Hardy-Weinberg warm-up 5/6

From lab – questions 5 and 65) In certain African countries, 4% of the newborn

babies have sickle-cell anemia, which is a recessive trait. Out of a random population of 1,000 newborn babies, how many would you expect for each of the three possible genotypes?

6) In a certain population, the dominant phenotype of a certain trait occurs 91% of the time. What is the frequency of the dominant allele?

5/6• Hardy-Weinberg/Evolution warmup • Start party fund collection• AP testing day – time and testing location• Days you are out – find out what you missed!!!• Test Corrections – MC and FRQ!• I check 2nd practice exam and review manuals during this• Last 15 min – Review FRQ #6 and most missed MCHomeworkBig Idea Review Packet first and second columns due

Wed., all complete by AP exam day – how is this going?Test corrections and FRQ revisions due by FridayReview Sessions: all lunches, after school today in Library,

after school Tues-Fri here, and Saturday 5/11 10:30am-1:00pm

5/7- 35 minute periods

• Party fund• Continue test corrections – I finish checking stuff• Review FRQ #6 and most missed MC, other

Q&A

HomeworkBig Idea Review Packet first and second columns

due Wed., all complete by AP exam day Test corrections and FRQ revisions due by FridayReview Sessions: all lunches, after school here,

and Saturday 5/11 10:30am-1:00pm

5/8

• Party fund• Finish go over FRQ #6• I check Big Idea packets while you make question list• Multiple choice and review manual test questions• Options- back of the room to work on computer or go

over old testsHomeworkBig Idea Review Packet all complete by AP exam day Test corrections and FRQ revisions due by FridayLatework should be shown to me in review sessionsReview Sessions: all lunches, after school here, and

Saturday 5/11 10:30am-1:00pm

What do you think is being represented here? Hint – it’s a lab we didn’t do.

Trichomes may provide protection fromherbivores — either by discouraging herbivores, such as insect larvae, or by discouraging egg laying.

Artificial Selection LabBackground - How is artificial selection different from natural selection?

Procedure – • Class grows 120-150 Fast Plants and decides a trait to select for – needs to

be something that varies within a range. That is, a quantitative trait that you can score on a continuum (length, width, number, and so on). POLYGENIC

• In Fast Plants, appropriate traits include number of trichomes, amount of purple anthocyanin, and plant height.

• One possible sampling procedure would be to count the hairs along the edge of the right side of the first true leaf.

• For the trichome trait, if the top 10% of hairy plants are selected, that will generate a selected parent stock of about 12–15 plants — cross-pollinate these, harvest the seeds, and then grow and evaluate the next generation.

Inquiry - Design new experiments to investigate the adaptive characteristics of the trait you studied. For instance, in a closely related plant, one

investigation demonstrated that herbivore damage early in the plant’s development led to increased trichome numbers in later leaves. Could herbivore damage influence the hairy trait expression? A common herbivore that feeds on Fast Plants is the cabbage white butterfly.

5/9• Party Fund and Hand back papers• Artificial Selection Lab warmup (10 min)• Ecology/Evolution FRQs – use FRQ organizers (10 min)

http://www.dublinusd.org/Page/6274• Development and Evolution Powerpoint highlights (20 min)• Enduring Understanding Poster walk (15 min)HomeworkBig Idea Review Packet all complete by Monday Test corrections and FRQ revisions due by tomorrowLatework should be shown to me in review sessions

Review Sessions: all lunches, after school here, and Saturday 5/11 10:30am-1:00pm

Monday – I plan to be here at 6:45am with breakfast. You need to be in your testing locations by 7:20am!!! Bring #2 pencils, blue/black pens, snack for break. After test, you can return here – will have pizza lunch.

Me – Bring review manuals home

Figure 47.2

EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENTSperm

Adultfrog

Egg

Metamorphosis

Larvalstages

Zygote

Blastula

Gastrula

Tail-budembryo

FE

RT

ILIZ

AT

ION

CLEAVAGE

GASTRULATION

OR

GA

NO

-

GE

NE

SIS

What is ____________?

• It is part of the normal development of the nervous system, normal operation of the immune system, and for normal morphogenesis of human hands and feet.

• Problems with the cell suicide mechanism may have health consequences, ranging from minor to serious.– Failure of normal cell death during

morphogenesis of the hands and feet can result in webbed fingers and toes.

– Researchers are also investigating the possibility that certain degenerative diseases of the nervous system result from inappropriate activation of the apoptosis genes.

– Others are investigating the possibility that some cancers result from a failure of cell suicide which normally occurs if the cell has suffered irreparable damage, especially DNA damage.

• Cell differentiation is the process by which cells become specialized in structure and function

• The physical processes that give an organism its shape constitute morphogenesis

• Differential gene expression results from genes being regulated differently in each cell type

• Materials in the egg can set up gene regulation that is carried out as cells divide

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

What are cytoplasmic determinants?

• Find the test question that has to do with this

Cytoplasmic Determinants and Inductive Signals

• An egg’s cytoplasm contains RNA, proteins, and other substances that are distributed unevenly in the unfertilized egg

• Cytoplasmic determinants are maternal substances in the egg that influence early development

• As the zygote divides by mitosis, cells contain different cytoplasmic determinants, which lead to different gene expression

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

TAKE NOTES

Figure 18.17a(a) Cytoplasmic determinants in the egg

Unfertilized egg

Sperm

Fertilization

Zygote(fertilized egg)

Mitoticcell division

Two-celledembryo

Nucleus

Molecules of twodifferent cytoplasmicdeterminants

SKETCH IN NOTES

• One maternal effect gene, the bicoid gene, affects the front half of the body

• An embryo whose mother has no functional bicoid gene lacks the front half of its body and has duplicate posterior structures at both ends

Bicoid: A Morphogen Determining Head Structures

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

• This phenotype suggests that the product of the mother’s bicoid gene is concentrated at the future anterior end

• This hypothesis is an example of the morphogen gradient hypothesis, in which gradients of substances called morphogens establish an embryo’s axes and other features

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

TAKE NOTES – KNOW BICOID EXAMPLE

Figure 18.22

Bicoid mRNA in matureunfertilized egg

Bicoid mRNA in matureunfertilized egg

Fertilization,translation ofbicoid mRNA

Anterior end100 m

Bicoid protein inearly embryo

Bicoid protein inearly embryo

RESULTS

What is induction?

• Find the test question that has to do with this

• The other important source of developmental information is the environment around the cell, especially signals from nearby embryonic cells

• In the process called induction, signal molecules from embryonic cells cause transcriptional changes in nearby target cells

• Thus, interactions between cells induce differentiation of specialized cell types

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

TAKE NOTES

Figure 18.17b (b) Induction by nearby cells

Early embryo(32 cells)

NUCLEUS

Signaltransductionpathway

Signalreceptor

Signalingmolecule(inducer)

SKETCH IN NOTES

A couple good experiments to know

• See next slides for totipotency/fate determination and axis formation

Control egg(dorsal view)

2

1a 1b

Graycrescent

Controlgroup

Experimentalgroup

Experimental egg(side view)

Graycrescent

Thread

Normal NormalBelly piece

EXPERIMENT

RESULTS

Figure 47.22-2

•The first two blastomeres of the frog embryo are totipotent (can develop into all the possible cell types)

Figure 47.25

Donorlimbbud

Hostlimbbud

ZPA

Anterior

Posterior

New ZPA

4

4

3

3

2 2

EXPERIMENT

RESULTS •zone of polarizing activity (ZPA)•Sonic hedgehog is an inductive signal for anterior/posterior limb development – gradient from ZPA

Cilia and Cell Fate• Ciliary function is essential for proper specification of cell

fate in the human embryo• Motile cilia play roles in left-right specification (always

sweep fluid to the left, creating slight asymmetry of morphogens on left-right axis)

• Monocilia (nonmotile cilia) are on every cell and act as antenna to receive signal proteins (such as Sonic hedgehog) – play roles in normal kidney development

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Organize the following terms into a flowchart

• Adaptation, Environmental Change, Natural Selection, Species Changes, Variation exists

What are the 2 main causes of genetic variation?

• Microevolution =

• Population =

5 conditions of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium? Is it realistic?

What is genetic drift? Give 2 examples

List as many categories of Evidence of Evolution as you can

Prezygotic vs. Postzygotic

• Describe various methods of prezygotic: isolation: habitat, behavioral, temporal, mechanical, gametic

• Describe various methods of postzygotic:

Reduced hybrid viability, Reduced hybrid fertility, Hybrid breakdown

Allopatric vs. Sympatric speciation – has to do with geographic

isolation• Allopatric:

• Sympatric:

5/10• Turn in Test corrections and FRQ revisions - I’ll get back to you by

end of period • Test Strategy/Writing workshop • Topic questions?• Review game – use review manual questions, old tests, and

whiteboardsHomeworkBig Idea Review Packet all complete by Monday Latework should be shown to me in review sessions

Review Sessions: after school here, and Saturday 5/11 10:30am-1:00pm

Monday – I plan to be here at 6:45am with breakfast. You need to be in your testing locations by 7:20am!!! Bring #2 pencils, blue/black pens, snack for break. After test, you can return here – will have pizza lunch.

Me - Walk calculators over after school