonorrhoea, as a depurative, an astringent and a diaphoretic. It is also recommended in the treat-ment of the jaundice and pulmonary affections, as an antiparasitic and an antihaemorrhagic.

Literature: Uses: Depurative, in treatment of venereal diseases [11]; anti-icteric, in treatment of pulmonary diseases, hallucinogenic, in treatment of purulent abscesses, in treatment of urinary reten-tion, vermifuge, vulnerary [13]; astringent [18]. S e c o n d a r y m e t a b o l i t e s : N o r e c o r d s . Pharmacological activities: No records.

Notholaena nivea (Poir.) Desv.

V. N.: Inka saire (Q), doradilla (Q), yana tullu (Q)

A decoction of the aerial parts is used as an antidiabetic and an expectorant.

Literature: Uses: Intestinal antinfective [11]; digestive, sudorific in dropsy, purge [13]. Secondary metabolites: Flavonoids [392]; Flavonoids [393]. Pharmacological activities: Antioxidant activity [394]; Antiparasitic activity [393].

Polypodium buchtienii Rosenst.

V. N.: Inca-cuca (Q)

A decoction of the fronds is used as a tonic and in the treatment of respiratory affections. Topically, it is recommended as a resolvent in cases of traumas and as a cicatrizer.

Literature: Uses: Sudorific in treatment of malaria and pulmonary affections, laxative, vermifuge [13].

Secondary metabol ites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

PTERYDACEAE

Adiantum poiretii Wikstr.


192 (154 - 219)PhOL

V. N.: Culantrillo del pozo (S), yana-tullu (Q)

An infusion of the aerial parts is claimed to be a diuretic, a tonic, an antitussive and is used in the treatment of bronchial affections. The juice of the plant is used as a contraceptive and an abortifa-cient.

Literature: Uses: Pectoral, sudorific, in treatment of gallstones, diuretic, anti-icteric, against hair-loss [19]. Girault [13] and Alarco de Zandra [15] reports as "culantrillo del pozo" A. capillus veneris L. as a throat anti-inflammatory, in treatment of urinary retention, a stomachic, in treatment of pulmonary diseases [13]; an expectorant, a balsamic, an antitus-s i v e [ 1 5 ] . R u t t e r [ 1 8 ] r e p o r t s as "culantrillo" or "culantrillo del pozo" Adiantum sp. as an aphrodisiac, a diuretic, a sudorific, a pectoral and in treatment of biliar calculosis. S e c o n d a r y m e t a b o l i t e s : N o r e c o r d s . Pharmacological activities: No records.

RANUNCULACEAE

Anemone helleborifolia DC.

V. N.: Huallpachaqui (Q), solimán (S)

An infusion of the aerial parts is claimed to be a diuretic, a diaphoretic and a sedative. A decoction of the same parts is used topically as a resolvent in cases of traumas and as a rubefacient.

Literature: Uses: Rubefacient [11, 14]; diaphoretic, diuretic, antitussive, neuralgic, regulator of the menstrual cycle [14]. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Anemone triternata Vahl

V. N.: Huallpachaqui (Q)

The plant is toxic. A decoction of its aerial parts is used topically as a rubefacient and in the treatment of varices.

Literature Uses: No reports have been found in the literature concerning traditional uses. S e c o n d a r y m e t a b o l i t e s : N o r e c o r d s .


Ranunculus pilosus HBK.

V. N.: Chapu-chapu (Q)

An infusion of the aerial parts is used topically as an antirheumatic, an antiarthritic, a vulnerary and a rubefacient.

Literature: Uses: Strong rubefacient [11, 14]. S e c o n d a r y m e t a b o l i t e s : N o r e c o r d s . Pharmacological activities: No records.

RHAMNACEAE

Colletia spinosa Lam.

V. N.: Roqqe (Q)

An infusion of the aerial parts is recommended as a tonic and the decoction is used as resolvent in cases of traumas. A decoction of the roots is clai-med to be an antidiarrhoic.

Literature: Uses: Tonic [11]. Girault [13] reports C, spinosissima Gmel., “rokke”, as a resolvent for fractures and dislocations, antirachitic, sudorific in rheumatisms, purge. Secondary metabolites: Alkaloids [395]. Pharmacological activities: No records.

ROSACEAE

Alchemilla erodiifolia Wedd.

V. N.: Sillo-sillo (Q)

An infusion of the aerial parts is used as a diure-tic.

Literature: Uses: No records. Girault [13]reports as “sillu sillu” A. andina (Perry) Macbr. as an oral anti-inflammatory and to treat burns. Velasco-Negueruela et al. [20] report as “sillu sillu” A. pinnata R. et P. as an astringent and an ocular decongestant. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.


193 (154 - 219)PhOL

Fragaria chiloensis Duchesne

V. N.: Frutilla (S)

A leaves decoction is used as a renal, hepatic and digestive anti-inflammatory and as an antipyretic. The fruits are used as a food.

Literature: Uses: Anti-inflammatory, antiecchy-motic, antidiarrhoic, antidysenteric, skin depurative, in treatment of conjunctivitis, stomachic, laxative, mouth anti-inflammatory [13]. Secondary metaboli-tes: Flavonoids [396-398, 406]; Essential oil [399]; Phenols [400, 402, 404]. Pharmacological activities: Antioxidant activity [397-398, 402-408]; Antimicrobial activity [400]; Antifungal activity [401]; Antiproliferative activity [405].

Kageneckia lanceolata R. et P.

V. N.: Lloque (Q), lloque-lloque (Q), pampa-lloque (Q)

A decoction of the aerial parts is used topically in treatment of gonorrhoea; orally, it is used as a purge, a vomitory, an antimalaric and an antipyretic.

Literature: Uses: No reports have been found in the literature concerning traditional uses. S e c o n d a r y m e t a b o l i t e s : N o r e c o r d s . Pharmacological activities: Antioxidant activity [170].

Margyricarpus setosus R. et P.

V. N.: Canlli (Q), china-canlli (Q)

A decoction of the aerial parts is used a diuretic and a depurative.

Literature: Uses: Diuretic, depurative [11-12]; antiasthmatic, decongestant [13]; antitussive [20]. Secondary metabolites: Aryl and triterpenic glycosi-des [407]. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Polylepis incana HBK.

V. N.: Queñua (Q), keñua (Q), queñual (Q)

A decoction of trunk barks is used as an internal and topical astringent (gargles). The powdered charcoal is employed as an antiseptic for sores and wounds and in oral infections.Internally, it is recom-mended in the treatment of enterocolitis.

Literature: Uses: Cardiotonic [13]. Secondary metabolites: Flavonoids [408-409]; Terpenoids [409]. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Rubus bogotensis HBK.

V. N.: Cjari-cjari (Q), siraca (Q)

A leaves infusion is used as a digestive and a renal anti-inflammatory. A decoction of the roots is used as an antidiarrhoic and an antianaemic. The fruits are used as a re-fresher and a stomachic.


Rubus robustus Presl.

V. N.: Cjari-cjari (Q)

An infusion of leaves and flowers is used as an anti-inflammatory of the digestive and respiratory tracts, an antitussive and in the treatment of angina. The fruits are used a laxative. A decoction of the roots is claimed to be an antidiarrhoic. The fruits are used as a food and in the preparation of a refreshing drink.

Literature: Uses: Re-fresher [12]; in treatment of constipation, astringent, in treatment of angina and throat inflammations, antitussive, in treatment of colds [13]. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Rubus roseus Poir.

V. N.: Cjari-cjari (Q)

The fruits are claimed to be a re-fresher of the digestive and renal tracts. An infusion of the flowers


194 (154 - 219)PhOL

is used as a tonic, a digestive and a hepatoprotec-tor. The fruits are employed as a food and in the preparation of a refreshing drink.

Literature: Uses: Diuretic, ovaric anti-inflammatory and in treatment of ovaric disorders, in case of angina and throat inflammation [13]. S e c o n d a r y m e t a b o l i t e s : N o r e c o r d s . Pharmacological activities: No records.

Tetraglochin strictum Poepp.

V. N.: Canlli (Q), china-canlli (Q)

A decoction of the aerial parts is claimed to be a diuretic and a blood depurative.

Literature: Uses: Diuretic, depurative [11]. Velasco-Negueruela et al. [20] report as “k’anlli” Senecio spinosus DC. (Asteraceae) to treat heada-ches. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

RUBIACEAE

Arcytophyllum thymifolium (R. et P.) Standley

V. N.: Pescon chaquin (Q)

An infusion of the aerial parts is used as an antispasmodic, a stomachic, in the treatment of ulcers and as a cardiotonic. A decoction of the whole plant is used topically as an ocular anti-inflammatory, a skin depurative and a resolvent in cases of traumas and dislocations. The fruits and the flowers are used as a food.

Literature: Uses: For blows to the body and to treat sore feet [20]. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Uncaria guianensis (Aubl.) Gmel.

V. N.: Uña de gato (S), Ancaj sillo (Q)

A decoction of the root barks is used as an antirheumatic, a gastric anti-inflammatory, an antitumoral, a contraceptive and in treatment of ulcers and renal and urinary lithiasis.

Literature: Uses: Antidysenteric [12]; antitumoral, contraceptive, anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic, in treatment of gastric ulcers [19]. Secondary metabo-lites: Alkaloids [410-418, 427]; Triterpenes [412, 415, 419]; Polyphenols [425]. Pharmacological activities: Anti-inflammatory activity [420-423]; Antioxidant activity [421, 424, 426], Antioxidant activity [422]; Antibacterial activity [428].

SALICACEAE

Salix humboldtiana Willd.

V. N.: Sauce (S)

The decoction of trunk barks is employed as a topic antirheumatic. Orally, it is used as an astrin-gent and an antidiarrhoic. An infusion of the leaves is used as a digestive and in the treatment of gastric ulcers.

Literature: Uses: Antitussive, gastralgic, antisep-tic for wounds [13]; febrifuge [13-14, 16, 19]; uterine astringent, antiseptic for gangrenous ulcers [14]; tonic [14-16]; antidiarrhoic [14, 16, 19]; antirheumatic [14-16; 19]; diuretic, astringent, sedative, anti-inflammatory, regulator of the menstrual cycle, depurative, skin depurative, contraceptive [15]; digestive [16, 19]; astringent, in case of toothache, antimalaric, eupeptic [19]. Isolated substances: Salicin [429]. Pharmacological activities: No records.

SANTALACEAE

Quinchamalium procumbens R. et P.

V. N.: Chinchamale (Q), quinchamalium (Q)

A whole plant infusion is claimed to be a diuretic and a blood depurative, a tonic, an emmenagogue, and is used in the treatment of gastric ulcers. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic and a vulnerary.

Literature: Uses: Emmenagogue, depurative, in treatment of dropsy, in case of oedemas, in treat-ment of hepatic disorders [13]; pectoral, resolvent for traumas [14]. Secondary metabolites: No re-cords. Pharmacological activities: No records.


195 (154 - 219)PhOL

SAXIFRAGACEAE

Escallonia herrerae Mattf.

V. N.: Pfauca (Q)

An infusion of the flowers is used as a stomachic. A leaves infusion is employed topically to stimulate the uterine contractions during the parturition. A decoction of the barks is claimed to be an antirheu-matic.


Escallonia resinosa Pers.

V. N.: Chachacomo (Q)

A decoction of the barks is employed as an antirheumatic, an antiarthritic and an anti-inflammatory. A leaves infusion is claimed to act as a carminative, a diuretic, a tonic, an antianaemic; it is used in treatment of tuberculosis, as an emmena-gogue and an antipyretic. Topically, it is used as a vulnerary.

Literature: Uses: Antirheumatic, in cases of paralysis [13]; carminative [14]; tonic [14, 18]. S e c o n d a r y m e t a b o l i t e s : N o r e c o r d s . Pharmacological activities: No records.

Saxifraga magellanica Poir.

V. N.: Huamanripa (Q)

An infusion of the aerial parts is used as a mucoly-tic, in treatment of bronchitis and tuberculosis.

Literature: Uses: Pectoral [11]; anti-inflammatory, antidote for poisonings [19]; for lung ailments [20]. Girault [13] reports as "wamanripa" Senecio culcitioi-des Wedd. (Asteraceae) in treatment of broncopul-monar diseases, as an antirheumatic and an antia-sthmatic. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

SCROPHULARIACEAE

Alonsoa acutifolia R. et P.

V. N.: Aya-maicha (Q), aya-aya (Q)

A decoction of the aerial parts is used as an odontalgic, an antidiarrhoic and an antirheumatic.

Literature: Uses: Resolvent for traumas, analgesic [13]; odontalgic [13-14. 16]; to treat “wind diseases” [20].Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Bartsia bartsiosides (Hook.) Edwin

V. N.: Mesa-ticka (Q), pantac-ñucchu (Q)

An infusion of the aerial parts is used in treatment of respiratory affections.

Literature: Uses: Velasco-Negueruela et al. [20] report B. aff. bartsiosides (Hook.) Ewin for men-strual complaints, as an antipyretic and for lum-bago. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Bartsia camporum Diels

V. N.: Aya (Q), mesaticca (Q), pantac-ñucchu (Q)

An infusion of the aerial parts is employed as a diaphoretic.


Bartsia gracilis Benth.

V. N.: Kello-ticka- ñucchu (Q), puna-ñucchu (Q), queshua-ñucchu (Q)

An infusion of the aerial parts is used topically as a resolvent in cases of traumas and orally in the treatment of respiratory affections.

Literature: Uses: No reports have been found in


196 (154 - 219)PhOL

the literature concerning traditional uses. S e c o n d a r y m e t a b o l i t e s : N o r e c o r d s . Pharmacological activities: No records.

Calceolaria cuneiformis R. et P.

V. N.: Puru-puru (Q), ayac-zapatilla (Q-S)

An infusion of the aerial parts is claimed to be a diuretic and is employed in topical and internal treatment of uterine affections.

Literature: Uses: Diuretic, in treatment of uterine affections [11, 14-16]; skin depurative [15]. Girault [13] reports as "puru puru" C. incarum Kranzl., as a febrifuge, an antiseptic and in treatment of vene-real diseases. Velasco-Negueruela et al. [19] report Calceolaria sp. “ayac zapatillan” as a female contra-ceptive. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Calceolaria engleriana Kraenzl.

V. N.: Ayac-zapatilla (Q-S), puru-puru (Q)

A decoction of the aerial parts is used topically in the treatment of gonorrhoea and as an antinfective. Orally, it is used as a diuretic and an antidiabetic.

Literature: Uses: In treatment of venereal disea-ses and leucorrhoea, in case of dropsy [13]. Girault [12] reports as "ayak sapatillan" Calceolaria glauca R. et P. as an antitussive, a vaginal antiseptic and in treatment of urinary retention. Secondary metaboli-tes: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Calceolaria fiebrigiana Kraenzl.

V. N.: Mayu-borraja (Q-S)

A decoction of the whole plant is used as an antigangrenous and an antipyretic.


Calceolaria myriophylla Kranzlin

V. N.: Ayac-zapatilla (Q-S)

A decoction of the aerial parts is claimed to be a diuretic, an antidiabetic and an uterine antihemor-rhagic. The same preparation is used topically in the treatment of gonorrhoea.


Calceolaria scabra R. et P.

V. N.: Ayac-zapatilla (Q-S), ñuttu-zapatilla (Q-S)

A decoction of the aerial parts is used as a diure-tic.

Literature: Uses: Girault [13] reports as "ñuttu saptillan" Calceolaria trifida R. et P. as as maturative and in treatment of blennorrhagia. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Calceolaria scapiflora Benth.

V. N.: Puna-ayac-zapatilla (Q-S)

A decoction of the aerial parts is employed in the treatment of renal affections.


Castilleja fissifolia L. f.

V. N.: Pampa-pianita (Q)

An infusion of the aerial parts is used in treatment of respiratory affections, namely as a pectoral.

Literature: Uses: No reports have been found in the literature concerning traditional uses.


197 (154 - 219)PhOL


Mimulus glabratus HBK.

V. N.: Occoruro (Q), berro (Q), vilco-yuyo (Q)

An infusion of the whole plant is claimed to act as a digestive, an anti-inflammatory, an energizer, a tonic, an antianaemic and is used in treatment of scurvy and tuberculosis. On empty stomach, it is used as a laxative. The aerial parts are used as a food.

Literature: Uses: In treatment of hepatic diseases [11, 13]; depurative, in case of alopecia, throat anti-inflammatory [13]; antitubercular, intestinal antin-fective, antirachitic, in treatment of epilepsy, pneumonia, bronchitis, anaemia and kidney and liver illnesses, antirheumatic, to hair strengthening, in case of aphta, to block emesis, antinfective after the parturition, in treatment of nausea and emesis in pregnancy, in treatment of cold and ulcers, antitussive, diuretic, in case of dropsy, contracep-tive, vaginal anti-inflammatory, antipyretic [17]; tonic for hangover [20]. Secondary metabolites: Cyclohexanone derivatives [430]. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Veronica peregrina L.

V. N.: Cajetilla (S), huaylla-cajetilla (Q-S)

An infusion of the whole plant is claimed to be effective as an antispasmodic, an antitubercular and an antirheumatic. It is used in the treatment of gout, in dyspepsia and as a cholagogue.

Literature: Uses: No records. Secondary metabo-lites: Phenylpropanoids [431]; Flavonoids [431-434]. Pharmacological activities: Blood coagulant activity [432], Antioxidant activity [434].

SOLANACEAE

Brugmansia arborea (L.) Lagerheim

V. N.: Floripondio (S), campanchu (Q)

An infusion of the flowers is used as a sedative and an analgesic. The leaves are employed as a narcotic and their infusion is used topically as resolvent in cases of traumas and as a maturative.

Literature: Uses: Narcotic, hallucinogenic [19]. The literature also reports Datura arborea L. [“flori-pondio”] as a lenitive and maturative [11, 13]; an antiasthmatic, narcotic, antispasmodic, resolvent, in treatment of migraine [13, 15]; in treatment of kidney affections [15]; vulnerary, sedative, to treat “wind diseases” [20]. Secondary metabolites: Alkaloids [435-437]. Pharmacological activities: Spasmolytic activity [437]; CNS activity [438-440].

Cestrum coriaceum Miers

V. N.: Hierba santa (S), hierba hedionda (S), ñucjau (Q)

An infusion of the aerial parts is used as a sudori-fic and an antipyretic. Topically, it is used as an astringent, an analgesic, a cicatrizer, an antihaemor-rhoidal, a vulnerary and a resolvent in cases of traumas.

Literature: Uses: Emollient, re-fresher, antiseptic for wounds [11]; sudorific [11, 18]; antioedematous [14], febrifuge [14, 18-19]; anti-inflammatory, skin depurative [18]; lenitive for hemorrhoids, in case of toothache, antirheumatic, astringent [19]. Girault [13] reports as "hediondilla" or "yerva santa" C. hediondinum Don. as a febrifuge, an antiseptic for wounds, a maturative, a narcotic, a sudorific, a cicatrizer, a decongestant for traumas. Alarco de Zandra [13] reports as "hierba santa" C. hediondi-num Dun. as a febrifuge, an astringent, a lenitive for hemorrhoids, a stomachic, a digestive, in treatment of insomnia, in case of meteorism, as a lenitive for colics and joints pains, as an antinevralgic, to prevent hair-loss. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Nicotiana undulata R. et P.


198 (154 - 219)PhOL

V. N.: Ccama-saire (Q), saire (Q), ccjamachu (Q)

The leaves fermented in alcohol are used as a narcotic and a vomitory. Chopped, they are used as a veterinary escharotic, antiseptic and vulnerary.

Literature: Uses: Emetic, purge, analgesic [11, 14]; antirheumatic, in treatment of pulmonary diseases, veterinary antiparasitic [13]; antitumoral [14, 18]. Secondary metabolites: Alkaloids [441]. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Saracha contorta R. et P.

V. N.: Ahuaymanto (Q)

A leaves decoction is used topically as an anti-inflammatory and an antirheumatic. The berries are used as a food.

Literature: Uses: A drink prepared with berries is administered for recovering after parturition [20]. S e c o n d a r y m e t a b o l i t e s : N o r e c o r d s . Pharmacological activities: No records.

Solanum andigenum Juz. & Bukasov

V. N.: Papa (S)

A decoction of the peel of the tubers is used in the treatment of gastritis and gastric ulcers. A decoction of the flowers is employed orally as a stomachic and topically as an ocular decongestant. The tubers are used as a food.

Literature: Uses: Narcotic, lenitive for burns, to treat cataract, varicous ulcers and erysipelas, maturative, escharotic, in cases of excessive perspi-ration [13]; antipyretic, in treatment of migraine [13, 17]; cicatrizer, to help fractures consolidation, antirheumatic, antiseptic, gastralgic, in treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers, antitubercular, antipy-retic after the parturition, intestinal antinfective [17]. Secondary metabolites: Polyphenols [442]; Flavonoids [443]; Alkaloids [445]. Pharmacological activities: Antioxidant activity [260, 444].

Solanum nitidum R. et P.

V. N.: Ñuñuncca (Q)

An infusion of the aerial parts in used topically in the treatment of gonorrhoea and as an antiseptic for wounds, an antirheumatic and an antipyretic. A flower infusion is used as an ophthalmic anti-inflammatory.

Literature: Uses: Antirheumatic, narcotic, drastic [13]; to treat “wind diseases” and hangover [20]. S e c o n d a r y m e t a b o l i t e s : N o r e c o r d s . Pharmacological activities: No records.

Solanum pulverulentum Pers.

V. N.: Ñuñumia (Q)

A decoction of the aerial parts is used a vomitory and a purge. The infusion is claimed to be a diapho-retic and is used in the treatment of bronchial diseases.

Literature: Uses: Purge, vomitory [11, 13, 15]; sudorific, to made bitter the milk [11, 15]; febrifuge, antimalaric [13]. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Solanum radicans L. f.

V. N.: Kusmaillo (Q), ccusmaillo (Q)

An infusion of the aerial parts is used as a purge and a depurative.

Literature: Uses: Purge, laxative [11]; sudorific in colds, in treatment of thyphoid fevers and colics, antidysenteric [13]; hepatic anti-inflammatory, decongestant for insect bites [15]; antidiarrhoic, antipyretic, digestive [19]. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

TROPAEOLACEAE

Tropaeolum peregrinum L.

V. N.: Huallpa-huallpa (Q)

A decoction of the whole plant is used as a


199 (154 - 219)PhOL

laxative and a purge. The tubers are used as a food.

Literature: Uses: In treatment of urinary reten-tion, regulator of the menstrual cycle, abortifacient, narcotic, vaginal antiseptic, anaphrodisiac, in treatment of leucorrhoea [13]. Secondary metaboli-tes: Isothiocyanates [446-449]; Flavonoids [450]. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Tropaeolum seemanni Buchenau

V. N.: Añu-añu (Q), kita-añu (Q)

An infusion of the aerial parts is used as an astringent and an emmenagogue. Topically, it is used as a skin depurative.

Literature: Uses: Astringent, emmenagogue, skin depurative [11]. Secondary metabolites: Isothiocyanates [448]. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Tropaeolum tuberosum R. et P.

V. N.: Añu (Q), mashua (Q), isaño (Q)

An infusion of the aerial parts is used as a diuretic. A decoction of the tubercles is used as a haemosta-tic. The dried tubers are eaten as an anaphrodisiac. The tubers are used as a food.

Literature: Uses: Diuretic, antiseptic in blennor-rhagia [13]; anaphrodiasiac [13-15]; In treatment of renal lithiasis [13-15, 18]; in treatment of genito-urinary pains, antianaemic [15]. Secondary metabo-lites: Dietary fiber [24]; Phenols [62, 458-459]; Isothiocyanates and thioureas [448, 451-454]; Flavonoids [455, 457]. Pharmacological activities: Antioxidant activity [62, 260, 455-459]; Antireproductive activity [452, 460]; Nematocidal activity [452]; Antibiotic activity [452].

URTICACEAE

Urtica andicola Wedd.

V. N.: Ccuru-quisa (Q), quisa (Q), puna-quisa (S-Q), ortiga (S)

An infusion of the aerial parts is used orally as a diuretic and topically as a rubefacient. The decoc-tion of the whole plant is employed to recover the uterus after the parturition. The leaves are used as a food.

Literature: Uses: Rubefacient [11]. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Urtica flabellata HBK.

V. N.: Ccoe-quisa (Q), quisa (Q)

The infusion of the aerial parts is used as a renal anti-inflammatory, as an antipyretic and an antidy-senteric. The decoction is used topically as an antirheumatic. The leaves are used as a food.

Literature: Uses: Antitussive, antiparasitic, decongestant [13]. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Urtica magellanica Juss. ex Poir.

V. N.: Mula-quisa (Q), api-quisa (Q), ortiga (S), quisa (Q)

An infusion of the aerial parts is claimed to be a haemostatic, a diuretic, a depurative, an astringent and an antidiarrhoic. The fresh leaves are used as a rubefacient in cases of facial paralysis. The leaves are used as a food.

Literature: Uses: Rubefacient, diuretic [11]; in treatment of pulmonary diseases, regulator of the menstrual cycle, uterine anti-inflammatory [13]; anaesthetic [15]; sudorific, antirheumatic, in treat-ment of sciatica [15, 19]; antihaemorrhagic, decon-gestant for traumas, to help fractures consolida-tion, in treatment of headache, pneumonia and respiratory illnesses, tonic and antihaemorrhagic after the parturition, in case of epilepsy, lenitive for colics, gastric and intestinal pains, uterine anti-inflammatory, contraceptive, in treatment of kidney affections, laryngitis, antipyretic, prostate anti-inflammatory, urinary antiseptic [17]; for ovary complains [20]. Secondary metabolites: No records.


200 (154 - 219)PhOL


USNEACEAE

Ramalyna flaccescens Nyl.

V. N.: Intic suncjan (Q), papelillo (S), papel-cucho (S-Q)

An infusion of the whole plant is used as an antitussive and an expectorant.

Literature: Uses: Antitussive [20]. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Thamnolia vermicularis (L.) Asch.

V. N.: Ujutillo (Q), intic-San Juan (S-Q)

An infusion of the whole plant is used as an antitussive and an expectorant.

Literature: Uses: No records. Secondary metabo-lites: Depsides [461-462, 470]; Phenols [463-464]; Usnic acid [469]; Polysaccharides [472-473]. Pharmacological activities: Antibacterial activity [465]; Antiproliferative activity [466]; Immunomodulatory activity [467-468, 472]; Cytotoxic activity [471].

VALERIANACEAE

Valeriana decussata R. et P.

V. N.: Pellco (Q), sacha-pellco (Q)

An infusion of the whole plant is used as an antispasmodic, an antidiarrhoic and in treatment of bronchial affections.


Valeriana jasminoides Briq.

V. N.: Valeriana (S)

A decoction of the roots is used as a sedative, in treatment of insomnia and bronchial affections.

Literature: Uses: Girault [13] and Alarco de Zandra [15] report as "valeriana" V. coartata R. et P. in treatment of urinary retention [13]; as an antispa-smodic, a sedative, an antiseptic for wounds, to help fractures consolidation [13, 15]; as a tonic, a carminative, an hypnotic, a gastralgic, a vermifuge [15]. Rutter [18] reports Valeriana sp. as an antispa-smodic and an antirheumatic. De Feo [19] reports as "valeriana" V. pinnatifida R. et P. as a vulnerary, an antiseptic for burns, to help fractures consolida-tion, an antispasmodic, a cardiotonic, a vermifuge. S e c o n d a r y m e t a b o l i t e s : N o r e c o r d s . Pharmacological activities: No records.

VERBENACEAE

Aloysia boliviensis H. N. Moldenke

V. N.: Cedrón (S)

An infusion of the aerial parts is used as a stoma-chic, a carminative and a tonic.

Literature: Uses: No reports have been found in the literature concerning traditional uses. Velasco-Negueruela et al. [20] report as “cedrón cedrón” A. fiebrigii Hayek to treat headaches. Secondary metabolites: No records. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Aloysia scorodonioides Cham.

V. N.: Cedroncillo (S), cedrón del campo (S)

An infusion of the aerial parts is used as a stoma-chic, a carminative, a tonic, a diuretic and in treat-ment of amenorrhoea.

Literature: Uses: Uterine astringent [11]. S e c o n d a r y m e t a b o l i t e s : N o r e c o r d s . Pharmacological activities: Antioxidant activity [192].

Verbena litoralis HBK.


201 (154 - 219)PhOL

V. N.: Verbena (S)

An infusion of the aerial parts is used as a laxative and a purge, on empty stomach, as a diuretic and an anti-inflammatory of the respiratory tract and in treatment of bronchial diseases. An infusion of the flowers is claimed to be an analgesic, an anti-inflammatory and an antitussive.

Literature: Uses: Digestive, antiseptic [14]; febrifuge [14, 18]; antitussive, vomitory [18]; anthel-mintic [18, 21]; antirheumatic [21]. Velasco-Negueruela et al. [20] report as “verbena” V. hispira R. et P. to treat headaches. Secondary metabolites: Iridoids [474-483]; Flavonoids [474] ; Triterpenoids [475]. Pharmacological activities: NGF-potentiating activity [479-486].

VIOLACEAE

Viola pygmaea Juss. ex Poir.

V. N.: Violeta (S)

An infusion of the flowers is used as an analgesic, an anti-inflammatory and an antitussive.


ZANNICHELLIACEAE

Zannichellia palustris L.

V. N.: Pasto de agua (S)

A whole plant infusion is used topically as an antipyretic and a resolvent in cases of traumas.

Literature: Uses: No reports have been found in the literature concerning traditional uses. Secondary metabolites: Flavonoids [487]. Pharmacological activities: No records.

Discussion and Conclusions

The data obtained provided information on the claimed curative properties of numerous empirically accepted prescriptions involving 255 plant species, belonging to 73 different families. The medicinal plants belong, in the great majority, to higher plants; Asteraceae (49 species used), Scrophulariaceae (13 species), Fabaceae (species) and Apiaceae (11 species) constitute the more represented families. The phytotherapeutic use of some Lichenes (2 species) and Pterydophyta (10 species) was also recorded. A considerable number of plants employed medicinally, is also used as a food, food flavouring or in preparation of fermeted or refreshing drinks (66 species).

We recorded 1,086 uses for plants; of these 251 are administered as topical drug. Figure 2 shows the medical uses prescribed for internal use: According to healers information, the internal prescription were divided in fifteen groups: AI: antinflammatory, antirheumatic; AP: antiparasitic, antibiotic; BD: blood diseases; CV: cardiovascular diseases; ENT: ear, nose and throat diseases; FOOD: medicinal plants used also as food; GI: diseases of the ga-strointestinal tract; NP: neuropsychiatric diseases; O: other; OM: osteomuscular diseases; OP: ophthal-mologic diseases; R: diseases of the respiratory system; S: systemic diseases; SD: skin diseases; UG: diseases of the urogenital tract. The most important uses were for gastrointestinal diseases (239 uses registered), for the ailments of the respiratory tract (137 uses reported), and for urogenital illnesses (136 uses reported), followed by antinflammatory uses (65). The phytotherapeutic uses cover the treat-ment of common and minor ailments. Numerous vegetal remedies are used as antinfectives and antipyretics, to treat dysentery, diarrhoea and intestinal parasites, skin diseases and genito-urinary affections. These findings are not unexpected, given that in tropical areas the climate is propitious for the development of infective diseases and because of the poor hygiene conditions of rural areas. The use of some plants appear to be particular: some plants are administered before parturition to


202 (154 - 219)PhOL

facilitate the childbirth and after the parturition to promote the rehabilitation of the puerperal. Very interesting appears the use of vegetal remedies used to treat bones pains and to aid fractures consolidation or some plants use in the treatment of hangover. Some plants are used to treat insom-nia, as narcotics or in neuropsychiatric diseases. Also affections of the female genito-urinary tract are frequently treated by traditional plants. Only very few prescription for “modern” (for example hyperglycemia) have been registered.

Figure 3 reports the folk uses of plants used topically: of these, the majoritiy is employed in symptomatic treatment of inflammatory diseases and as antiseptics for wounds. Washings for the genito-urinary tract diseases are often prescribed.

For a great number or medicinal plants we registered more than one use: some plants are used, on the contrary in the treatment of numerous diseases.

The most common methods of preparing reme-dies are by making decoction or infusions in water. The liquid is either drunk or used topically. The uses of alcoholic tinctures and plant poultices were also recorded. Generally, more different ways of remedy preparation and administration were reported for each plant. Common is also the use of different plants formulation for different affections.

The prescription of the vegetal remedies are very specific, showing a complete knowledge of the possible toxic activity of the medicinal species used.

Vernacular names were recorded for all medicinal plants, in spanish, aymara or quechua, two local languages. Many of them are new, while others indicated other plants in different parts of Peru.

A true ethnobotanical classification was made by natives among medicinal plants. According to Girault [13] it is possible to observe a system of classification of medicinal plants that often is very similar to classic taxonomy.

An analysis of our findings showed that, for the great majority of the mentioned plants, the know-

ledge of their uses were uniformly distributed among the healers and/or users. For others, it appears that either the knowledge of the use of a certain remedy was restricted to a few people, or the way of preparing, administering and uses differ according to the different informant

A survey of ethnobotanical literature referring to the area under study and more generally to medici-nal Andean flora, reveals that a great number of species (87) is completely new in the ethnobotani-cal literatue. Moreover, numerous of the recorded medicinal plants have uses different from those reported in literature. Furthermore, data obtained showed clearly that the therapeutic use of only few species, coming from other floras, have been incorporated into the local pharmacopoeia through contacts with other cultures.

The literature survey reveals that only for few plants notices about the chemical components and pharmacological activities. It is possible to found exhaustive reports on chemical composition only for very few plant species. On the contrary, most of the species reported, not phytochemically and pharmacologically characterized, may potentially constitute a primary source of new pharmaceuti-cals. For plants for which the specific literature reports chemical and / or pharmacological data, in many cases the traditional uses resulted confirmed.

The therapeutical uses of vegetables are often complemented by rites and magic formulas, be-cause the traditional beliefs associated the plant with a beneficial (or harmful) spirit who operate the cure (or the damage). We have not recorded these interesting observations on ritual and/or magic uses of medicinal plants, but, as previously reported [19, 488], the real effectiveness of the remedies is often certainly bond up with the rituals during which they are administered and with the ancestral beliefs that accompany the therapy. On the other hand, those beliefs make the Andean phytotherapy out of step with academic pharmacognosy, that assign to each plant a well identified time in which they posses greater quantities of active substances. This situa-tion is common in rural communities, but in more


203 (154 - 219)PhOL

developed areas, in particular towns, the use of medicinal plants is current among people who have not such beliefs. Moreover, it is nothing that physi-cian with scientific training often find certain plants helpful, naturally without all cultural and magical superstructures.

The high number of plant recorded in this study confirms the fundamental importance of medicinal plants in care-health systems and the deep know-ledge about the curative properties of multiple vegetal species in the studied area. On the other hand, the high degree of phytotherapeutic know-ledge is demonstrated by the high average citation per informant.

Data recorded appear suitable for gathering information on the economic use of plants. It has been proven, time and time again, that the traditio-nal medical knowledge handed down by the com-mon people constitutes sources of information useful for scientific research and that many plants utilised exclusively in popular tradition, when exposed under scientific examination, have been found to be useful for different sectors in the industry. Therefore, science and tradition have a strong connection between them; science, in fact, has often traditional origins [489].

Moreover, in spite to great development and spread of modern medicine, traditional knowledge about the use of plant keeps working as the most popular alternative to assist health problems in developing countries.

Thus, ethnopharmacological studies can be utilized to understand the social, cultural and economic factors influencing ideas and actions concerning health and illness, and also get informa-tion on types of diseases and health problems present among the people of a particular locality.

Such studies may help to provide the basic health care services to the greater part of rural popula-tions in an effective way and, at the same time, may constitute a primary and useful source for the development of new drugs. Thus, the need for conservation of medicinal plants and their know-

ledge appears to be a primary topic [490].

References[1] Zamora-Martinez, M. C., Nieto de Pascual Pola, C. (1999)

Medicinal plants used in some rural populations in Oaxaca, Puebla and Veracruz, Mexico. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 35, 229-257.

[2] Mendelsohn, E., Balick, M. J. (1995) The Value of Undiscovered Pharmaceuticals in Tropical Forests. Economic Botany 49, 223-228.

[3] Akerele, O. (1993) Nature’s medicinal bounty: don’t throw it away. World Health Forum 14, 390-395.

[4] Joly, L. G., Guerra, S., Séptimo, R., Solís, P. N., Correa, M., Gupta, M., Levy, S., Sandberg, F. (1987) Ethnobotanical inventory of medicinal plants used by the Guaymi Indians in Western Panama. Part I. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 20, 145-171.

[5] Schultes, R.E. (1991) The reason for ethnobotanical conservation. In: Canservation of Medicinal Plants. Akerele, O., Heywood, V. H., Synge, H., Eds. Cambridge Press, Cambridge, pp. 65-75.

[6] Waller, D.P. (1993) Methods in ethnopharmacology. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 38, 189-196.

[7] Johns, T., Mhoro, E.B,. Sanaya, P., Kimanani, E. K. (1994) Herbal remedies of the Bathemi of Ngorongoro District, Tanzania: a quantitative appraisal. Economic Botany 48, 90-95.

[8] Bruni, A., Ballero, M., Poli, F. (1997) Quantitative ethnopharmacological study of the Campidano Valley and Urzulei District, Sardinia, Italy. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 57, 97-124.

[9] McBride, J. F., Ed:. (1938-1981) Flora of Peru. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago.

[10] Herrera, F. (1941) Sinopsis de la Flora del Cusco. Lima.[11] Herrera, F. L. (1940) Plantas que curan y plantas que matan

de la Flora del Cusco. Revista del Museo Nacional, Lima 1940, 74-127.

[12] Uphof, J. C. T. (1968) Dictionary of Economic Plants. II Edition. New York Verlag von J. Cremer; 1968.

[13] Girault, L. (1984) Kallawaya, Guérisseurs Itinérants des Andes. Editions de l'Orstom, Paris.

[14] Soukup, J. (1987) Vocabulario de los nombres vulgares de la flora peruana y catálogo de los generos. Editorial Salesiana, Lima.

[15] Alarco de Zandra, A. (1988) Peru, el libro de las plantas mágicas. Concytec, Lima.

[16] Aldave Pajares, A., Mostacero Leon, A. (1988) Botánica Farmacéutica. Editorial La Libertad, Trujillo.

[17] Roersch, C., van der Hoogte, L. (1988) Plantas medicinales del Surandino del Peru. Centro de Medicina Andina, Cusco.

[18] Rutter, R. A. (1990) Catalogo de Plantas Utiles de la Amazonia Peruana. Instituto Linguístico del Verano, Pucallpa.

[19] De Feo, V. (1992) Medicinal and Magical Plants on Northern Peruvian Andes. Fitoterapia 63, 417-440.

[20] Velasco-Negueruela, A., Pérez-Alonso, M. J., Esenarro-Abarcam G. (1995) Medicinal Plants from Pampallakta: an andean community in Cuzco. Fitoterapia 66, 447-461.

[21] Hammond, G.B., Fernandez, I.D., Villegas, L.F., Vaisberg, A.J. (1999) A survey of traditional medicinal plants from the Callejón de Huaylas, Department of Hancasch, Perú. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 61, 17-30.

[22] Sanoko, R., Speranza, G., Pizza, C., De, Tommasi N. (1999) Triterpene saponins from Alternanthera repens.


204 (154 - 219)PhOL

Phytochemistry 5, 1043-1047.[23] Zavala, M. A., Perez, S., Perez, C., Vargas, R., Perez, R. M.

(1998) Antidiarrhoeal activity of Waltheria americana, Commelina coelestis and Alternanthera repens. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 61, 41-47.

[24] Glorio, P., Repo-Carrasco, R., Velezmoro, C., Anticona, S., Huaranga, R., Martinez, P., Melgarejo, S., Astuhuaman, L., Huaman, N. E., Icochea, J. C., Pena, J. C. (2008) Dietary fiber in Peruvian cultivars of fruits, roots, tubers, cereals and pulses. Revista de la Sociedad Quimica del Peru 74, 46-56.

[25] Floriani, L. (1932) Phytochemical examination of the leafy tops of Amaranthus quitensis. H. B. K. Revista del Centro Estudiantes de Farmacia y Bioquímica 22, 143-147, via Chemical Abstracts 27:18090 (1933).

[26] Banerji, N., Chakravarti, R. N. (1973) Constituents of Amaranthus spinosus (Amaranthaceae). Journal of Institution of Chemists (Calcutta) 45, 205-206, via Chemical Abstracts 81:047427 (1974).

[27] Banerji, N. (1979) Chemical constituents of Amaranthus spinosus roots. Indian Journal of Chemistry, B: Organic Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry17B, 180-181, via Chemical Abstracts 91:171658 (1979).

[28] Banerji, N. (1980) Two new saponins from the root of Amaranthus spinosus Linn. Journal of the Indian Chemical Society 57, 417-419, via Chemical Abstracts 93:204973 (1980).

[29] Miean, K. H., Mohamed, S. (2001) Flavonoid (Myricetin, Quercetin, Kaempferol, Luteolin, and Apigenin) Content of Edible Tropical Plants. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemisty 49, 3106-3112.

[30] Azhar-ul-Haq; Malik, A., Afza, N., Khan, S. B., Muhammad, P. (2006) Coumaroyl adenosine and lignan glycoside from Amaranthus spinosus L. Polish Journal of Chemistry 80, 259-263.

[31] Azhar-ul-Haq, Malik, A., Khan, A. H. S. B., Shah, M. R., Muhammad, P. (2004) Spinoside, new coumaroyl flavone glycoside from Amaranthus spinosus. Archives of Pharmacal Research 27, 1216-1219.

[32] Manal, J., Kintana, Q. L. (1974) Gel-filtration chromatographic patterns of the five most common Philippine respiratory allergens. Proceedings of the Radioisotope Society of Philippines 1974, 6-11, via Chemical Abstracts 84:3177 (1976).

[33] Singh, A.B., Kumar, P. (2002) Common environmental allergens causing respiratory allergy in India. Indian Journal of Pediatry 69, 245-250.

[34] Singh, A.B., Dahiya, P. (2002) Antigenic and allergenic properties of Amaranthus spinosus pollen - a commonly growing weed in India. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine 9, 147-151.

[35] Mandal, M., Mukherji, S. (2001) A study on the activities of a few free radicals scavenging enzymes present in five roadside plants. Journal of Environmental Biology 22, 301-305, via Chemical Abstracts 136:66922 (2002).

[36] Calderon, A.I., Romero, L. I., Ortega-Barria, E., Brun, R., Correa, A., Mireya, D., Gupta, M. P. (2006) Evaluation of larvicidal and in vitro antiparasitic activities of plants in a biodiversity plot in the Altos de Campana National Park, Panama. Pharmaceutical Biology 44, 487-498.

[37] Sawangjaroen, N., Sawangjaroen, K. (2005) The effects of extracts from anti-diarrheic Thai medicinal plants on the in vitro growth of the intestinal protozoa parasite: Blastocystis hominis. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 98, 67-72.

[38] Hilou, A., Nacoulma, O. G., Guiguemde, T. R. (2006) In vivo antimalarial activities of extracts from Amaranthus spinosus L. and Boerhaavia erecta L. in mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 103, 236-240.

[39] Lin, B. F., Chiang, B. L., Lin, J. Y. (2005) Amaranthus spinosus water extract directly stimulates proliferation of B

lymphocytes in vitro. International Immunopharmacology 5, 711-722.

[40] Kumar, B. S. A., Lakshman, K., Nandeesh, R., Kumar, P. A. A., Manoj, B., Kumar, V., Shekar, D. S. (2010) In vitro alpha-amylase inhibition and in vivo antioxidant potential of Amaranthus spinosus in alloxan-induced oxidative stress in diabetic rats. Journal of Biological Sciences 18, 1-5.

[41] Kanchana, A., Heleena, S. A., Ayyappan, S. R. ( 2010) Hepatoprotectivity of rutin isolated from Amaranthus spinosus against CCl4 induced hepatic damage in albino rats. Journal of Pharmacy Research 3, 1991-1996.

[42] Priya, S., Kalpana, S. (2010) In vitro screening and characterization of antioxidant compound from Amaranthus spinosus L. Geobios 37, 207-209.

[43] Kumar, B. S. A., Lakshman, K., Jayaveera, K. N., Khan, S., Manoj, B., Swamy, V. B. N. (2010) Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of Amaranthus spinosus Linn. by non-enzymatic haemoglycosylation. Sains Malaysiana 39, 413-415, via Chemical Abstracts 154:174106 (2010).

[44] Boni, A. R., Yapi, H. F., Zirihi, G. N., Bidie, A. P., Djaman, A. J., Niamke, L. S., N'guessan, J. D. (2010) Comparison of antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of aqueous extracts of six Ivorian medicinal plants: Ageratum conyzoides, Alchornea cordifolia, Amaranthus spinosus, Cassia occidentalis, Chromolaena odorata and Spondias mombin. Archives of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2, 337-342.

[45] Ilango, K., Prakash, Y. G., Arun, K. K., Kamakshi, S. (2010) Protective effect of aerial parts of Amaranthus spinosus Linn in Paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Archives of Applied Science Research 2, 152-158.

[46] Zeashan, H., Amresh, G., Singh, S., Rao, C. V. (2009) Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of Amaranthus spinosus against CCl4 induced toxicity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 125, 364-366.

[47] Zeashan, H., Amresh, G., Singh, S., Rao, C. V. (2008) Hepatoprotective activity of Amaranthus spinosus in experimental animals. Food and Chemical Toxicology 46, 3417-3421.

48] Kumar, B. S. A., Satish, K. V., Suresh, N., Sekhar, D. S., Swamy, V. B. N. (2008) Determination of rutin and quercetin in Amaranthus spinosus by HPLC. Asian Journal of Chemistry 20, 1633-1635.

[49] Chinma, C. E., Igyor, M. A. (2007) Micronutrients and anti-nutritional contents of selected tropical vegetables grown in SouthEast, Nigeria. Nigerian Food Journal 25, 111-116, via Chemical Abstracts 150:189907 (2008).

[50] Suryavanshi, V. L., Sathe, P. A., Vaidya, V. V., Baing, M. M., Singh, G. R. (2008) RP-LC determination of rutin in Amaranthus spinosus Linn. whole plant powder. Chromatographia 67, 189-191.

[51] Mishra, M., Tarunkumar, S., Venkatesan, B., Suriaprabha, K., Mullaicharam, A. R., Muthuprasanna, P. (2007) Antipyretic activity of ethanolic extract of an Indian based herbal drug-amaranthus spinosus. Natural Products: An Indian Journal 3, 190-193, via Chemical Abstracts 148:592582 (2008).

[52] Sangameswaran, B., Jayakar, B. (2008) Anti-diabetic, anti-hyperlipidemic and spermatogenic effects of Amaranthus spinosus Linn. on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Journal of Natural Medicines 62, 79-82.

[53] Suryavanshi, V. L., Sathe, P. A., Baing, M. M., Singh, G. R., Lakshmi, S. N. (2007) Determination of rutin in Amaranthus spinosus Linn. Whole plant powder by HPTLC. Chromatographia 65, 767-769.

[54] Odhav, B., Beekrum, S., Akula, U., Baijnath, H. (2007) Preliminary assessment of nutritional value of traditional leafy vegetables in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Journal of


205 (154 - 219)PhOL

Food Composition and Analysis 20, 430-435.[55] Thembo, K. M., Vismer, H. F., Nyazema, N. Z., Gelderblom,

W. C. A., Katerere, D. R. (2010) Antifungal activity of four weedy plant extracts against selected mycotoxigenic fungi. Journal of Applied Microbiology 109, 1479-86.

[56] Zeashan, H., Amresh, G., Singh, S., Rao, C. V. (2010) Protective effect of Amaranthus spinosus against D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatic failure. Pharmaceutical Biology 48, 1157-1163.

[57] Zeashan, H., Amresh, G., Rao, C. V., Singh, S. (2009) Antinociceptive activity of Amaranthus spinosus in experimental animals. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 122, 492-496.

[58] Cornejo, E. J., Cam, J. L. (1980) Steroidal sapogenins in Fourcroya andina. Boletin de la Sociedad Química del Peru 46, 1-15.

[59] Fukusaki, A., Leon, C. J. (1979) Isolation and identification of tigogenin in Fourcroya andina (Amaryllidaceae). Boletin de la Sociedad Química del Peru 45, 212-225.

[60] Ruggeri, P., della Valle, C., Cafieri, F., Paladino, L. (1991) Non polar constituents of Stenomesson variegatum (R. et P.) Macbr. Bollettino della Società Italiana di Biologia Sperimentale 67, 961-964.

[61] Penarrieta, J. M., Alvarado, J. A., Akesson, B., Bergenstahl, B. (2005) Total antioxidant capacity in Andean food species from Bolivia. Revista Boliviana de Química 22, 89-93.

[62] Salluca, T. G., Penarrieta, J. M., Alvarado, J. A., Bergenstahl, B. (2008) Determination of total phenolic compounds content and the antioxidant capacity of Andean tubers and roots (Isano, Oca, Ulluco and Arracacha). Revista Boliviana de Quimica 25, 60-63.

[63] Matsuguma, L. S., Lacerda, L. G., Schnitzler, E., Carvalho Filho, M. A. S., Landi Franco, C. M., Demiate, I. M. (2009) Characterization of native and oxidized starches of two varieties of Peruvian carrot (Arracacia xanthorrhiza, B.) from two production areas of Parana State, Brazil. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 52, 701-713.

[64] Garcia, A., Pacheco-Delahaye, E., Tovar, J., Perez, E. (2007) Physicochemical and functional characterization of arracacha (Arracacia xanthorrhiza) flours for instant soups. Ciencia y Tecnologia Alimentaria 5, 384-393.

[65] Cobos, M. I., Rodriguez, J. L., De Petre, A., Spahn, E., Casermeiro, J., Lopez, A. G., Zygadlo, J. A. (2002) Composition of the essential oil of Eryngium paniculatum Cav. Journal of Essential Oil Research 14, 82-83.

[66] Arias Adams, A., Norris, J. A., Mabry, T. J. (1989) A flavonoid from Hydrocotyle umbellata L. (Umbelliferae, Hydrocotyleae). Revista Latinoamericana de Química 20, 67-68.

[67] Rojas, L. B., Usubillaga, A., Rondon, J., Vit, P. (2009) Essential oil composition of Hydrocotyle umbellata L. from Venezuela. Journal of Essential Oil Research 21, 253-254.

[68] Bohlmann, F., Abraham, W. F., Robinson, H., King, R. M. (1980) Naturally occurring terpene derivatives. Part 290. A new labdane derivative and geranylphloroglucinols from Achyrocline alata. Phytochemistry 19, 2475-2477.

[69] Bauer, L., Bacha, C. T. M., Gilberto, A., Silva, A. B., De Siquiera, N. C. S., Sant'Ana, B. M. S. (1985) Isolation of gnaphalin from Achyrocline alata (HBK.) DC. Ciencia e Naturaleza (Santa Maria, Brasil) 7, 45-47, via Chemical Abstracts 106:030006 (1987).

[70] Bauer, L., Simoes, C. M. O., De Siquiera, N. C. S., Schenkel, E. P., Silva, G. A. A. B., Alice, C. B. (1987) Flavonoids of the inflorescences of Achyrocline alata. Revista Latinoamericana de Química 18, 91.

[71] Bauer, L., Simoes, C. M. O., De Siquiera, N. C. S., Schenkel, E. P., Silva, G. A. A. B., Alice, C. B. (1989) Flavonoids of the inflorescences of Achyrocline alata. Revista Latinoamericana

de Química 20, 68-69.[72] Broussalis, A. M., Ferraro, G. E., Gurni, A. A., Coussio, J. D.

(1991) Phytochemical aspects of Argentine specie of the genus Achyrocline. Acta Farmaceutica Bonaerense 8, 11-16.

[73] Broussalis, A. M., Ferraro, G. E., Coussio, J. D. (1993) Phenolic constituents of Achyrocline alata. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 21, 306.

[74] Lamaty, G., Menut, C., Bessiere, J. M., Schenkel, E. P., Dos Santos, M. A., Bassani, V. (1991) The chemical composition of some Achyrocline satureioides and Achyrocline alata oils from Brazil. Journal of Essential Oil Research 3, 317-321.

[75] Labuckas, D. O., Maestri, D. M., Grosso, N. R., Zygadlo, J. A. (1999) Essential oils of Achyrocline satureioides, Achyrocline alata, and Achyrocline tomentosa. Planta Medica 65, 184-186.

[76] Rodrigues, R. A. F., Queiroga, C. L., Rodrigues, M. V. N., Foglio, M. A., Sartoratto, A., Montanari, I., Jr. (2002) Study of the variation of the composition of the essential oil of leaves and flowers of Achyrocline alata (D.C.) along a period of the day. Journal of Essential Oil Research 14, 280-281.

[77] Paiva, M. L. (1932) Study of Achyrocline alata D. C. Revista del Centro Estudiantes de Farmacia y Bioquímica 22, 34-45, via Chemical Abstracts 27:780 (1933).

[78] Lopez, P. G., Ferraro, G. E., Broussalis, A. M. (2006) Determination of caffeoyl derivatives contents in South American species of the genus Achyrocline. Acta Farmaceutica Bonaerense 25, 571-573.

[79] Leal, P. F., Queiroga, C.L., Rodrigues, M. V. N., Montanari, I., Meireles, M. A. A. (2006) Global yields, chemical compositions, and antioxidant activities of extracts from Achyrocline alata and Achyrocline satureioides. Pharmacognosy Magazine 2, 150-156.

[80] Grassi-Zampieron, R. F., Vieira, M. C., de Siqueira, J. M. (2009) Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of extracts from Achyrocline alata (Kunth) DC. in comparison with extracts from Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 19, 572-576.

[81] Zapata, B., Duran, C., Stashenko, E., Betancur-Galvis, L., Mesa-Arango, A. C. (2010) Antifungal activity, cytotoxicity and composition of essential oils from the Asteraceae plant family. Revista Iberoamericana de Micologia 27,101-103.

[82] Bueno-Sanchez, J. G., Martinez-Morales, J. R., Stashenko, E. E, Ribon W. (2009) Anti-tubercular activity of eleven aromatic and medicinal plants occurring in Colombia. Biomedica 29,51-60.

[83] Haensel, R., Olhendorf, D. (1971) New B ring-unsubstituted flavone from Achyrocline satureioides. Archiv der Pharmazie 304, 893-896.

[84] Wagner, H., Maurer, G., Farkas, L., Haensel, R., Ohlendorf, D. (1971) Structure and synthesis of gnaphaliin, methylgnaphaliin from Gnaphalium obtusifolium and isognaphaliin from Achyrocline satureoides. Chemische Berichte 104, 2381-2388.

[85] Ferraro, G. E., Norbedo, C., Coussio, J. D. (1981) Flavonoids from Argentine medicinal plants. Part 12. Polyphenols from Achyrocline satureioides. Phytochemistry 20, 2053-2054.

[86] Schmeda-Hirschmann, G. (1984) The constituents of Achyrocline satureioides DC. Revista Latinoamericana de Química 15, 134-135.

[87] Mesquita, A. A. L., De Correa, B. D., De Padua, A. P., Guedes, M. L. O., Gottileb, O.R. (1986) Flavonoids from four Compositae species. Phytochemistry 25, 1255-1256.

[88] Simoes, C.M., Bauer, L., Petrovick, P. R., Bassani, V. L. (1988) Analysis of flavonoids from Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC., Compositae. SAFYBI 28, 2626-2630.

[89] De Souza, K. C. B., Schapoval, E. E. S., Bassani, V. L. (2002) LC determination of flavonoids: separation of quercetin, luteolin and 3-O-methylquercetin in Achyrocline satureioides


206 (154 - 219)PhOL

preparations. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 28, 771-777.

[90] Kaloga, M., Haensel, R., Cybulski, E. M. (1983) Isolation of a kawapyrone from Achyrocline satureioides. Planta Medica 48, 103-104.

[91] Lorenzo, D., Atti-Serafini, L., Santos, A. C., Frizzo, C. D., Paroul, N., Paz, D., Dellacassa, E., Moyna, P. (2000) Achyrocline satureioides essential oils from Southern Brazil and Uruguay. Planta Medica 66, 476-477.

[92] Ricciardi, A. I. A., Cassano, A. E. (1963) Essential oils of the Argentine seacoast. III. Revista de la Facultad de Ingenieria Química, Universidad Nacional de Litoral, Santa Fé, Argentina 32, 63-77.

[93] Ricciardi, A. I. A., Cassano, A. E., Burgos, J. L. (1961) Volatile essential oils of the Argentine seacoast. Revista de la Facultad de Ingenieria Química, Universidad Nacional de Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina 30, 27-30.

[94] Ricciardi, A. I., Yunes, R. A. (1965) Volatile essential oils of the Argentina coast. IV. Proof of the natural existence of caryophyllene in the essential oil of Achyrocline satureioides. Revista de la Facultad de Ingenieria Química, Universidad Nacional de Litoral, Santa Fé, Argentina 33-34, 43-49.

[95] Wagner, H., Proksch, A., Riess-Maurer, I., Vollmar, A., Odenthal, S., Stuppner, H., Jurcic, K., Le Turdu, M., Heur, I.H. (1984) Immunostimulating polysaccharides (heteroglycans) from higher plants. Preliminary communication. Arzneimittel-Forschung 34, 659-661.

[96] Wagner, H., Proksch, A., Riess-Maurer, I., Vulgar, A., Dental, S., Stopper, H., Uric, K., Le Turdu, M., Fang, J. N. (1985) Immunostimulating polysaccharides (heteroglycans) from higher plants. Arzneimittel-Forschung 35, 1069-1075.

[97] Puhlmann, J., Knaus, U., Tubaro, L., Schaefer, W., Wagner, H. (1992) Immunologically active metallic ion-containing polysaccharides from Achyrocline satureioides. Phytochemistry 31, 2617-2621.

[98] Eggensperger, H., Wilker, M. (1997) Multiactive polysaccharides. Part 2. Polysaccharides of plant origin. SOFW Journal 123, 838-842.

[99] Lopez, P. G., Broussalis, A. M., Rodriguez, M. G., Coussio, J. D., Ferraro, G. E. (1996) Caffeoylquinates in commercial samples of "marcela" (Achyrocline satureioides). Acta Farmaceutica Bonaerense 15, 243-249.

[100] Carney, J. R., Krenisky, J. M., Williamson, R.T., Luo, J. (2002) Achyrofuran, a New Antihyperglycemic Dibenzofuran from the South American Medicinal Plant Achyrocline satureioides. Journal of Natural Products 65, 203-205.

[101] Santos, A. L., Ripoll, D., Nardi, N., Bassani, V. L. (1999) Immunomodulatory effect of Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) D.C. aqueous extracts. Phytotherapy Research 13, 65-66.

[102] Simoes, C. M., Schenkel, E. P., Bauer, L., Langeloh, A. (1988) Pharmacological investigations on Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC., Compositae. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 22, 281-293.

[103] Ferrao Vargas, V. M., Motta, V. E. P., Leitao, A. C., Henriques, J. A. P. (1990) Mutagenic and genotoxic effects of aqueous extracts of Achyrocline satureoides in prokaryotic organisms. Mutation Research, Genetic Toxicology Testing 240, 13-18.

[104] Hnatyszyn, O., Moscatelli, V., Rondina, R., Costa, M., Arranz, C., Balaszczuk, A., Coussio, J., Ferraro, G. (2004) Flavonoids from Achyrocline satureioides with relaxant effects on the smooth muscle of guinea pig corpus cavernosum. Phytomedicine 11, 366-369.

[105] Ferrari, N., Giusti, S. C., Carneiro, M. R. (1993) Mutagenic activity of Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC. (Compositae) detected by the bimeth system in Aspergillus nidulans. Revista Brasileira de Genetica 1993, 16, 275-282.

[106] Rocha, M. J., Fulgencio, S. F., Rabetti, A. C., Nicolau, M., Poli, A., Simoes, C. M., Ribeiro-do-Valle, R. M. (1994) Effects of hydroalcoholic extracts of Portulaca pilosa and Achyrocline satureioides on urinary sodium and potassium excretion. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 43, 179-183.

[107] Zanon, S. M., Ceriatti, F. S., Rovera, M., Sabini, L. J., Ramos, B.A. (1999) Search for antiviral activity of certain medicinal plants from Cordoba, Argentina. Revista Latinoamericana de Microbiologia 41, 59-62.

[108] Bettega, J. M. R., Teixeira, H., Bassani, V. L., Barardi, C. R. M., Simoes, C. M. O. (2004) Evaluation of the antiherpetic activity of standardized extracts of Achyrocline satureioides. Phytotherapy Research 18, 819-823.

[109] Desmarchelier, C., Coussio, J., Ciccia, G. (1998) Antioxidant and free radical scavenging effects in extracts of the medicinal herb Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC. ("marcela"). Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 31, 1163-1170.

[110] Gugliucci, A., Menini, T. (2002) Three different pathways for human LDL oxidation are inhibited in vitro by water extracts of the medicinal herb Achyrocline satureoides. Life Science 71, 693-705.

[111] Arredondo, M. F., Blasina, F., Echeverry, C., Morquio, A., Ferreira, M., Abin-Carriquiry, J. A., Lafon, L., Dajas, F. (2004) Cytoprotection by Achyrocline satureioides (Lam) D.C. and some of its main flavonoids against oxidative stress. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 91, 13-20.

[112] Polydoro, M., de Souza, K.C. B., Andrades, M. E., Da Silva, E. G., Bonatto, F., Heydrich, J., Dal-Pizzol, F., Schapoval, E. E. S., Bassani, V. L., Moreira, J. C. F. (2004) Antioxidant, a pro-oxidant and cytotoxic effects of Achyrocline satureioides extracts. Life Science 74, 2815-2826.

[113] Ruffa, M. J., Ferraro, G., Wagner, M. L., Calcagno, M. L., Campos, R. H., Cavallaro, L. (2002) Cytotoxic effect of Argentine medicinal plant extracts on human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 79, 35-39.

[114] Kadarian, C., Broussalis, A. M,, Mino, J., Lopez, P., Gorzalczany, S., Ferraro, G., Acevedo, C. (2002) Hepatoprotective activity of Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) D.C. Pharmaceutical Research 45, 57-61.

[115] Asolini, F. C., Tedesco, A. M., Carpes, S. T., Ferraz, C., Matias de Alencar, S. (2006) Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of phenolic compounds from extracts of plants used as tea. Brazilian Journal of Food Technology 9, 209-215.

[116] Demo, M., Oliva, M. M., Lopez, M. L., Zunino, M. P., Zygadlo, J. (2005) Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils Obtained from Aromatic Plants of Argentina. Pharmaceutica Biology 43, 129-134.

[117] Morquio, A., Rivera-Megret, F., Dajas, F. (2005) Photoprotection by topical application of Achyrocline satureioides ('Marcela'). Phytotherapy Research 19, 486-490.

[118] Gugliucci, A., Menini, T. (2002) The botanical extracts of Achyrocline satureoides and Ilex paraguariensis prevent methylglyoxal-induced inhibition of plasminogen and antithrombin III. Life Science 72, 279-292.

[119] Holzschuh, M. H., Gosmann, G., Schneider, P. H., Schapoval, E. E. S., Bassani, V. L. (2010) Identification and stability of a new bichalcone in Achyrocline satureioides spray dried powder. Pharmazie 65, 650-656.

[120] Ares, G., Barreiro, C., Gambaro, A. (2010) Evaluation of antioxidant extracts from Uruguayan native plants: importance of sensory characteristics. CyTA - Journal of Food 8, 201-207.

[121] Gonzalez, M. J., Marioli, J. M. (2010) Antibacterial activity of water extracts and essential oils of various aromatic plants against Paenibacillus larvae, the causative agent of American Foulbrood. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 104,


207 (154 - 219)PhOL

209-213. [122] Chiari, M. E., Joray, M. B., Ruiz, G., Palacios, S. M.,

Carpinella, M. C. (2010) Tyrosinase inhibitory activity of native plants from central Argentina: Isolation of an active principle from Lithrea molleoides. Food Chemistry 120, 10-14.

[123] Blasina, M. F., Vaamonde, L., Morquio, A., Echeverry, C., Arredondo, F., Dajas, F. (2009) Differentiation induced by Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) infusion in PC12 cells. Phytotherapy Research 23, 1263-1269.

[124] Ferraro, G., Anesini, C., Ouvina, A., Retta, D., Filip, R., Gattuso, M., Gattuso, S., Hnatyszyn, O., Bandoni, A. (2008) Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of extracts of Achyrocline satureioides flowers from different zones in Argentina. Latin American Journal of Pharmacy 27, 626-628.

[125] Pereira, C. G., Gualtieri, I. P., Angela, M., Meireles, A. (2008) Effect of Different Extraction Processes on the Recovery of Extracts from Achyrocline satureioides D.C.: An Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity. Separation Science and Technology 43, 1549-1563.

[126] Gillij, Y. G., Gleiser, R. M., Zygadlo, J. A. (2008) Mosquito repellent activity of essential oils of aromatic plants growing in Argentina. Bioresource Technology 99, 2507-2515.

[127] De Souza, K. C. B., Bassani, V. L., Schapoval, E. E. S. (2007) Influence of excipients and technological process on anti-inflammatory activity of quercetin and Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) D.C. extracts by oral route. Phytomedicine 14, 102-108.

[128] Diaz, C., Heinzen, H. (2006) Variations in the flavonoid profile and free quercetin content in different extracts of Achyrocline satureoides. Acta Farmaceutica Bonaerense 25, 574-577.

[129] Brandelli, C. L. C., Giordani, R. B., De Carli, G. A., Tasca, T. (2009) Indigenous traditional medicine: in vitro anti-giardial activity of plants used in the treatment of diarrhea. Parasitology Research 104, 1345-1349.

[130] Cosentino, M., Bombelli, R., Carcano, E., Luini, A., Marino, F., Crema, F., Dajas, F., Lecchini, S. (2008) Immunomodulatory properties of Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) D.C. infusion: a study on human leukocytes. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 116, 501-507.

[131] Calvo, D., Cariddi, L. N., Grosso, M., Demo, M. S., Maldonado, A. M. (2006) Achyrocline satureioides (LaM..) DC. (Marcela): antimicrobial activity on Staphylococcus spp. and immunomodulating effects on human lymphocytes. Revista Latinoamericana de Microbiologia 48, 247-55.

[132] Dickel, M. L., Rates, S. M. K., Ritter, M. R. (2007) Plants popularly used for loosing weight purposes in Porto Alegre, South Brazil. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 109, 60-71.

[133] Goldsby, G., Burke, B.A. (1987) Sesquiterpene lactones and a sesquiterpene diol from Jamaican Ambrosia peruviana. Phytochemistry 26, 1059-1063.

[134] Aponte, J. C., Yang, H., Vaisberg, A. J., Castillo, D., Malaga, E., Verastegui, M., Casson, L. K., Stivers, N., Bates, P. J., Rojas, R., Fernandez, I., Lewis, W. H., Sarasara, C., Sauvain, M., Gilman, R. H., Hammond, G. B. (2010) Cytotoxic and anti-infective sesquiterpenes present in Plagiochila disticha (plagiochilaceae) and Ambrosia peruviana (Asteraceae). Planta Medica 76, 705-707.

[135] Jin, Z., Aponte, J. C., Vaisberg, A., Sauvain, M., Gilman, R. H., Hammond, G. B. (2010) Antileishmanial, trypanocidal, antituberculosis and cytotoxic activities of targeted plant species from the Peruvian rain forest. Abstracts of Papers, 240th ACS National Meeting, Boston, MA, United States, August 22-26, 2010, AGFD-202.

[136] Naves, Y.R. (1959) Volatile plant substances. CLIX. On the essential oil of carqueja from Santa Catarina (Brazil). Bulletin de la Société Chimique de France 1959, 1871-1879.

[137] Naves, Y. R. (1959) The presence of o-menthane

derivatives in the essential oil of carqueja. Comptes Rendus 249, 562-564.

[138] Naves, Y. R. (1962) Volatile plant materials. CLXXXI. Absence of o-menthanic hydrocarbons in Brazilian carqueja oil. Helvetica Chimica Acta 45, 1598-1600.

[130] Bauer, L., Brazil e Silva, G.A., De Siquiera, N. C. S., Bacha, C. T. M., Sant'Ana, B. M. S. (1978) Essential oil from Baccharis dracunculifolia DC. and Baccharis genistelloides Pers. from Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). Revista de Centro de Ciencias da Saude (Universidade Federal St. Maria) 6, 7-11 via Chemical Abstracts 92:169030 (1980).

[140] Chialva, F., Doglia, G. (1990) Essential oil from Carqueja (Baccharis genistelloides Pers.). Journal of Essential Oil Research 2, 173-177.

[141] Dolejs, L., Herout, V., Sorm, F. (1961) Terpenes. CXX. Sesquiterpenic compounds of Baccharis genistelloides Pers. Structure of palustrol. Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 26, 811-817.

[142] Dolejs, L., Herou,V., Sorm, F. (1960) Structure of palustrol. Chemistry & Industry 1960, 267-268.

[143] Bohlmann, F., Knauf, W., King, R. M., Robinson, H. (1979) Naturally occurring terpene derivatives. Part 196. A new diterpene and further constituents from Baccharis species. Phytochemistry 18, 1011-1014.

[144] Kuroyanagi, M., Fujita, K., Kazaoka, M., Matsumoto, S., Ueno, A., Fukushima, S., Katsuoka, M. (1985) Studies on the constituents of Baccharis genistelloides. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 33, 5075-5078.

[145] Suttisri, R., Kinghorn, A. D., Wright, A. D., Sticher, O. (1994) Neo-clerodane diterpenoids and other constituents from Baccharis genistelloides. Phytochemistry 35, 443-446.

[146] Daily, A., Wagner, H., Seligmann, D. (1984) Hispidulin and stigmasta-7,22-dien-3-ol from Baccharis genistelloides. Fitoterapia 55, 236-238.

[147] Arroxelas de Lima, V. L., Melo de Almeida, E., Lima da Silva, D. E. (2004) Total phenolic content in Brazilian teas. Brazilian Journal of Food Technology 7, 187-190.

[148] Wasicky, R., Unti, O., Barbieri, E. (1942-1943) Quinine and alkaloids in Brazil. Anais de Facultade de Farmacia e Odontologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo 3, 137-183, via Chemical Abstracts 39:33138 (1945).

[149] Casparis, P., Martius, W. (1931) Note on Baccharis genistelloides Pers. Pharmaceutica Acta Helvetiae 6, 251-252, via Chemical Abstracts 26:34749 (1932).

[150] Abad Martinez, M. J., Guerra Guirao, J. A., Bedoya del Olmo, L. M., Bermejo Benito, P. (2004) Antiviral activity of medicinal plants. Current Topics in Phytochemistry 6, 113-123.

[151] Abad, M. J., Borneo, P., Gonzales, E., Silesians, I., Rerun, A., Carrasco, L. (1999) Antiviral activity of Bolivian plant extracts. General Pharmacology 32, 499-503.

[152] Melo, S. F., Soares, S. F., da Costa, R. F., da Silva, C. R., de Oliveira, M. B. N., Bezerra, R. J. A. C., Caldeira-de-Araujo, A., Bernardo-Filho, M. (2001) Effect of the Cymbopogon citratus, Maytenus ilicifolia and Baccharis genistelloides extracts against the stannouschloride oxidative damage in Escherichia coli. Mutation Research 496, 33-38.

[153] Coelho, M. G. P., Reis, P. A., Gava, V. B., Marques, P. R., Gayer, C. R., Laranja, G. A. T., Felzenswalb, I., Sabino, K. C. C. (2004) Anti-arthritic effect and subacute toxicological evaluation of Baccharis genistelloides aqueous extract. Toxicology Letters 154, 69-80.

[154] Gonzales, E., Iglesias, I., Carretero, E., Villar, A. (2000) Gastric cytoprotection by Bolivian medicinal plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 70, 329-333.

[155] Ruiz, A. L. T. G., Taffarello, D., Souza, V. H. S., Carvalho, J. E. (2008) Pharmacology and toxicology of Peumus boldus and Baccharis genistelloides. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 18, 295-300.


208 (154 - 219)PhOL

[156] Marques, V., Farah, A. (2009) Chlorogenic acids and related compounds in medicinal plants and infusions. Food Chemistry 113, 1370-1376.

[157] Dominguez, X. A., Sanchez, H., Merijanian, B.A., Rojas, M. P. (1972) Stigmasterol, friedooleanan-3b-ol and Baccharis oxide from Baccharis salicifolia. Phytochemistry 11, 2628.

[158] Kavka, J., Guerreiro, E., Giordano, O. S., Romo, J. (1973) Flavonoids of Baccharis salicifolia. Revista Latinoamericana de QuímIca 4, 101-104.

[159] Wollenweber, E., Arriaga-Giner, F. J., Rumbero, A., Greenway, W. (1989) New phenolics from Baccharis leaf exudate. Zeirschrift für Naturforschung, C: Biosciences 44, 727-730.

[160] Wollenweber, E., Schober, I., Dostal, P., Hradetsky, D., Arriaga-Giner, F. J., Yatskievych, G. (1986) Flavonoids and terpenoids from the exudate of some Baccharis species. Zeirschrift für Naturforschung, C: Biosciences 41, 87-93.

[161] Warning, U., Bohlmann, F., Sanchez, V. H., Del Rio, S. E., Dominguez, X. A. (1986) New constituents of Baccharis salicifolia. Revista Latinoamericana de Química 17, 199-200.

[162] Loayza, I., Abujder, D., Aranda, R., Jakupovic, J., Collin, G., Deslauriers, H., Jean, F. I. (1995) Essential oils of Baccharis salicifolia, B. latifolia and B. dracunculifolia. Phytochemistry 38, 381-389.

[163] Loayza, I., Collin, G., Gagnon, M., Dellacassa, E. (1993) The essential oils of Baccharis latifolia, B. salicifolia from Bolivia, and B. dracunculifolia from Uruguay. Rivista italiana Essenze, Profumi, Piante Officinali Aromatizzanti, Syndets, Saponi, Cosmetici, Aerosols 4, 728-736.

[164] Zunino, M. P., Novillo-Newton, M., Maestri, D. M., Zygadlo, J. A. (1997) Composition of the essential oil of Baccharis crispa Spreng. and Baccharis salicifolia Pers. grown in Cordoba (Argentina). Flavour and Fragrance Journal 12, 405-407.

[165] Garcia, M., Donadel, O. J., Ardanaz, C. E., Tonn, C. E., Sosa, M. E. (2005) Toxic and repellent effects of Baccharis salicifolia essential oil on Tribolium castaneum. Pest Management Science 61, 612-618.

[166] Carrizo Flores, R., Ponzi, M., Ardanaz, C., Tonn, C. E., Donadel, O. J. (2009) Chemical composition of essential oil of Baccharis salicifolia (Ruiz & Pavon) Pers. and antibacterial activity. Journal of the Chilean Chemical Society 54, 475-476.

[167] Salazar, W., Cardenas, J., Nunez, M., Fernandez, I., Villegas, L., Pacheco, L., Untiveros, G. (2007) Phytochemical study and anthelmintic activity of Euphorbia huachahana and Baccharis salicifolia extracts. Revista de la Sociedad Química del Peru 73, 150-157.

[168] De Tommasi, N., Piacente, S., Pizza, C. (1988) Flavonol and Chalcone Ester Glycosides from Bidens andicola. Journal of Natural Products 61, 73-77.

[169] Borneo, R., Aguirre, A., Cantero, J. J. (2008) In vitro antioxidant activity of species collected in Cordoba (Argentina). EJEAFChe 7, 3168-3170.

[170] Borneo, R., Leon, A. E., Aguirre, A., Ribotta, P., Cantero, J. J. (2009) Antioxidant capacity of medicinal plants from the Province of Cordoba (Argentina) and their in vitro testing in a model food system. Food Chemistry 112, 664-670.

[171] Gonzalez, A. G., Fraga, B. M., Hernandez, M. G., Garcia, V. P. (1982) Eupatorone, a 2-acetylbenzofuran from Eupatorium sternbergianum. Phytochemistry 21, 1826-1827.

[172] D’Agostino, M., De Feo, V., Pizza, C., De Simone, F. (1994) Isolation of 3,5,7,2’,3’,4’-hexahydroxyflavone-3-b-O-D-glucopyranoside from Eupatorium sternbergianum. Fitoterapia 65, 472-473.

[173] Gonzalez, A. G., Fraga, B. M., Garcia, V. P., Hernandez, M. G. (1984) Sternbin, a new flavanone from Eupatorium sternbergianum. Revista Latinoamericana de Química 14, 115-117.

[174] Pereyra de Santiago, O. J., Juliani, H. R. (1972) Isolation of quercetin 3,7,3',4'-tetrasulfate from Flaveria bidentis. Experientia 28, 380-381.

[175] Cabrera, J. L., Juliani, H. R. (1976) Quercetin-3-acetyl-7, 3', 4'-trisulfate from Flaveria bidentis. Lloydia 39, 253-254.

[176] Cabrera, J. L., Juliani, H. R. (1977) Isorhamnetin 3,7-disulfate from Flaveria bidentis. Phytochemistry 16, 400.

[177] Cabrera, J. L., Juliani, H. R. (1979) Two new quercetin sulfates from leaves of Flaveria bidentis. Phytochemistry 18, 510-511.

[178] Cabrera, J. L., Juliani, H. R. (1982) Incorporation of sodium sulfate (sulfur-35) in sulfate-containing flavonoids of Flaveria bidentis. Anales de la Asociación Química Argentina 70, 1083-1085.

[179] Suarez, S. S., Cabrera, J. L., Juliani, H. R. (1979) Flavonoids from Flaveria bidentis (L.) O.K. and Flaveria bidentis var. angustifolia O.K. (Compositae). Anales de la Asociación Química Argentina 1979, 67:229-230.

[180] Cabrera JL, Juliani HR, Gros E. G. (1985) Quercetin-3,7, 3'-trisulfate from Flaveria bidentis. Phytochemistry 24, 1394-1395.

[181] Perez, L. M., Rojas, B. C. V., Cori, O. (1986) The use of quercetin sulfates from Flaveria bidentis as inhibitors of the enzymic reduction of carbonyl groups. Phytochemistry 25, 1587-1589.

[182] Varin, L., Barron, D., Ibrahim, R. K. (1986) Enzymic synthesis of sulfated flavonols in Flaveria. Phytochemistry 26, 135-138.

[183] Varin, L., Barron, D., Ibrahim, R. K. (1986) Identification, biosynthesis and enzymology of sulfated flavonols in Flaveria bidentis. Bulletin de Liaison - Groupe Polyphenols 13, 71-73.

[184] Varin, L., Barron, D., Ibrahim, R. (1986) Identification and biosynthesis of glucosylated and sulfated flavonols in Flaveria bidentis. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung, C:Biosciences 41, 813-819.

[185] Varin, L. (1988) Enzymic synthesis of sulfated flavonoids in Flaveria spp. Bulletin de Liaison - Groupe Polyphenols 14, 248-257.

[186] Hannoufa, A., Varin, L., Ibrahim, R. K. (1991) Spatial distribution of flavonoids conjugates in relation to glucosyltransferase and sulfotransferase activities in Flaveria bidentis. Plant Physiology 97, 259-263.

[187] Guglielmone, H. A., Agnese, A. M., Nuòez Montoya, S. C., Cabrera, J. L. (2002) Anticoagulant effect and action mechanism of sulphated flavonoids from Flaveria bidentis. Thrombosis Research 105, 183-188.

[188] Guglielmone, H. A., Agnese, A. M., Nuòez Montoya, S. C., Cabrera, J. L. (2005) Inhibitory effects of sulphated flavonoids isolated from Flaveria bidentis on platelet aggregation. Thrombosis Research 115, 495-502.

[189] Agnese, A. M., Nuòez Montoya, S., Ariza Espinar, L., Cabrera, J. L. (1999) Chemotaxonomic features in Argentinian species of Flaveria (Compositae). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 27, 739-742.

[190] Broussalis, A. M., Ferraro, G. E., Martino, V. S., Pinzon, R., Coussio, J. D., Alvarez, J. C. (1999) Argentine plants as potential source of insecticidal compounds. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 67, 219-223.

[191] Lock, O., Castillo, P., Doroteo, V., Rojas, R. (2005) Antioxidant activity in vitro of selected Peruvian medicinal plants. Acta Horticulturae 675, 103-106.

[192] Agnese, A. M., Guglielmone, H. A., Cabrera, J. L. (2010) Flaveria bidentis and Flaveria haumanii - effects and bioactivity of sulphated flavonoids. In Recent Progress in Medicinal Plants, Singh, V. K., Ed. Studium Press, LLC, Houston, 29, 1-17.

[193] Shao, M.-y., Wang, Y., Cui, X-y. (2010) Research progress


209 (154 - 219)PhOL

of biological activity and chemical composition of Flaveria bidentis (L.) Kuntze. Xiandai Nongyao 9, 11-13, 18, vi Chemical Abstracts 2010:1329829.

[194] Dade, M. M., Fioravanti, D. E., Schinella, G. R., Tournier, H. A. (2009) Total antioxidant capacity and polyphenol content of 21 aqueous extracts obtained from native plants of Traslasierra Valley (Argentina). Boletin Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromaticas 8,529-539.

[195] Xie, Q.-Q., Wei, Y., Zhang, G.-L. (2010) Separation of flavonol glycosides from Flaveria bidentis (L.) Kuntze by high-speed counter-current chromatography. Separation and Purification Technology 72, 229-233.

[196] Pastor de Abram, A., Zelada Mariluz, B. R. (2006) Phytochemical study of Flaveria bidentis (L.) Kuntze (Asteraceae). Revista de la Sociedad Química del Peru 72, 3-11.

[197] Bardon, A., Borkosky, S., Ybarra, M. I., Montanaro, S., Cartagena, E. (2007) Bioactive plants from Argentina and Bolivia. Fitoterapia 78, 227-231.

[198] Macedo, M. E., Consoli, R. A., Grandi, T. S., dos Anjos, A. M., de Oliveira, A. B., Mendes, N. M., Queiroz, R. O., Zani, C. L. (1997) Screening of Asteraceae (Compositae) plant extracts for larvicidal activity against Aedes fluviatilis (Diptera:Culicidae). Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 92, 565-570.

[199] Mongelli, E., Desmarchelier, C., Coussio, J., Ciccia, G. (1995) Antimicrobial activity and interaction with DNA of medicinal plants from the Peruvian Amazon region. Revista Argentina de Microbiologia 27, 199-203.

[200] Jakupovic, J., Baruah, R. N., Zdero, C., Eid, F., Pathak, V. P,, Chau-Ti, T, V., Bohlmann, F., King, R. M., Robinson, H. (1986) Further diterpenes from plants of the Compositae, subtribe Solidagininae. Phytochemistry 25, 1873-1881.

[201] Bohlmann, F., Zdero, C., King, R. M., Robinson, H. (1983) Unusual phenylpropanoid glycosides from Paranaphelius uniflorus. Phytochemistry 22, 1485-1488.

[202] Daily, A., Seligmann, O., Nonnenmacher, G., Fessler, B., Wong, S., Wagner, H. (1988) New chromone, coumarin, and coumestan derivatives from Mutisia acuminata var. hirsuta. Planta Medica 54, 50-52, 270.

[203] Bohlmann, F., Zdero, C., King, R. M., Robinson, H. (1980) Naturally occurring terpene derivatives. Part 254. Onoseriolide, a new sesquiterpene lactone from Onoseris albicans. Phytochemistry 19, 689-691.

[204] Bohlmann, F., Zdero, C. (1979) Naturally occurring terpene derivatives, 155. New sesquiterpenes with an anomalous carbon skeleton of the tribe Mutisieae. Chemische Berichte 112, 427-434.

[205] Zdero, C., Bohlmann, F., Solomon, J., Dominguez, X. A. (1988) Further isocedrene derivatives and other constituents from Perezia species. Phytochemistry 27, 849-853.

[206] Bohlmann, F., Zdero, C. (1977) Naturally occurring terpene derivatives. Part 88. Constituents of the tribe Mutisieae. Phytochemistry 16, 239-242.

[207] Joseph-Nathan, P., Hidalgo, J., Abramo-Bruno, D. (1978) A new coumarin from Perezia multiflora. Phytochemistry 17, 583-584.

[208] Nawrot, J. (1983) Principles for grain weevil (Sitophilus granarius L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) control with use of natural chemical compounds affecting the behaviour of beetles. Prace Naukowe Instytutu Ochrony Roslin 24, 173-197, via Chemical Abstracts 102:208863 (1985).

[209] Flematti, S. M., Gros, E. G. (1972) Sterols and triterpenols in Schkuria pinnata var. pinnata, Compositae. Anales de la Asociaciòn Química Argentina 60, 347-353.

[210] Bohlmann, F., Jakupovic, J., Robinson, H., King, R. M. (1980) Naturally occurring terpene derivatives. Part 259. New diterpenes from Schkuhria species. Phytochemistry 19,

881-884.[211] Ganzer, U., Jakupovic, J. (1990) Schkuhripnnatolides,

unusual sesquiterpene lactones from Schkuhria pinnata. Phytochemistry 29, 535-539.

[212] Bohlmann, F., Zdero, C. (1981) Naturally occurring terpene derivatives. Part 373. A heliangolide from Schkuhria pinnata. Phytochemistry 20, 2431-2432.

[213] Romo de Vivar, A., Perez, C. A. L., Leon, N. C., Delgado, G. (1982) 11,13-Dehydroeriolin, schkuhrioidin, and schkuhriolid, germacranolides from Schkuhria species. Phytochemistry 21, 2905-2908.

[214] Pettei, M. J., Miura, I., Kubo, I., Nakanishi, K. (1978) Insect antifeedant sesquiterpene lactones from Schkuhria pinnata: the direct obtention of pure compounds using reverse-phase preparative liquid chromatography. Heterocycles 11, 471-480.

[215] Pacciaroni, A. V., Sosa, V. E., Ariza Espinar, L., Oberti, J. C. (1995) Sesquiterpene lactones from Schkuhria pinnata. Phytochemistry 39, 127-131.

[216] Leon, A., Reyes, B. M., Chavez, M. I., Toscano, R. A., Delgado, G. (2009) Sesquiterpene lactones, acyl phenyl propanoids and other constituents from Schkuhria pinnata var. wislizeni. Antioxidant evaluation. Journal of the Mexican Chemical Society 53, 193-200.

[217] Wagate, C. G., Mbaria, J. M., Gakuya, D. W., Nanyingi, M. O., Kareru, P. G., Njuguna, A., Gitahi, N., Macharia, J. K., Njonge, F. K. (2010) Screening of some Kenyan medicinal plants for antibacterial activity. Phytotherapy Research 24,150-153.

[218] Deutschlander, M. S., van de Venter, M., Roux, S., Louw, J., Lall, N. (2009) Hypoglycaemic activity of four plant extracts traditionally used in South Africa for diabetes. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 124, 619-624.

[219] Muthaura, C. N., Rukunga, G. M., Chhabra, S. C., Omar, S. A., Guantai, A. N., Gathirwa, J. W., Tolo, F. M., Mwitari, P. G., Keter, L. K., Kirira, P. G., Kimani, C. W., Mungai, G. M., Njagi, E. N. M. (2007) Antimalarial activity of some plants traditionally used in Meru district of Kenya. Phytotherapy Research 21, 860-867.

[220] Abdo, S., De Bernardi, M., Marinoni, G., Mellerio, G., Samaniego, S., Vidari, G., Vita-Finzi, P. (1992) Metabolites of medicinal plants. Part 5. Furanoeremophilanes and other constituents from Senecio canescens. Phytochemistry 31, 3937-3941.

[221] D'Agostino, M., De Feo, V., De Simone, F., Pizza C (1991) Three chalcones from Senecio pseudotites. Phytochemistry 30, 2440-2441.

[222] De Tommasi, N., Rastrelli, L., Lauro, M. R., Aquino, R (1998) Polyhydroxylated triterpenes from Senecio pseudotites. Phytochemistry 49, 1123-1125.

[223] Rajbhandari, A., Roberts, M. F. (1985) The flavonoids of Stevia cuzcoensis, Stevia galeopsidifolia, Stevia serrata, and Stevia soratensis. Journal of Natural Products 48, 858-859.

[224] D'Agostino, M., De Simone, F., Zhou, Z. L., Pizza, C. (1992) Flavonol glycosides from Tagetes elliptica. Phytochemistry 31, 4387-4388.

[225] Abburra, R. E., Zygadlo, J. A., Grosso, N. R., Guzman, C. A. (1990) Study of the essential oil of Tagetes filifolia (Asteraceae) as potential producer of estragole and anethole. Anales de la Sociedad Química Argentina 78, 153-156.

[226] Zygadlo, J. A., Guzman, G. A., Grosso, N. R. (19949 Antifungal properties of the leaf oils of Tagetes minuta L. and T. filifolia Lag. Journal of Essential Oil Research 6, 617-621.

[227] Zygadlo, J. A., Lamarque, A. L., Maestri, D. M., Guzman, C. A., Grosso, N. R. (1993) Composition of the inflorescence oils of some Tagetes species from Argentina. Journal of Essential Oil Research 5, 679-681.


210 (154 - 219)PhOL

[228] De Feo, V., Della Porta, G., Urrunaga Soria, E., Urrunaga Soria, R., Senatore, F. (1998) Composition of the essential oil of Tagetes filifolia Lag. Flavour and Fragrance Journal 13, 145-147.

[229] Vila, R., Iglesias, J., Canigueral, S., Ciccio, J. F. (2000) Essential oil of Tagetes filifolia from Costa Rica. Ingenieria y Ciencia Química 19, 13-14, via Chemical Abstracts 134:219694 (2001).

[230] Bohrmann, H., Youngken, H. W., Jr. (1986) Esdragole, the main compound in the volatile oil of Tagetes filifolia. Phytochemistry 7, 1415-1416.

[231] Chantraine, J. M., Laurent, D., Ballivian, C., Saavedra, G., Ibanez, R., Vilaseca, L. A. (1998) Insecticidal activity of essential oils on Aedes aegypti larvae. Phytotherapy Research 12, 350-354.

[232] Fester, G. A. (1947) Essential oil in native plants of the Argentine republic and in border lands. Ciencia e Investigacion (Buenos Aires) 3, 237-340, via Chemical Abstracts 41:35490 (1947).

[233] Fester, G. A., Gargallo, M. A., Martinuzzi, E. A. (1947) Some volatile essential oils from San Luis y Cordoba. Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina 144, 457-471, via Chemical Abstracts 42:20019 (1948).

[234] Fester, G. A., Martinuzzi, E. A., Ricciardi, A. I. (1951) Volatile oils. IV. Revista de la Facultad de Ingenieria Química, Universidad Federal de Santa Fe, Argentina 20, 47-60.

[235] Maestri, D. M., Zygadlo, J. A., Lamarque, A. L., Labuckas, D. O., Guzman, C. A. (1996) Effect of some essential oils on the oxidative stability of peanut oil. Grasas y Aceites 47, 397-400.

[236] Marotti, M., Piccaglia, R., Biavati, B., Marotti, I. (2004) Characterization and yield evaluation of essential oils from different Tagetes species. Journal of Essential Oil Research 16, 440-444.

[237] Massera, P. E., Pitta-Alvarez, S. I., Rodriguez Talou, J., Giulietti, A. M. (1999) Thiophene content in plants and transformed roots cultures of Tagetes filifolia. Acta Horticulturae 502, 139-142.

[238] Massera, P. E., Rodriguez Talou, J., Giulietti, A. M. (1998) Thiophene production in transformed roots cultures of Tagetes filifolia. Biotechnology Letters 20, 573-577.

[239] De las Heras, B., Slowing, K., Benedi, J., Carretero, E., Ortega, T., Toledo, C., Bermejo, P., Iglesias, I., Abad, M. J., Gomez-Serranillos, P., Liso, P. A., Villar, A., Chiriboga, X. (1998) Antiinflammatory and antioxidant activity of plants used in traditional medicine in Ecuador. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 61, 161-166.

[240] Abad, M. J., Borneo, P., Sanchez Palomino, S., Chirimoya, X., Carrasco, L. (1999) Antiviral activity of some South American medicinal plants. Phytotherapy Research 13, 142-146.

[241] Marotti, I., Marotti, M., Piccaglia, R., Nastri, A., Grandi, S., Dinelli, G. (2010) Thiophene occurrence in different Tagetes species: agricultural biomasses as sources of biocidal substances. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 90, 1210-1217.

[242] Abdala, L. R. (1997) Chemotaxonomic differentiation between Tagetes mandonii Schultz Bip. and T. dianthioflora HBK. (Asteraceae). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 25, 679-680.

[243] D'Agostino, M., De Simone, F., Piacente, S., Pizza, C., Senatore, F. (1997) Quercetagetin 6-O-b-D-glucopyranoside from Tagetes mandonii. Phytochemistry 45, 201-202.

[244] Senatore, F., D'Agostino, M., Dini, I. (1999) Two new quercetagetin O-glucosides from Tagetes mandonii. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 27, 309-311.

[245] Senatore, F., De Feo, V. (1999) Chemical composition of the essential oil from Tagetes mandonii Sch. Bip.

(Asteraceae). Flavour and Fragrance Journal 14, 32-34. [246] Bohlmann, F., Suwita, A., Jakupovic, J., King, R. M.,

Robinson, H. (1981) Naturally occurring terpene derivatives. Part 346. Trixikingolides and germacrene derivatives from Trixis species. Phytochemistry 20, 1649-1655.

[247] Fester, G. A., Martinuzzi, E. A., Retamar, J. A., Ricciardi, A. I. A. (1960) Argentine essential oils. Revista de la Facultad de Ingenieria Química, Universidad Nacional de Litoral, Santa Fé, Argentina 29, 21-44.

[248] Fester, G. A., Retamar, J. A., Ricciardi, A. I. A (1959) Essential oils from Argentina plants. XII. Revista de la Facultad de Ingenieria Química, Universidad Nacional de Litoral, Santa Fé, Argentina 28, 19-27.

[249] Fonseca, L. R. (1960) Aromatic plants in the state of Corrientes. Revista de la Facultad de Ingenieria Química, Universidad Nacional de Litoral, Santa Fé, Argentina 29, 69-72.

[250] Pereira, F. H., Figueiredo Guimaraes, L. A., Cerutti, S. M., Rodrigues de Oliveira, R. F., Pulz Araujo, C. E. (2005) Preliminary anti-ulcerogenic and chemical analysis of the aerial parts of Trixis divaricata Sprengel. Acta Farmaceutica Bonaerense 24, 80-84.

[251] De Tommasi, N., Aquino, R., De Simone, F., Piacente, S., Pizza, C. (1992) Diterpenes from Werneria dactylophylla. Phytochemistry 31, 1042-1043.

[252] Bravo, J. A., Camacho, V., Willy, J. R. P. (2009) Chemical education: structural elucidation of plicatin A and B from Werneria dactylophylla. Revista Boliviana de Química 26, 63-76.

[253] Roeder, E., Bourauel, T., Theisen, I. (1993) Pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Werneria nubigena. Natural Toxins 1, 81-83.

[254] Piacente, S., Herrera Hernandez, N., De Simone, F., Lock De Ugaz, O., Pizza, C. (1997) Benzopyran derivatives from Werneria nubigena. Phytochemistry 46, 795-797.

[255] Bohlmann, F., Ziesche, J., King, R. M., Robinson, H. (1981) Naturally occurring terpene derivatives. Part 321. Eudesmanolides, guaianolides, germacranolides, and elemanolides from Zinnia species. Phytochemistry 20, 1623-1630.

[256] Bohlmann, F., Zdero, C., King, R. M., Robinson, H. (1979) Naturally occurring terpene derivatives. Part 215. New elemanolides and guaianolides from Zinnia species. Phytochemistry 18, 1343-1348.

[257] Dini, A., Rastrelli, L., Saturnino, P., Schettino, O. (1991) Minor components in food plants. Note I. Flavonol glycosides from Ullucus tuberosus. Bollettino della Società Italiana di Biologia Sperimentale 67, 1053-1058.

[258] Dini, A., Rastrelli, L., Saturnino, P., Schettino, O. (1991) Minor components in food plants. Note II.Triterpenoidal saponins from Ullucus tuberosus. Bollettino della Società Italiana di Biologia Sperimentale 67, 1059-1065.

[259] Espada, A., Jimenez, C., Dopeso, J., Riguera, R. (1996) Tuberosides A, B, and C, novel triterpenoid saponins from the hypoglycemic fraction of Ullucus tuberosus. Liebigs Annalen 1996, 781-784.

[260] Campos, D., Noratto, G., Chirinos, R., Arbizu, C., Roca, W., Cisneros-Zevallos, L. (2006) Antioxidant capacity and secondary metabolites in four species of Andean tuber crops: native potato (Solanum sp.), mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz & Pavon), Oca (Oxalis tuberosa Molina) and ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus Caldas). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 86, 1481-1488.

[261] Weber, J. F., Le Ray, A. M., Bruneton, J., Fournet, A. (1989) Alkaloidal content of four Berberis species. Structure of berberilaurine, a new bisbenzyltetrahydroisoquinoline. Journal of Natural Products 52, 81-84.

[262] Del Carpio Jimenez, C., Serrano Flores, C.. Giusti, M. (2009) Characterization of anthocyanins from Berberis


211 (154 - 219)PhOL

boliviana Lechler fruits. Revista de la Sociedad Química del Peru 75, 76-86.

[263] Salama, A., Rincon Velandia, J., Torres Wilches, M. A., Iregui, C. (1999) Abortive effects, isolation and identification of the active principle of Alnus acuminata. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Químico-Farmaceuticas 25,36-43.

[264] Saenz, R. J. A., Nassar, C. M. (1965) Phytochemical screening of Costa Rican plants-alkaloid analysis. II. Revista de Biologia Tropical 13, 207-212, via Chemical Abstracts 65:58619 (1966).

[265] Freeman, G. G., Mossadeghi, N. (1972) Sulfur nutrition and flavor production in watercress (Rorippa nastrurtium-aquaticum). Journal of Horticultural Science 47, 375-387.

[266] Freeman, G. G., Mossadeghi, N. (1973) Relation between water regime and flavor strenght in watercress (Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum), cabbage (Brassica oleracea capitata) and onion (Allium cepa). Journal of Horticultural Science 48, 365-378.

[267] Spence, R. M. M., Tucknott, O. G. (1983) The examination of the headspace volatiles of watercress. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 34, 768-772.

[268] Spence, R. M. M., Tucknott, O. G. (1983) An apparatus for the comparative collection of headspace volatiles of watercress. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 34, 412-416.

[269] Cardoso, P. C., Della Lucia, C. M., Stringheta, P. C., Chaves, J. B. P., Pinheiro-Sant'Ana, H. M. (2009) Carotene and provitamin A content of vegetables sold in Vicosa, MG, Brazil, during spring and winter. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 45, 527-537.

[270] Gill, C. I. R., Haldar, S., Boyd, L. A., Bennett, R., Whiteford, J., Butler, M., Pearson, J. R., Bradbury, I., Rowland, I. R. (2007) Watercress supplementation in diet reduces lymphocyte DNA damage and alters blood antioxidant status in healthy adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 85, 504-510.

[271] Atallah, A. M., Nicholas, H. J. (1971) Triterpenoid and steroid constituents of Florida Spanish moss. Phytochemistry 10, 3139-3145.

[272] Cabrera, G. M., Gallo, M., Seldes, A. M. (1995) A 3,4-seco-cycloartane derivative from Tillandsia usneoides. Phytochemistry 39, 665-666.

[273] Cabrera, G. M., Gallo, M., Seldes, A. M. (1996) Cycloartane Derivatives from Tillandsia usneoides. Journal of Natural Products 59, 343-347.

[274] Cabrera, G. M., Seldes, A. M. (1997) Short side-chain cycloartanes from Tillandsia usneoides. Phytochemistry 45, 1019-1021.

[275] Djerassi, C., McCrindle, R. (1962) Terpenoids. LI. The isolation of some new cyclopropane-containing triterpenes from Spanish moss. Journal of Chemical Society 1962, 4034-4039.

[276] McCrindle, R., Djerassi, C. (1961) Cycloart-23-ene-3b,25-diol: a new cyclopropane-containing triterpene from Tillandsia usneoides (Spanish moss). Chemistry & Industry 1961, 1311-1312.

[277] Lewis, D. S., Mabry, T. J. (1977) 3,6,3',5'-Tetramethoxy-5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavone from Tillandsia usneoides. Phytochemistry 16, 1114-1115.

[278] Webber, M. G., Lauter, W. M., Foote, P. A. (1952) A preliminary phytochemical study of Tillandsia usneoides (Spanish moss). Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association 41, 230-235 via Chemical Abstracts 46:43596 (1952).

[279] Williams, C. A. (1978) The systematic implications of the complexity of leaf flavonoids in the Bromeliaceae. Phytochemistry 17, 729-734.

[280] Wollenweber, E., Mann, K., Roitman, J. N (1992) A

myricetin tetramethyl ether from the leaf and stem surfaces of Tillandsia usneoides. Zeirschrift für Naturforschung, C: Biosciences 47, 638-639.

[281] Costa, M., Di Stasi, L. C., Kirizawa, M., Mendacolli, S. L., Gomes, C., Trolin, G. (1989) Screening in mice of some medicinal plants used for analgesic purposes in the state of Sao Paulo. Part II. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 27, 25-33.

[282] Witherup, K. M., McLaughlin, J. L., Judd, R. L., Ziegler, M. H., Medon, P. J., Keller, W. J. (1995) Identification of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid (HMG) as a hypoglycemic principle of Spanish moss (Tillandsia usneoides). Journal of Natural Products 58, 1285-1290.

[283] Andrighetti-Frohner, C. R., Sincero, T. C. M., da Silva, A. C., Savi, L. A., Gaido, C. M., Bettega, J. M. R., Mancini, M., de Almeida, M. T. R., Barbosa, R. A., Farias, M. R., Barardi, C. R. M., Simoes, C. M. O. (2005) Antiviral evaluation of plants from Brazilian Atlantic Tropical Forest. Fitoterapia 76, 374-378.

[284] Weld, J. T. (1945) Antibiotic action of Tillandsia usneoides (Spanish moss). Proceedings of the Society of Expeimental Biology and Medicine 59, 40-41, via Chemical Abstracts 39:23817 (1945).

[285] Morrow, M. B., Wheeler, E. C. (1950) Mold fungi in the etiology of respiratory allergic diseases. XIV. Fungi in aerobiological populations; the fungus flora of Tillandsia species. (Ball and Spanish moss). Annals of Allergy 8, 761-764.

[286] Kubo. I. (1997) Tyrosinase inhibitors from plants. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 658, 311-326.

[287] Kubo, I., Yokokawa, Y. (1992) Two tyrosinase inhibiting flavonol glycosides from Buddleia coriacea. Phytochemistry 31, 1075-1077.

[288] Kubo, I., Yokokawa, Y., Kinst-Hori, I. (1995) Tyrosinase inhibitors from Bolivian medicinal plants. Journal of Natural Products 58, 739-743.

[289]. Follas, W. D., Cassady, J. M., McLaughlin, J. L. (1977) Cactus alkaloids. Part 35. b-Phenethylamines from the cactus genus Lobivia. Phytochemistry 16, 1459-1460.

[290] Shirota, O., Kumakura, M., Sekita, S., Satake, M. (1997) Lignans from a cactus, Opuntia soehrensii. Nature Medicine 51, 281, via Chemical Abstracts 127:253931 (1997).

[291] Agurell, S., Bruhn, J. G., Lundstrom, J., Svensson, U. (1971) Cactaceae Alkaloids. X. Alkaloids of Trichocereus species and some other cacti. Lloydia 34, 183-187.

[292] Djerassi, C., Bowers, A., Burstein, S., Estrada, H., Grossman, J., Herran, J., Lemin, A. J., Manjarrez, A., Pakrashi, S. C. (1956) Terpenoids. XXII. Triterpenes from some Mexican and South American plants. Journal of the American Chemical Society 78, 2312-2315.

[293] Bohm, B. A., Reid, A., DeVore, M., Stuessy, T. F. (1995) Flavonoid chemistry of Calyceraceae. Canadian Journal of Chemistry 73, 1962-1965.

[294] Capasso, A., Urrunaga, R., Garofalo, L., Sorrentino, L., Aquino, R. (19969 Phytochemical and pharmacological studies on medicinal herb Acicarpha tribuloides. International Journal of Pharmacognosy 34, 255-261.

[295] Meragelman, T. L., Salido Renteria, B., Silva, G. L., Sotomayor, C., Gil, R. R. (2006) Modified secoiridoid from Acicarpha tribuloides and inhibition of nitric oxide production in LPS-activated macrophages. Phytochemistry 67, 1534-1538.

[296] Hernandez, N. E., Tereschuk, M. L., Abdala, L. R. (2000) Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids in medicinal plants from Tafi del Valle (Tucuman, Argentina). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 73, 317-322.

[297] Schmeda-Hirschmann, G., Feresin, G., Tapia, A., Hilgert, N., Theoduloz, C. (2005) Proximate composition and free radical scavenging activity of edible fruits from the


212 (154 - 219)PhOL

Argentinian Yungas. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 85, 1357-1364.

[298] Paudel, L., Wyzgoski, F. J., Whitson, S. E., Rinaldi, P., Giusti, M. M., Pangestu, N., Wesdemiotis, C. (2009) Characterization of Anthocyanins In Elderberry (Sambucus Peruviana) Extracts. Abstracts, Central Regional Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Cleveland, OH, United States, May 20-23, CRM-183.

[299] Morales, A. L., Duque, C. (1987) Aroma constituents of the fruit of the mountain papaya (Carica pubescens) from Colombia. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 35, 528-540.

[300] Senatore, A., Iaccarino, F. P., Di Donato, S. (1988) Sterols from Spergularia ramosa. Bollettino della Società Italiana di Biologia Sperimentale 63, 627-629.

[301] Gu, G., Du, Y. (2002) Synthesis of a pentasaccharide derivative corresponding to a triterpenoid saponin isolated from Spergularia ramosa. Journal of Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1 2002, 2075-2079.

[302] De Tommasi, N., Piacente, S., Gacs-Baitz, E., De Simone, F., Pizza, C., Aquino, R. (1998) Triterpenoid saponins from Spergularia ramosa. Journal of Natural Products 61, 323-327.

[303] Gonzalez, A. G., Tincusi, B. M., Bazzocchi, I. L., Tokuda, H., Nishino, H., Konoshima, T., Jimenez, I. A., Ravelo, A. G. (2000) Anti-tumor promoting effects of sesquiterpenes from Maytenus cuzcoina (Celastraceae). Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 8, 1773-1778.

[304] Cortes-Selva, F., Munoz-Martinez, F., Ilias, A., Jimenez, A., Varadi, A., Gamarro, F., Castanys, S. (2005) Functional expression of a multidrug P-glycoprotein transporter of Leishmania. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 329, 502-507.

[305] Cortes-Selva, F., Campillo, M., Reyes, C. P., Jimenez, I. A., Castanys, S., Bazzocchi, I. L., Pardo, L., Gamarro, F., Ravelo, A. G (2004) SAR Studies of Dihydro-b-agarofuran Sesquiterpenes as Inhibitors of the Multidrug-Resistance Phenotype in a Leishmania tropica Line Overexpressing a P-Glycoprotein-Like Transporter. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 47, 576-587.

[306] Nuòez, M. J., Reyes, C. P., Jimenez, I. A., Moujir, L., Bazzocchi, I. L. (2005) Lupane Triterpenoids from Maytenus Species. Journal of Natural Products 68, 1018-1021.

[307] Reyes, C. P., Nuòez, M. J., Jimenez, I. A., Busserolles, J., Alcaraz, M. J., Bazzocchi, I. L. (2006) Activity of lupane triterpenoids from Maytenus species as inhibitors of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 14, 1573-1579.

[308] Bylka, W., Kowalewski, Z. (1997) Flavonoids in Chenopodium album L. and Chenopodium opulifolium L. (Chenopodiaceae). Herba Polonica 43, 208-213, via Chemical Abstracts 128:125813 (1998).

[309] Rahiminejad, M. R., Gornall, R. J. (2004) Flavonoid evidence for allopolyploidy in the Chenopodium album aggregate (Amaranthaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 246, 77-87.

[310] Dembitsky, V., Shkrob, I., Hanus, L. O. (2008) Ascaridole and related peroxides from the genus Chenopodium. Biomedical Papers 152, 209-215.

[311] Maharaj, R., Maharaj, V., Newmarch, M., Crouch, N. R., Bhagwandin, N., Folb, P. I., Pillay, P., Gayaram, R. (2010) Evaluation of selected South African ethnomedicinal plants as mosquito repellents against the Anopheles arabiensis mosquito in a rodent model. Malaria Journal 9, 301.

[312] Chavez, A. T. (1937) Pharmacologic study of Ephedra americana var. andina. Boletin de la Sociedad Química del Peru 3, 198-210, via Chemical Abstracts 32:45954 (1938).

[313] Ricco, R. A., Sena, G. A., Vai, V. M., Wagner, M. L., Gurni, A. A. (2004) Determination of the presence of condensed

tannins in Ephedra americana Humb. et Bonpl. ex Wild (Ephedraceae). Acta Farmaceutica Bonaerense 23, 11-15.

[314] Lemus, I., Garcia, R., Erazo, S., Pena, R., Parada, M., Fuenzalida, M. (1996) Diuretic activity of an Equisetum bogotense tea (Platero herb): evaluation in healthy volunteers. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 54, 55-58.

[315] Wright, C. I., Van-Buren, L., Kroner, C. I., Koning, M. M. G. (2007) Herbal medicines as diuretics: A review of the scientific evidence. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 114, 1-31.

[316] Salas Rodriguez, J. I. (1942) Astragalus garbancillo, Cavanilles. Boletin del Museo de Historia Natural "Javier Prado" (Lima, Peru) 6, 139-154, via Chemical Abstracts 40:6910 (1946).

[317] D’Agostino, M., Pizza, C., De Simone, F. (1995) Flavone and flavonol glycosides from Desmodium mollicum. Fitoterapia 66, 384.

[318] Scholz, E., Rimpler, H. C. (1989) Proanthocyanidins from Krameria triandra roots. Planta Medica 55, 379-384.

[319] Maffei Facino, R., Carini, M., Aldini, G., De Angelis, L. (1997) A rapid screening by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and fast-atom bombardment tandem mass spectrometry of phenolic constituents with radical scavenging activity, from Krameria triandra roots. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 11, 1303-1308.

[320] Lohezic, F., Amoros, M., Boustie, J., Girre, L. (1999) In-vitro antiherpetic activity of Erythroxylon laurifolium (Erythroxylaceae). Pharmacy and Pharmacology Communications 5, 249-253.

[321] Arnone, A., Di Modugno, V., Nasini, G., Vajna de Pava, O. (1990) Studies on Ratanhiae Radix. II. Isolation of ratanhine, a new dineolignan from the medicinal Ratanhiae Radix. Gazzetta Chimica Italiana 120, 397-401.

[322] Arnone, A., Di Modugno, V., Nasini, G., Venturini, I. (1988) Isolation and structure determination of new active neolignans and norneolignans from Ratanhia. Gazzetta Chimica Italiana 118, 675-682.

[323] De Bellis, P., Griffini, A., Peterlongo, F. (1994) Identification of the main neolignan constituents of rhatany (Krameria triandra roots) by HPLC-MS and GC-MS. Fitoterapia 65, 503-514.

[324] Carini, M., Aldini, G., Orioli, M., Maffei Facino, R. (2002) Antioxidant and photoprotective activity of a lipophilic extract containing neolignans from Krameria triandra roots. Planta Medica 68, 193-197.

[325] Pradhan, S. N., Chung, E. B., Ghosh, B., Paul, B. D., Kapadia, G. J. (1974) Potential carcinogens. I. Carcinogenicity of some plant extracts and their tannin-containing fractions in rats. Journal of National Cancer Institute 52, 1579-1582.

[326] Ayoub, S. M. H., Yankov, L.K (1985) Algicidal properties of tannins. Fitoterapia 56, 227-229.

[327] Goday Bujan, J. J., Oleaga Morante, J. M., Yanguas Bayona, I., Gonzalez Guemes, M., Soloeta Arechavala, R. (1998) Allergic contact dermatitis from Krameria triandra extract. Contact Dermatitis 38, 120-121.

[328] Beltrami, B., Vassallo, C., Berardesca, E., Borroni, G. (2001) Antinflammatory, antimicrobial, comedolytic effects of a topical plant complex treatment in acne vulgaris: a clinical trial. Journal of Applied Cosmetology 19, 11-20.

[329] Schaufelberger D, Hostettmann K: On the molluscicidal activity of tannin containing plants. Planta Medica 1983, 48:105-107.

[330] Di Pierro, F., Speroni, M., Catacchio, V., Candidi, C., Alfonso, R. (2008) A ratania-based preparation for Candida vulvovaginitis and bacterial vaginosis. Cosmetic Technology 11, 31-35.

[331] Krenisky, J. M., Luo, J., Reed, M. J., Carney, J. R. (1999) Isolation and antihyperglycemic activity of Bakuchiol from Otholobium pubescens (Fabaceae), a Peruvian medicinal


213 (154 - 219)PhOL

plant used for the treatment of diabetes. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 22, 1137-1140.

[332] Lopez, A., Hudson, J. B., Towers, G. H. (2001) Antiviral and antimicrobial activities of Colombian medicinal plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 77, 189-196.

[333] Fournet, A., de Arias, A. R., Charles, B., Bruneton, J. (1996) Chemical constituents of essential of Muña, Bolivian Plants traditionally used as pesticides, and their insecticidal properties against Chagas disease vectors. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 52, 145-149.

[334] Muñoz, S., Collin, G. J., Gagnon, M., Ferrufino, J. S. (1990) The essential oils of Hedeoma mandoniana Wedd. and Minthostachys andina (Brett.) Epling. Journal of Essential Oil Research 2, 61-66.

[335] Vilaseca, A., Guy, I., Charles, B., Guinaudeau, H., Rojas de Arias, A., Fournet, A. (2004) Chemical composition and insecticidal activity of Hedeoma mandoniana essential oils. Journal of Essential Oil Research 16, 380-383.

[336] Bruno, M., Savona, G., Piozzi, F., De La Torre, M. C., Rodriguez, B., Marlier, M. (1991) Abietane diterpenoids from Lepechinia meyeni and Lepechinia hastata. Phytochemistry 30, 2339-2343.

[337] Castillo, R. P., Lock, S. O. (2005) Compounds with antioxidant activity in the species Lepechinia meyenii (Walp.). Revista de la Sociedad Química del Peru 71, 227-236.

[338] Rojas, R., Bustamante, B., Bauer, J., Fernandez, I., Alban, J., Lock, O. (2003) Antimicrobial activity of selected Peruvian medicinal plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 88, 199-204.

[339] Senatore, F. (1998) Volatile constituents of Minthostachys setosa (Briq.) Epl. (Lamiaceae) from Peru. Flavour and Fragrance Journal 13, 263-265.

[340] Ciccia, G., Coussio, J., Mongelli, E. (2000) Insecticidal activity against Aedes aegypti larvae of some medicinal South American plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 72, 185-189.

[341] Senatore, F. (1995) Composition of the essential oil of Minthostachys spicata (Benth.) Epl. Flavour and Fragrance Journal 10, 43-45.

[342] Senatore, F., De Feo, V. (1995) Flavonoid glycosides from Minthostachys spicata. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 23, 573-574.

[343] Fernandez-Zuniga, G., Fernandez-Valderrama, I., Hammond, G. B. (1996) Investigation of the essential oils of Senecio tephrosioides and Salvia oppositiflora. Revista Latinoamericana de Química 25, 14-16.

[344] Senatore, F., Urrunaga Soria, E., Urrunaga Soria, R., Della Porta, G., De Feo, V. (1998) Essential oils from two Peruvian Satureja species. Flavour and Fragrance Journal 13, 1-4.

[345] Catalano, S., Flamini, G., Bilia, A. R., Morelli, I., Nicoletti, M. (1995) Iridoids from Mentzelia cordifolia. Phytochemistry 38, 895-897.

[346] Villegas, L. F., Fernandez, I. D., Maldonado, H., Torres, R., Zavaleta, A., Vaisberg, A. J., Hammond, G. B. (1997) Evaluation of the wound-healing activity of selected traditional medicinal plants from Peru. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 55, 193-200.

[347] Ramirez, E. R. A. (1956) Chemical study of Lobelia decurrens and possible industrial uses. Anales de la Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquimica, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (Lima) 7, 495-509, via Chemical Abstracts 53:35379 (1959).

[348] Soto, J. E., Ruiz, E. A., Becerra, J., Alarcon, J., Silva, Y. M. (1996) Contribution to the chemotaxonomy of Chilean Loranthaceae. Boletin de la Sociedad Chilena de Química 41, 377-382.

[349] Wagner, M. L., Fernandez, T., Alvarez, E., Ricco, R. A., Hajos, S., Gurni, A. A. (1996) Micromolecular and macromolecular comparison if Argentine mistletoe (Ligaria

cuneifolia (R. et P.) and European mistletoe (Viscum album L.). Acta Farmaceutica Bonaerense 15, 99-108.

[350] Wagner, M. L., Fernandez, T., Varela, B. G., Alvarez, E., Ricco, R. A., Hajos, S., Gurni, A. A. (1998) Anatomical, phytochemical and immunochemical studies on Ligaria cuneifolia (R. et P.) Tiegh (Loranthaceae). Pharmaceutical Biology 36, 131-139.

[351] Fernandez, T., Wagner, M. L., Varela, B. G., Ricco, R. A., Hajos, S. E., Gurni, A. A., Alvarez, E. (1998) Study of an Argentine mistletoe, the hemiparasite Ligaria cuneifolia (R. et P.) Tiegh. (Loranthaceae). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 62, 25-34.

[352] Fernandez, T., Varela, B. G., Taira, C. A., Ricco, R. A., Gurni, A. A., Hajos, S. E., Alvarez, E. M. C., Wagner, M. L. (2000) Misletoes from Argentina. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants – Industrial Profiles 16, 61-74.

[353] Vazquez y Novo, S. P., Wagner, M. L., Gurni, A. A., Rondina, R. V. D. (1989) Toxicological importance of the presence of amine substances in different specimens of Ligaria cuneifolia var. cuneifolia collected in various areas of Argentina. Acta Farmaceutica Bonaerense 8, 23-29.

[354] Fernandez, T., Cerda Zolezzi, P., Aulicino, P., Caldas Lopes, E., Wagner, M., Ricco, R., Hajos, S., Gurni, A., Alvarez, E. (2003) Immunobiological features of the galactoside lectin L-Lc isolated from the Argentine mistletoe Ligaria cuneifolia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 85, 81-92.

[355] Dominighini, A., Ferrero, M., Mengarelli, G., Ronco, M. T., Alvarez de Lujan, M., Wagner, M., Gurni, A., Carnovale, C., Luquita, A. (2004) Hemorrheologic changes induced by aqueous extract of Ligaria cuneifolia: treatment by two different administration routes. Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirulation 31, 113-121.

[356] Cerda Zolezzi, P., Fernandez, T., Aulicino, P., Cavaliere, V., Greczanik, S., Caldas Lopes, E., Wagner, M., Ricco, R., Gurni, A., Hajos, S., Alvarez, E. (2005) Ligaria cuneifolia flavonoid fractions modulate cell growth of normal lymphocytes and tumor cells as well as multidrug resistant cells. Immunobiology 209, 737-749.

[357] Dominighini, A., Ferrero, M., Crosetti, D., Alvarez, M. L., Ronco, M. T., Gonzalvez, J., Wagner, M., Gurni, A., Carnovale, C., Luquita, A. (2010) Effect of Ligaria cuneifolia catechin- and quercetin-enriched fractions on hemorheology and plasma cholesterol. Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation 44, 217-225.

[358] Ferrero, M., Crosetti, D., Dominighini, A., de Lujan Alvarez, M., Ronco, M. T., Wagner, M. L., Gurni, A., Carnovale, C., Luquita, A. (2007) Effect of the vehicle polyvinylpyrolidone and the Methanolic Fraction of Ligaria cuneifolia (Argentine Mistletoe) extract on hemorheological properties and biliary secretion in rats.Clinical hemorheology and microcirculation 36, 95-104.

[359] Bourke, C. A. (1995) The clinical differentiation of nervous and muscular locomotor disorders of sheep in Australia. Australian Veterinary Journal 72, 228-234.

[360] Jimenez-Arellanes, A., Meckes, M., Ramirez, R., Torres, J., Luna-Herrera, J. (2003) Activity against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Mexican plants used to treat respiratory diseases. Phytotherapy Research 17, 903-908.

[361] Shale, T.L., Stirk, W.A., van Staden, J. (2005) Variation in antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity of different growth forms of Malva parviflora and evidence for synergism of the anti-inflammatory compounds. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 96, 325-330.

[362] Gutierrez, D. M., Ortiz, D., Munoz, G., Bah, M., Serrano, V. (2010) Contents of antinutritional substances in weeds used as forage. Revista Latinoamericana de Química 38, 58-67.

[363] Afolayan, A. J., Aboyade, O. M., Sofidiya, M. O. (2008) Total phenolic content and free radical scavenging activity of


214 (154 - 219)PhOL

Malva parviflora L. (Malvaceae). Journal of Biological Sciences (Faisalabad, Pakistan) 8, 945-949. via Chemical Abstracts 150:10589 (2008).

[364] Lans, C., Turner, N., Khan, T., Brauer, G., Boepple, W. (2007) Ethnoveterinary medicines used for ruminants in British Columbia, Canada. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 3, 11.

[365] Main, D. C., Butler, A. R. (2006) Probable Malva parviflora (small flowered mallow) intoxication in sheep in Western Australia. Australian Veterinary Journal 84, 134-135.

[366] Williams, C. A., Fronczyk, J. H., Harborne, J. B. (1983) Leaf flavonoids and other phenolic glycosides as indicators of parentage in six ornamental Fuchsia species and their hybrids. Phytochemistry 22, 1953-1957.

[367] Vargas, S., Zavala, M. A., Perez, C., Perez, R. M,, Perez, S. (1998) Preliminary study of antidiarrhoic activity in five mexican plant species. Phytotherapy Research 12 (Suppl. 1), S47-S48.

[368] Meckes, M., David-Rivera, A. D., Nava-Aguilar, V., Jimenez, A. (2004) Activity of some Mexican medicinal plant extracts on carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. Phytomedicine 11, 446-451.

[369] Rodrigo, G., Penarrieta, J. M., Mollinedo, P. A,, Soruco, M. L., Almanza, G. R. (2003) Phytochemical, antigenotoxicological, and antioxidant study of Hypseocharis pimpinellifolia. Revista Boliviana de Química 20, 37-45.

[370] Bais, H. P., Park, S. W., Stermitz, F. R., Halligan, K. M., Vivanco, J. M. (2002) Exudation of fluorescent b-carbolines from Oxalis tuberosa L. roots. Phytochemistry 61, 539-543.

[371] Alcalde-Leon, C., Saavedra, G., de Pascual-Teresa, S., Rivas-Gonzalo, J. C. (2004) Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry identification of anthocyanins of isla oca (Oxalis tuberosa, Mol.) tubers. Journal of Chromatography A 1054, 211-215.

[372] Chirinos, R., Betalleluz-Pallardel, I., Huaman, A., Arbizu, C., Pedreschi, R., Campos, D. (2009) HPLC-DAD characterisation of phenolic compounds from Andean oca (Oxalis tuberosa Mol.) tubers and their contribution to the antioxidant capacity. Food Chemistry 113,1243-1251.

[373] Bandoni, A. L., Rondina, R. V. D., Coussio, J. D. (1972) Alkaloids of Argentine medicinal plants. III. Alkaloids of Argemone subfusiformis. Phytochemistry 11, 3547-3548.

[374] Bandoni, A. L., Stermitz, F. R., Rondina, R. V. D., Coussio, J. D. (1975) Alkaloids of Argentine medicinal plants.5. Alkaloidal content of Argentine Argemone. Phytochemistry 14, 1785-1788.

[375] Bourdy, G., Oporto, P., Gimenez, A., Deharo, E. (2004) A search for natural bioactive compounds in Bolivia through a multidisciplinary approach. Part VI. Evaluation of the antimalarial activity of plants used by Isoceno-Guarani Indians. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 93, 269-277.

[376] Martinod, D. P., Arteaga, P. M., Freire, C. R. (1979) Investigation of alkaloids in Passiflora. Politecnica 4, 84-91, via Chemical Abstracts 94:117816 (1981).

[377] Chassagne, D., Crouzet, J., Bayonove, C. L., Baumes, R. L. (1996) Identification and Quantification of Passion Fruit Cyanogenic Glycosides. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 44, 3817-3820.

[378] Chassagne, D., Crouzet, J., Bayonove, C. L., Baumes, R. L. (1997) Glycosidically Bound Eugenol and Methyl Salicylate in the Fruit of Edible Passiflora Species. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 45, 2685-2689.

[379] Chassagne, D., Crouzet, J., Bayonove, C. L., Baumes, R. L. (1988) Identification of Passion Fruit Glycosides by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 46, 4352-4357.

[380] De Souza Schmidt Goncalves, A. E., Lajolo, F. M.,

Genovese, M. I. (2010) Chemical composition and antioxidant/antidiabetic potential of Brazilian native fruits and commercial frozen pulps. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 58, 4666-4674.

[381] Vasco, C., Ruales, J., Kamal-Eldin, A. (2008) Total phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacities of major fruits from Ecuador. Food Chemistry 111, 816-823.

[382] Tommonaro, G., Segura Rodriguez, C. S., Santillana, M., Immirzi, B., De Prisco, R., Nicolaus, B., Poli, A. (2007) Chemical composition and biotechnological properties of a polysaccharide from the peels and antioxidative content from the pulp of Passiflora ligularis fruits. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 55, 7427-7433.

[383] Tirillini, B., Rojas Velasquez, E., Pellegrino, R. (1996) Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil of Piper angustifolium. Planta Medica 62, 372-373.

[384] Galvez Ranilla, L., Kwon, Y., Apostolidis, E., Shetty, K. (2010) Phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and in vitro inhibitory potential against key enzymes relevant for hyperglycemia and hypertension of commonly used medicinal plants, herbs and spices in Latin America. Bioresource Technology 101, 4676-4689.

[385] Connor, H. E., Purdie, A. W. (1981) Cortaderia. Part 4. Triterpene methyl ethers in some South American species of Cortaderia (Gramineae). New Zealand Journal of Botany 9, 171-172.

[386] Mody, N. V., De la Cruz, A. A., Miles, D. H., Hedin, P. (1975) Constituents of marsh grass. V. Essential oil of Distichlis spicata. Phytochemistry 14, 599-601.

[387] Martinod, P., Garcia de Gallardo, L. (1973) Anthraquinone pigments in Muehlenbeckia tamnifolia and M. vulcanica. Ciencia y Naturaleza (Quito) 10, 2-10, via Chemical Abstracts 83:175432 (1975).

[388] Martinod, P., Garcia, L., Hidalgo, J., Guevara, C. (1973) Anthraquinone pigments in Muehlenbeckia tamnifolia and M. vulcanica. Politecnica 3, 111-122, via Chemical Abstracts 84:102300 (1976).

[389] Autore, G., De Tommasi, N., Aquino, R., Garofalo, L., Borrelli, F., Tartaglia, D., Mascolo, N. (1996) A new acetophenone derivative and inhibitory action of Muehlenbeckia volcanica on gastrointestinal transit in mice. Phytotherapy Research 10 (Suppl. 1), S202-S206.

[390] Bussmann, R. W., Malca-Garcia, G., Glenn, A., Sharon, D., Chait, G., Diaz, D., Pourmand, K., Jonat, B., Somogy, S., Guardado, G., Aguirre, C., Chan, R., Meyer, K., Kuhlman, A., Townesmith, A., Effio-Carbajal, J., Frias-Fernandez, F., Benito, M. (2010) Minimum inhibitory concentrations of medicinal plants used in Northern Peru as antibacterial remedies. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 132, 101-108.

[391] Pareja, B. (1988) Therapeutic properties of Polypodium angustifolium (Calahuala). Boletin de la Sociedad Química del Peru 54, 89-95.

[392] Wollenweber, E., Doerr, M., Waton, H., Favre-Bonvin, J. (1993) Flavonoid aglycones and a dihydrostilbene from the frond exudate of Notholaena nivea. Phytochemistry 33, 611-612.

[393] Bravo, J. A., Sauvain, M., Gimenez, A., Massiot, G., Deharo, E., Lavaud, C. (2003) A contribution to attenuation of health problems in Bolivia: Bioactive natural compounds from native plants reported in traditional medicine. Revista Boliviana de Química 20, 11-17.

[394] Montoro, P., Braca, A., Pizza, C., De Tommasi, N. (2005) Structure-antioxidant activity relationships of flavonoids isolated from different plant species. Food Chemistry 92, 349-355.

[395] Sanchez, E., Torres, R. (1971) Alkaloids and friedelin from several Chilean Rhamnaceae species. Anales de la Asociacion Química Argentina 59, 343-346.


215 (154 - 219)PhOL

[396] Williams, B. L., Wender, S. H. (1952) Isolation and identification of kaempferol and quercetin from strawberries. Journal of the American Chemical Society 74, 5919-5920.

[397] Cheel, J., Theoduloz, C., Rodriguez, J., Saud, G., Caligari, P. D. S., Schmeda-Hirschmann, G. (2005) E-cinnamic acid derivatives and phenolics from Chilean strawberry fruits, Fragaria chiloensis ssp. chiloensis. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53, 8512-8518.

[398] Cheel, J., Theoduloz, C., Rodriguez, J. A., Caligari, P. D. S,, Schmeda-Hirschmann, G. (2007) Free radical scavenging activity and phenolic content in achenes and thalamus from Fragaria chiloensis ssp. chiloensis, F. vesca and F. x ananassa cv. Chandler. Food Chemistry 102, 36-44.

[399] Drawert, F., Tressl, R., Staudt, G., Koeppler, H. (1973) Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric differentiation of aroma substances from strawberries. Zeitschrift fuer Naturforschung, Teil C: Biochemie, Biophysik, Biologie, Virologie 28, 488-93.

[400] McCutcheon, A. R., Ellis, S. M., Hancock, R. E., Towers, G. H. (1992) Antibiotic screening of medicinal plants of the British Columbian native peoples. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 37, 213-223.

[401] McCutcheon, A. R., Ellis, S. M., Hancock, R. E., Towers, G. H. (1994) Antifungal screening of medicinal plants of British Columbian native peoples. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 44, 157-169.

[402] Simirgiotis, M. J., Schmeda-Hirschmann, G. (2010) Determination of phenolic composition and antioxidant activity in fruits, rhizomes and leaves of the white strawberry (Fragaria chiloensis spp. chiloensis form chiloensis) using HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS and free radical quenching techniques. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 23, 545-553.

[403] Fredes, C. (2009) Antioxidants in Chilean native berries. Boletin Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromaticas 8, 469-478.

[404] Simirgiotis, M. J., Theoduloz, C., Caligari, P. D. S., Schmeda-Hirschmann, G. (2009) Comparison of phenolic composition and antioxidant properties of two native Chilean and one domestic strawberry genotypes. Food Chemistry 113, 377-385.

[405] Wang, S. Y., Lewers, K. S., Bowman, L., Ding, M. (2007) Antioxidant activities and anticancer cell proliferation properties of wild strawberries. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 132, 647-658.

[406] Wang, S. Y., Lewers, K, S. (2007) Antioxidant capacity and flavonoid content in wild strawberries. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 132, 629-637.

[407] De Tommasi, N., Rastrelli, L., Cumandà, J., Speranza, G., Pizza, C. (1996) Aryl and triterpenic glycosides from Margyricarpus setosus. Phytochemistry 42, 163-167.

[408] Catalano, S., Bilia, A. R., Martinozzi, M., Morelli, I. (1994) Kaempferol 3-O-b-D-(6''-feruloylglucoside) from Polylepis incana. Phytochemistry 37, 1777-1778.

[409] Catalano, S., Cioni, P. L., Martinozzi, M., De Feo, V., Morelli, I. (1995) Chemical investigation of Polylepis incana (Rosaceae). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 23, 105-107.

[410] Hemigway, S. R., Phillipson, J. D. (1974) Alkaloids from S. American species of Uncaria (Rubiaceae). Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 261 (Suppl 1), 113.

[411] Lavault, M., Moretti, C., Bruneton, J. (1983) Alkaloids of Uncaria guianensis. Planta Medica 47, 244-245.

[412] Lock de Ugaz, O (1994) Revision of the genus Uncaria. Uncaria tomentosa and Uncaria guianensis: the ‘uña de gato’. Boletin de la Sociedad Química del Peru 60, 186-197.

[413] Callo, N., Henostroza, R., Lock De Ugaz, O. (1997) Other

constituents of Uncaria guianensis (Aubl.) Gmel. Boletin de la Sociedad Química del Peru 63, 124.

[414] Carbonezi, C. A., Hamerski, L., Flausino, O. A., Jr, da Silva Bolzani, V., Young, M. C. M. (2004) Determination of relative configurations and conformations of oxindole alkaloids from Uncaria guianensis by NMR. Química Nova 27:878-881, via Chemical Abstracts 143:93926 (2004).

[415] Kitajima, M., Yokoya, M., Hashimoto, K., Takayama, H., Aimi, N. (2001) Studies on new alkaloid and triterpenoids from Peruvian Uña de Gato. Tennen Yuki Kagobutsu Toronkai Koen Yoshishu 2001, 43rd, 437-442, via Chemical Abstracts 139:385953 (2003).

[416] Laus, G., Keplinger, K. (2003) Alkaloids of Peruvian Uncaria guianensis (Rubiaceae). Phyton (Horn, Austria) 43, 1-8.

[417] Lee, K. K., Zhou, B. N., Kingston, D. G.I., Vaisberg, A. J., Hammond, G. B. (1999) Bioactive indole alkaloids from the bark of Uncaria guianensis. Planta Medica 65, 759-760.

[418] Levault, M., Moretti, C., Bruneton, J. (1983) Alkaloids of Uncaria guianensis. Planta Medica 47, 244-245.

[419] Yepez, P. A. M., Lock de Ugaz, O., Alvarez, A. C., De Feo, V., Aquino, R., De Simone, F., Pizza, C. (1991) Quinovic acid glycosides from Uncaria guianensis. Phytochemistry 30, 1635-1637.

[420] Piscoya, J., Rodriguez, Z., Bustamante, S. A., Okuhama, N. N., Miller, M. J. S., Sandoval, M. (2001) Efficacy and safety of freeze-dried cat's claw in osteoarthritis of the knee: mechanisms of action of the species Uncaria guianensis. Inflammation Research 50, 442-448

[421] Sandoval, M., Okuhama, N. N., Zhang, X. J., Condezo, L.A., Lao, J., Angeles, F. M., Musah, R. A., Bobrowski, P., Miller, M. J. S. (2002) Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of cat's claw (Uncaria tomentosa and Uncaria guianensis) are independent of their alkaloid content. Phytomedicine 9, 325-337.

[422] Carvalho, M. V., Penido, C., Siani, A. C., Valente, L. M. M., Henriques, M. G. M. O. (2006) Investigations on the anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic activities of the leaves of Uncaria guianensis (Aublet) J. F. Gmelin. Inflammopharmacology 14, 48-56.

[423] Miller, M. J. S., Ahmed, S., Bobrowski, P., Haqqi, T. M. (2006) The chrondoprotective actions of a natural product are associated with the activation of IGF-1 production by human chondrocytes despite the presence of IL-1beta. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 6, 13.

[424] Miller, M. J. S., Angeles, F. M., Reuter, B. K., Bobrowski, P., Sandoval, M. (2001) Dietary antioxidants protect gut epithelial cells from oxidant-induced apoptosis. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2001, 1.

[425] Lizcano, L. J., Bakkali, F., Begona Ruiz-Larrea, M., Ignacio Ruiz-Sanz, J. (2010) Antioxidant activity and polyphenol content of aqueous extracts from Colombian Amazonian plants with medicinal use. Food Chemistry 119, 1566-1570.

[426] Valente, L. M. M., Bizarri, C. H. B., Liechocki, S., Barboza, R. S., da Paixao, D., Almeida, M. B. S., Benevides, P. J. C., Magalhaes, A., Siani, A. C. (2009) Kaempferitrin from Uncaria guianensis (Rubiaceae) and its potential as a chemical marker for the species. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society 20, 1041-1045.

[427] Pereira, R. de C. A., Valente, L. M. M., Pinto, J. E. B. P., Bertolucci, S. K. V., Bezerra, G. M., Alves, F. F., dos Santos, P. F. P., Benevides, P. J. C., Siani, A. C., Rosario, S. L., Mazzei, J. L., d'Avila, L. A., Gomes, L. N. F., de Aquino-Neto, F. R., Emmerick, I. C. M., Carvalhaes, S. F. (2008) In vitro cultivated Uncaria tomentosa and Uncaria guianensis with determination of the pentacyclic oxindole alkaloid contents and profiles. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society 19, 1193-1200.


216 (154 - 219)PhOL

[428] Correia, A. F., Segovia, J. F. O., Goncalves, M. C. A., de Oliveira, V. L., Silveira, D., Carvalho, J. C. T., Kanzaki, L. I. B. (2008) Amazonian plant crude extract screening for activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 12, 369-80.

[429] Chiariotti, C. (1941) Extraction of salicin from the bark of Salix humboldtiana Willdenow. Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata 16, 171-84, via Chemical Abstracts 36:38049 (1942).

[430] Piovano, M., Garbarino, J., Tomassini, L., Nicoletti, M. (2009) Cyclohexanones from Mimulus glabratus and M. luteus. Natural Product Communications 4, 1637-1638.

[431] Jin, J., Yu, Z., Zhong, M.. (1982) Isolation of chemical consituents of Xian Tao Cao (Veronica peregrina L.). Zhongcaoyao 13, 10-12, via Chemical Abstracts 97:178719 (1982).

[432] Du, S., Jin, J. (1996) Blood coagulant effect of the main chemical constituent of purslane speedwell (Veronica peregrina). Zhongcaoyao 27, 416-417, via Chemical Abstracts 125:265503 (1996).

[433] Song, G., Xing, M., Wang, W., Tian, H., Ge, Q. (2009) Determination of luteolin in veronica peregrina by HPLC. Zhongguo Yaofang 20, 1166-1167, via Chemical Abstracts 152:20695 (2009).

[434] Kwak, J. H., Kim, H. J., Lee, K. H., Kang, S. C., Zee, O. (2009) Antioxidative iridoid glycosides and phenolic compounds from Veronica peregrina. Archives of Pharmacal Research 32, 207-213.

[435] Ghani, A. (1985) Cuscohygrine from some solanaceous plants. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 47, 127-129, via Chemical Abstracts 104:183308 (1986).

[436] Roses, O.E., Lopez, C.M., Garcia Fernandez, J.C. (1987) Isolation and identification of tropane alkaloids in species of the genus Brugmansia (Solanaceae). Acta Farmaceutica Bonaerense 6, 167-174.

[437] Capasso, A., De Feo, V., De Simone, F., Sorrentino, L. (1997) Activity-directed isolation of spasmolytic (anti-cholinergic) alkaloids from Brugmansia arborea (L.) Lagerheim. International Journal of Pharmacognosy 35, 43-48.

[438] Capasso, A., De Feo, V. (2993) Alkaloids from Brugmansia arborea (L.) Lagerheim reduce morphine withdrawal in vitro. Phytotherapy Research 17, 826-829.

[439] Nencini, C., Cavallo, F., Bruni, G., Capasso, A., De Feo, V., De Martino, L., Giorgi, G., Micheli, L. (2006) Affinity of Iresine herbstii and Brugmansia arborea extracts on different cerebral receptors. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 105, 352-357.

[440] Capasso, A., De Feo, V. (2007) In vitro binding receptors study by Valeriana adscendens, Iresine herbstii and Brugmansia arborea extracts. Medicinal Chemistry 3, 599-604.

[441] Sarychev, Y. F., Sherstyanykh, N. A. (1985) Pyridine bases in the genus Nicotiana. Tabak (Moscow) 2, 6-12, via Chemical Abstracts 103:120290 (1985).

[442] Mondy, N. I., Metcalf, C., Plaisted, R.L. (1971) Potato flavor as related to chemical composition. 1. Polyphenols and ascorbic acid. Journal of Food Science 36, 459-461.

[443] Naito, K., Umemura, Y., Mori, M., Sumida, T., Okada, T., Takamatsu, N., Okawa, Y., Hayashi, K., Saito, N., Honda, T. (1998) Acylated pelargonidin glycosides from a red potato. Phytochemistry 47, 109-112.

[444] Wegener, C. B., Jansen, G. (2010) Antioxidant capacity in cultivated and wild Solanum species: The effect of wound stress. Food & Function 1, 209-218.

[445] Kozukue, N., Yoon, K.-S., Byun, G.-I., Misoo, S., Levin, C. E., Friedman, M. (2008) Distribution of Glycoalkaloids in Potato Tubers of 59 Accessions of Two Wild and Five

Cultivated Solanum Species. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56, 11920-11928.

[446] Kjaer, A., Conti, J. (1953) Isothiocyanates. V. The occurrence of isopropyl isothiocyanate in seeds and fresh plants of various Cruciferae. Acta Chemica Scandinavica 7, 1011-1012.

[447] Kjaer, A., Conti, J., Larsen, I. (1953) Isothiocyanates. IV. A systematic investigation of the occurrence and chemical nature of volatile isothiocyanates in seeds of various plants. Acta Chemica Scandinavica 7, 1276-1283.

[448] Kjaer, A., Ogaard Madsen, J., Maeda, Y. (1978) Seed volatiles within the family Tropaeolaceae. Phytochemistry 17, 1285-1287.

[449] Delaveau, P. (1962) Investigation of the localization of the biogenesis of sulfur-containing heterosides in the genus Tropaeolum by means of cross grafts. Comptes Rendus 255, 1231-1232.

[450] Delaveau, P.G. (1964) Localization of the biogenesis of flavonoids in the genus Tropaeolum. Isolation of rutoside from T. peregrinum. Comptes Rendus 258, 318-320.

[451] Johns, T., Towers, G. H. N. (1981) Isothiocyanathes and thioureas in enzyme hydrolysates of Tropaeolum tuberosum. Phytochemistry 20, 2687-2689.

[452] Johns, T., Kitts, W. D., Newsome, F., Towers, G. H. N. (1982) Antireproductive and other medicinal effects of Tropaeolum tuberosum. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 5, 149-161.

[453] Ortega, O. R., Kliebenstein, D.J., Arbizu, C., Ortega, R., Quiros, C. F. (2006) Glucosinolate survey of cultivated and feral mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz & Pavon) in the Cuzco region of Peru. Economic Botany 60, 254-264.

[454] Ramallo, R., Wathelet, J. P., Le Boulenge, E., Torres, E., Marlier, M., Ledent, J. F., Guidi, A., Larondelle, Y. (2004) Glucosinolates in isaòo (Tropaeolum tuberosum) tubers: Qualitative and quantitative content and changes after maturity. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 84, 701-706.

[455] Chirinos, R., Campos, D., Betallaluz, I., Giusti, M. M., Schwartz, S. J., Tian, Q., Pedreschi, R., Larondelle, Y. (2006) High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Photodiode Array Detection (HPLC-DAD)/HPLC-Mass Spectrometry (MS) Profiling of Anthocyanins from Andean Mashua Tubers (Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz and Pavon) and Their Contribution to the Overall Antioxidant Activity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 54, 7089-7097.

[456] Chirinos, R., Campos, D., Warnier, M., Pedreschi, R., Rees, J.-F., Larondelle, Y. (2008) Antioxidant properties of mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum) phenolic extracts against oxidative damage using biological in vitro assays. Food Chemistry 111, 98-105.

[457] Chirinos, R., Campos, D., Costa, N., Arbizu, C., Pedreschi, R., Larondelle, Y. (2008) Phenolic profiles of andean mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz & Pavon) tubers: Identification by HPLC-DAD and evaluation of their antioxidant activity. Food Chemistry 106,1285-1298.

[458] Chirinos, R., Rogez, H., Campos, D., Pedreschi, R., Larondelle, Y. (2007) Optimization of extraction conditions of antioxidant phenolic compounds from mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz & Pavon) tubers. Separation and Purification Technology 55, 217-225.

[459] Chirinos, R., Campos, D., Arbizu, C., Rogez, H., Rees, J.-F., Larondelle, Y., Noratto, G., Cisneros-Zevallos, L. (2007) Effect of genotype, maturity stage and post-harvest storage on phenolic compounds, carotenoid content and antioxidant capacity, of Andean mashua tubers (Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz & Pavon). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 87, 437-446.

[460] Cardenas-Valencia, I., Nieto, J., Gasco, M., Gonzales, C.,


217 (154 - 219)PhOL

Rubio, J., Portella, J., Gonzales, G. F. (2008) Tropaeolum tuberosum (Mashua) reduces testicular function: effect of different treatment times. Andrologia 40, 352-357.

[461] Sun, H., Shen, X., Lin, Z. (1985) Chemical structure of vermicularin. Yunnan Zhiwu Yanjiu 7, 109-113, via Chemical Abstracts 102:218351 (1985).

[462] Holzmann, G., Leuckert, C. (1990) Application of negative fast bombardment and MS/MS to screening of lichen compounds. Phytochemistry 29, 2277-2283.

[463] Jiang, B., Mei, S. X., Han, Q. B., Xiang, W., Sun, H. D. (2001) A new phenolic compound from Thamnolia vermicularis. Chinese Chemical Letters 12, 47-48, via Chemical Abstracts 134:300690 (2001).

[464] Jiang, B., Zhao, Q., Peng, L., Lin, Z., Sun, H. (2002) Constituents from Thamnolia vermicularis. Yunnan Zhiwu Yanjiu 24, 525-530, via Chemical Abstracts 141:377084 (2004).

[465] Litvinov, M. A., Rassadina, K. A. (1958) Experimental investigation of antibiotic properties of lichens from the U.S.S.R. Botanicheskii Zhurnal 43, 557-560, via Chemical Abstracts 52:78012 (1958).

[466] Bucar, F., Schneider, I., Oegmundsdottir, H., Ingolfsdottir, K. (2004) Anti-proliferative lichen compounds with inhibitory activity on 12(S)-HETE production in human platelets. Phytomedicine 11, 602-606.

[467] Olafsdottir, E. S., Omarsdottir, S., Paulsen, B. S., Wagner, H. (2003) Immunologically active O6-branched (1®3)-b-glucan from the lichen Thamnolia vermicularis var. subuliformis. Phytomedicine 10, 318-324.

[468] Omarsdottir, S., Olafsdottir, E. S., Freysdottir, J. (2006) Immunomodulating effects of lichen-derived polysaccharides on monocyte-derived dendritic cells. International Immunopharmacology 6, 1642-1650.

[469] Mandujano, O. N. C. (2010) Isolation of usnic acid from Flavoparmelia caperata and its quantitative determination by UV spectroscopy in ten lichens. Revista de la Sociedad Química del Peru 76, 389-399.

[470] Mandujano, O. N. C. (2010) Contribution to the phytochemical study of the Thamnolia vermicularis subsp. vermicularis S. STR lichen. Revista de la Sociedad Química del Peru 76, 322-329.

[471] Manojlovic, N. T., Vasiljevic, P., Juskovic, M., Najman, S., Jankovic, S., Milenkovic-Andjelkovic, A. (2010) HPLC analysis and cytotoxic potential of extracts from the lichen, Thamnolia vermicularis var. subuliformis. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 4, 817-823.

[472] Omarsdottir, S., Freysdottir, J., Olafsdottir, E. S. (2007) Immunomodulating polysaccharides from the lichen Thamnolia vermicularis var. subuliformis. Phytomedicine 14, 179-184.

[473] Omarsdottir, S., Petersen, B. O., Paulsen, B. S., Togola, A., Duus, J. O., Olafsdottir, E. S. (2006) Structural characterisation of novel lichen heteroglycans by NMR spectroscopy and methylation analysis. Carbohydrate Research 341, 2449-2455.

[474] Damtoft, S., Jensen, S. R., Nielsen, B. J. (1979) Iridoids in Verbena. Taxon 28, 525-528.

[475] Castro, O., Umana, E., Herrera, M. L. (1990) Biological and chemical potential of Verbena littoralis, a medicinal plant used in Costa Rica as an antidiarrhoea agent. Quimica Nova 13, 310-311, Química 115:089154 (1991).

[476] Umana, E., Castro, O. (1990) Chemical constituents of Verbena littoralis. International Journal of Crude Drug Research 28,175-176.

[477] Castro-Gamboa, I., Castro, O. (2004) Iridoids from the aerial parts of Verbena littoralis (Verbenaceae). Phytochemistry 65, 2369-2372.

[478] Cheymol, J. (1937) Stachyose and verbenaloside in plants of the genus Verbena. Bulletin de la Société de Chimie Biologique 19, 1647-1653, via Chemical Abstracts 32:21165 (1938).

[479] Li, Y., Ishibashi, M., Chen, X., Ohizumi, Y. (2003) Littorachalcone, a new enhancer of NGF-mediated neurite outgrowth, from Verbena littoralis. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 51, 872-874.

[480] Li, Y., Ishibashi, M., Satake, M., Oshima, Y., Ohizumi, Y. (2003) A new iridoid glycoside with nerve growth factor-potentiating activity, gelsemiol 6'-trans-caffeoyl-1-glucoside, from Verbena littoralis. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 51, 1103-1105.

[481] Li, Y., Satake, M., Oshima, Y., Ohizumi, Y. (2003) Naphthoquinone and iridoid with NGF-potentiating activity from Verbena littoralis. Chemistry Letters 32, 728-729.

[482] Li, Y. S., Matsunaga, K., Ishibashi, M., Ohizumi, Y. (2001) Littoralisone, a novel neuritogenic iridolactone having an unprecedented heptacyclic skeleton including four- and nine-membered rings consisting of glucose, from Verbena littoralis. Journal of Organic Chemistry 66, 2165-2167.

[483] Li, Y. S., Matsunaga, K., Kato, R., Ohizumi, Y. (2001) Potentiation of nerve growth factor-induced elongation of neurites by gelsemiol and 9-hydroxysemperoside aglucone in PC12D cells. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 53, 915-919.

[484] Li, Y., Matsunaga, K., Kato, R., Ohizumi, Y. (2001) Verbenachalcone, a novel dimeric dihydrochalcone with potentiating activity on nerve growth factor-action from Verbena littoralis. Journal of Natural Products 64, 806-808.

[485] Li, Y., Ishibashi, M., Satake, M., Chen, X., Oshima, Y., Ohizumi, Y. (2003) Sterol and Triterpenoid Constituents of Verbena littoralis with NGF-Potentiating Activity. Journal of Natural Products 66, 696-698

[486] Li, Y., Ohizumi, Y. (2004) Search for constituents with neurotrophic factor-potentiating activity from the medicinal plants of Paraguay and Thailand. Yakugaku Zasshi 124, 417-424, via Chemical Abstracts 141:360192 (2004).

[487] Boutard, B., Bouillant, M. L., Chopin, J., Lebreton, P. (1973) Flavonoid chemotaxonomy of fluviales. Biochemical Systematics 1, 133-140.

[488] De Feo, V. (2003) Ethnomedical field study on northern Peruvian Andes with particular reference to divination practices. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 85, 243-256.

[489] Lentini, F., Venza, F. (2007) Wild food plants of popular use in Sicily. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 3, 15.

[490] Hedberg, I. (1993) Botanical methods in ethnopharmacology and the need for conservation of medicinal plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 38, 121-128.


218 (154 - 219)PhOL

Figure 1 - The province Paruro in Cusco Department

Figure 2 – Folk uses of medicinal plants used in oral formulations: AI: antinflammatory, antirheumatic; AP: antiparasitic, antibiotic; BD: blood diseases; CV: cardiovascular diseases; ENT: ear, nose and throat diseases; FOOD: medicinal plants used also as food; GI: diseases of the

gastrointestinal tract; NP: neuropsychiatric diseases; O: other; OM: osteomuscular diseases; OP: ophthalmologic diseases; R: diseases of the respiratory system; S: systemic diseases; SD: skin diseases; UG: diseases of the urogenital tract


219 (154 - 219)PhOL

Figure 3 – Folk uses of medicinal plants used topically: AI: antinflammatory, antirheumatic; AP: antiparasitic, antibiotic; BD: blood diseases; O: other; OP: ophthalmologic diseases; R: diseases of the respiratory system; SD: skin diseases; UG:

diseases of the urogenital tract

harmacologyonline - silae€¦ · sinopsis de la flora del cusco by herrera [10] and by comparison...

Documents