hardware hwnw3day course l1

Introduction to Computer

Computer is an Electronic machine which understands only Binary Digits and it is used for information Processing like recording retrieving and manipulating Information. Types of Computers1. Micro Computers 2. Mini Computers3. Mainframe Computers4. Super Computers5. Simulation Machines

Micro Computers

PC PC/ATPC/XT• 80286

• i386 SX / DX

• i486 SX,DX,DX2,DX4

Pentium Family

•P1 , Pro, P2, P3, P4

Celeron

Personal Computers

Dual CoreQuad Core

XeonItanium

Micro ComputerMicro Computer

Factors that differentiate computerFactors that differentiate computer 1. 1. CPU CPU (Central Processing Unit)(Central Processing Unit)2. 2. System System speed speed 3. 3. System System MemoryMemory4. 4. System System BusBus

Central Processing UnitCentral Processing Unit

CPU happens to be the heart of a CPU happens to be the heart of a computer , it comes in the shapecomputer , it comes in the shape of a chip which has a definiteof a chip which has a definite

number and speed.number and speed.

System Speed

It is the speed at which the CPU works , it is given in is the speed at which the CPU works , it is given in terms of hertz (Hz) . terms of hertz (Hz) . Hertz =cycles /secHertz =cycles /secGenerally CPU speed is calculated in MHz such as PI@166 Generally CPU speed is calculated in MHz such as PI@166 MHz,P2 @450 MHz and P3 @ 1000 MHz. Latest CPU speed MHz,P2 @450 MHz and P3 @ 1000 MHz. Latest CPU speed is measured in GHz and it is used in P4 computers, is measured in GHz and it is used in P4 computers, [email protected]@3.4Ghz

Kilo = 10*10*10 =1000Kilo = 10*10*10 =1000Mega =10*10*10*10*10*10 =1000000Mega =10*10*10*10*10*10 =1000000Giga = 10*10*10*10*10*10*10*10*10Giga = 10*10*10*10*10*10*10*10*10

System MemorySystem Memory

It is also referred as R.A.M.It is also referred as R.A.M.(Random Access memory) and it is also(Random Access memory) and it is also called primary Memory. It comes in thecalled primary Memory. It comes in the shape of Modules that sits on the shape of Modules that sits on the motherboard.The amount of RAM that motherboard.The amount of RAM that should be put on theshould be put on the motherboard motherboard

depends ondepends onWhat operating system?What operating system?

What application on top of OS? What application on top of OS?

BootingBooting is loading the boot files is loading the boot files (record)(record)

of an operating system from Hard Disk of an operating system from Hard Disk to System Memory – RAMto System Memory – RAM

DOS boot record consists of:DOS boot record consists of:Command.comCommand.com

io.sysio.sysMSDOS.sysMSDOS.sys

72 Pin Non EDOThere are several types of RAM. 72 Pin

SIMMS were primarily used in 486 and early Pentium computers and some older

Macs.The most common types used in Pentium Class and later PCs are including Registered, Parity, EDO , FPM and ECC. In most systems, 72 pin SIMMS need to be

installed in pairs

Unit for memory is Unit for memory is ByteByte

1 Byte = 8 bits (bits: Binary digit)

0 & 1 are called bits

1024 Byte = 1 KB , One Kilo Byte

1024 KB = 1 MB, One Mega Byte

1024 MB = 1 GB, One Giga Byte

1024 GB = 1 TB, One terra byte

System Bus

System bus in a computer is a like a highway

through which the CPU communicates with

different peripherals. The input/output slots on the motherboards are extension

of a System Bus

System Bus consists of1 Data lines2 Control lines3 Address lines4. Voltage lines

SYSTEM BUS

CPU VIDEO

RAMHD

PC :- Personal ComputerPC :- Personal ComputerCPU – 8088CPU – 8088there was no Hard disk connected in the computer.there was no Hard disk connected in the computer. Note :- Hard disk is a permanent Secondary Note :- Hard disk is a permanent Secondary storage device which has a huge capacity storage device which has a huge capacity compared to floppy.compared to floppy.

PC/XT :- Extended TechnologyPC/XT :- Extended Technology

PC with a Hard DiskPC with a Hard Disk

PC/AT :- Advance TechnologyPC/AT :- Advance Technology

AT 286AT 286 CPU = 80286 ( 16 Bit machine )CPU = 80286 ( 16 Bit machine )

AT286 was a 16-bit machine.AT286 was a 16-bit machine.NoteNote A 16 Bit machine or a computer A 16 Bit machine or a computer is one which runs a 16 Bit Operating is one which runs a 16 Bit Operating System on top of it and it does not System on top of it and it does not support 32 Bit Operating Systemsupport 32 Bit Operating System

Note Note ::8 bit OS:8 bit OS:DOSDOS16 bit OS16 bit OS : : Windows 3.1,Windows 3.11,Windows 3.1,Windows 3.11, Netware 2.2Netware 2.232 bit operating system32 bit operating system :Windows Windows 95,98,NT-3.51,4.0,200095,98,NT-3.51,4.0,2000netware 3.x, 4.x, 5.x are all.netware 3.x, 4.x, 5.x are all.

32/64 bit OS32/64 bit OS: Windows XP, Windows Vesta, : Windows XP, Windows Vesta, Windows2003Windows2003

Solaris, Linux, hp-ux, IRIXSolaris, Linux, hp-ux, IRIX

The The 386 386 Computers were superior to 286 for Computers were superior to 286 for the following reasons the following reasons 1. 1. 386 was first 32 bit micro computer that 386 was first 32 bit micro computer that supportedsupported 32 Bit Operating System , 286 32 Bit Operating System , 286 does notdoes not2. 2. Cache MemoryCache Memory was introduced from was introduced from 386386 onwardsonwards

Cache memory is temporary memory (RAM) placed between CPU and System memory. The CPU Looks for repetitive data from Cache memory, if it gets one it is called hit cache or else it is miss cache.

486 Computers 486 Computers :-:- Are more superior to 386 Are more superior to 386 for the following reasonfor the following reason All the 486 processors have 8kb L1All the 486 processors have 8kb L1 cache cache (built in (built in cache memory) other than having L2 cache memory) other than having L2 cachecache

PentiumPentium:- (P1):- (P1)

1. It Has 16 kb of built in Cache out of which It Has 16 kb of built in Cache out of which 8kb is data Cache and 8kb is instruction 8kb is data Cache and 8kb is instruction cache cache 2.2. It uses a flash R.O.M Upgrade It uses a flash R.O.M Upgrade Pentium M.M.X ( MultiMedia eXtension is Pentium M.M.X ( MultiMedia eXtension is excellentexcellent for running multimedia software.for running multimedia software.

Good for graphicsGood for graphics

Pentium Pro Pentium Pro

1. 1. Pentium Pro makes excellent Pentium Pro makes excellent SERVER SERVER and it is not a good choice for doing and it is not a good choice for doing graphics graphics

3.3. Pentium Pro Does not support Pentium Pro Does not support Multimedia ExtensionMultimedia Extension

Server is a computer that is configured as heart of a network

Pentium II Processor Pentium II Processor 1 . . It has 32 kB of built in cache memory out of It has 32 kB of built in cache memory out of which 16kb is data cache and 16kb is which 16kb is data cache and 16kb is instruction cacheinstruction cache

2. 2. It has MMX capability of Pentium1 and It has MMX capability of Pentium1 and Server Capability of Pentium Pro Server Capability of Pentium Pro

This computer makes an excellent Graphical This computer makes an excellent Graphical WorkstationWorkstation

5. 5. It makes a very powerful Enterprise serverIt makes a very powerful Enterprise server

CeleronCeleron 1.1. It has 128 KB on die cache memory It has 128 KB on die cache memory

2.2. Uses 66/100 MHz F.S.BUses 66/100 MHz F.S.B

3.3. Sits on socket PGA 370 as well as slot 1Sits on socket PGA 370 as well as slot 1

4.4. Uses inexpensive chip setUses inexpensive chip set

5.5. Celeron is Excellent to be used in stand Celeron is Excellent to be used in stand alone alone mode and must not be used as a server mode and must not be used as a server or or for for high end graphicshigh end graphics6.6. Has MMX ExtensionHas MMX Extension

Pentium III ProcessorPentium III Processor

Understands 13 S.I.M.D (Single Instruction Multiple Understands 13 S.I.M.D (Single Instruction Multiple Data) instruction more than a Pentium II ProcessorData) instruction more than a Pentium II Processor

It gives better performance in terms of graphics It gives better performance in terms of graphics

MFLOPS rating is highMFLOPS rating is high

S.I. S.I.

Pentium 4 – P4

Uses Hyper threaded technology Uses high speed DDRAM Uses high speed FSB ( 400, 533, 800, 1066 MHz) Good for digital photo studio.

Key Transitions happeningKey Transitions happeningProcessor – Dual coreMemory – Fully buffered bi-directionalManagement SoftwaresSAS controllers – Controls SATANIC: Multi function Network AdaptorDual independent system bus.RAID6 : RAID ADG

Increase in Clock speed leads to increase in heat dissipationIncrease in Clock speed leads to increase in heat dissipationCooling mechanism:Cooling mechanism:- Air- Air- Liquid cooling : Intel, AMD are working on Liquid cooling.- Liquid cooling : Intel, AMD are working on Liquid cooling.

Core1

Core2

CP

U

Application software are written to use /need more Processor , I/O, Memory resources

Future4,6,8 coreCPU

Dual core processorDual core processor

RAID6: RAID ADG

Advance Data Gaurding has dual parity

Can handle multiple HD failure

Minimum HD required is 5

1 HD for parity, in RAID5

2 HD for parity, in RAID6

PCIPCI

PCIPCI – Hot plug @ 133MhzPCI express @ 4GB/secPCI X slots

Server BladeServer Blade

A blade server is essentially a housing for a number of individual minimally-packaged computer motherboard "blades", each including one or more processors, computer memory, computer storage, and computer network connections, but sharing the common power supply and air-cooling resources of the chassis. The idea behind blade servers is that by placing many blades in a single chassis, and then 19-inch rack rack-mounting them, systems can be more compact and powerful, but less expensive than traditional systems based on mainframes, or server farms of individual computers.

BLADESBLADES

From a regular Server

remove – Power supply , PCI slots

We use single power supply to give supply

to all blade servers. Power supply sits in

power enclosure, it holds six power supply

enclosed at bottom of rack.

Blades

EnclosureEnclosure

Server EnclosureServer Enclosure

It has slots – say 10Put switch . Patch panel at either end

and in middle blade servers

Switch sits in blade enclosure ( 2 switch)

6 power supply support 48 blades

Software InstallationSoftware Installation

By Automatic provisioning

Designate one server as RDB server

Store Image on RDB server (Red Hat per say)

- Assign OS to slots, each slot with particular OS over the network

- No CDROM drive on blades entire installation remotely

Same enclosure can take different blades

Itanium , AMD , Intel.

Benefits of BladesBenefits of Blades

- Reduced connectivity cost

- Reduced space & Power cost

- Higher system availability- Data center efficiency.How quick blade replacement , Remote management.

- Less cableOnly one cable for power , Fibre and ethernet.

Blade CapabilityBlade Capability

RIP and ReplaceWe can see all blades GUI ( Citrix application)

Hot plug serverThe OS ,application get loaded in replaced server

Self healingNo manual intervention, they are intelligent

Self protectingNew Vulnerability patch , VPM software , Central repository patch is loaded on all the blades

Self taskingDesignate time for new application and will automatically start by shutting down last application.

Caution!!! You need to worry about static electricity. Use an Caution!!! You need to worry about static electricity. Use an antistatic strap or an antistatic mat. If you accidentally zap one antistatic strap or an antistatic mat. If you accidentally zap one

of your expensive components, you may have to replaceof your expensive components, you may have to replace it.it.

You need to look at the mounting holes in the motherboard

mount the mounting posts in the matching holes in the case.

Now mount the power supply in the case. Make sure you have the orientation correct.

Remove the blanks covering the external bays for the Floppy, CD/DVD ROM, CDRW drives.

Get the Motherboard ReadyGet the Motherboard ReadyFirst mount the processor, paying close attention to the First mount the processor, paying close attention to the

orientation of the processor relative to the motherboards orientation of the processor relative to the motherboards socket, the following picture shows the clues for an Athlon socket, the following picture shows the clues for an Athlon

processor, note the “flat” corners.processor, note the “flat” corners.

Install the processor cooling fan. Before you install the processor Install the processor cooling fan. Before you install the processor fan you need to make sure that there is thermal paste between fan you need to make sure that there is thermal paste between the processor and heat sink. Personally I prefer Artic Silver. All the processor and heat sink. Personally I prefer Artic Silver. All you need is a thin layer of thermal paste. If there is a pre-made you need is a thin layer of thermal paste. If there is a pre-made pad on the heat sink, you can remove it with alcohol. Just make pad on the heat sink, you can remove it with alcohol. Just make sure that you remove all traces of the pad and that the alcohol is sure that you remove all traces of the pad and that the alcohol is completely dry before you mount the heat sink and fan. Be very completely dry before you mount the heat sink and fan. Be very careful installing the heat sink and fan, follow the manufacturer’s careful installing the heat sink and fan, follow the manufacturer’s

instructions.instructions.

Now install the memoryNow install the memory

Installing the MotherboardInstalling the MotherboardTake your time with this step. Line up the motherboard with the Take your time with this step. Line up the motherboard with the

template on the back of the case and press it into position. If template on the back of the case and press it into position. If doesn’t want to move into place doesn’t want to move into place DON’T FORCE ITDON’T FORCE IT. Take another . Take another

look and slowly put it into position. Make sure that you don’t look and slowly put it into position. Make sure that you don’t damage the motherboard by sliding it along the mounting posts. damage the motherboard by sliding it along the mounting posts. After it is positioned, attach it to the case with mounting screws After it is positioned, attach it to the case with mounting screws

(a high quality case includes all the hardware you will need). (a high quality case includes all the hardware you will need). Gently tighten the screws a little past finger tight.Gently tighten the screws a little past finger tight.

Installing the DrivesInstalling the DrivesMost preferred cases use drive rails to mount 5 ¼” drives Most preferred cases use drive rails to mount 5 ¼” drives like DVD ROM drives. Simply attach the rails to the drive. like DVD ROM drives. Simply attach the rails to the drive.

If it doesn’t line up with the front of the case, adjust the If it doesn’t line up with the front of the case, adjust the position of the rail relative to the drive.position of the rail relative to the drive.

Connecting Wires to the Motherboard. Connecting Wires to the Motherboard. You need to connect the motherboard to the case; most cases You need to connect the motherboard to the case; most cases have a small bundle of wires (that are hopefully labeled) that have a small bundle of wires (that are hopefully labeled) that need to connect to certain pins on the motherboard. These need to connect to certain pins on the motherboard. These

control the Power Switch, Reset Switch, Speaker and front panel control the Power Switch, Reset Switch, Speaker and front panel lights. Now it is time to use the motherboard manual to lights. Now it is time to use the motherboard manual to

determine where they go. determine where they go.

Inserting the cards Inserting the cards Now install your peripherals cards. Before you start, check your Now install your peripherals cards. Before you start, check your motherboard manual for a PCI IRQ map. Try not to install cards motherboard manual for a PCI IRQ map. Try not to install cards in slots that share IRQs. If you must share an IRQ, avoid slots in slots that share IRQs. If you must share an IRQ, avoid slots that share an IRQ with the AGP slot or the IDE controller(s).that share an IRQ with the AGP slot or the IDE controller(s).

Wiring the CaseWiring the Case

There are lots of wires inside a computer connecting various items. There are lots of wires inside a computer connecting various items. There are so many they can have serious impact on cooling There are so many they can have serious impact on cooling performance. A haphazard cable layout can interfere with proper performance. A haphazard cable layout can interfere with proper airflow inside the computer. Most cases are designed to have air airflow inside the computer. Most cases are designed to have air enter the bottom front and exit from the top rear.enter the bottom front and exit from the top rear.At this point I connect all the rest of the wires to take a look at how At this point I connect all the rest of the wires to take a look at how they can be routed. Some things to pay attention to:they can be routed. Some things to pay attention to:

Make sure that you connect all the fan wiresMake sure that you connect all the fan wires When wiring IDE When wiring IDE devices, make sure the Red wire on the IDE cable is at pin one. Pin devices, make sure the Red wire on the IDE cable is at pin one. Pin one is usually next to the power connector.one is usually next to the power connector. Make sure that you use Make sure that you use 80 wire IDE cable to achieve ATA/66 speed or better.80 wire IDE cable to achieve ATA/66 speed or better. The IDE Master The IDE Master should be at the end of the IDE cable, the Slave in the middle with should be at the end of the IDE cable, the Slave in the middle with the blue connecter (for ATA/66+) on the motherboard.the blue connecter (for ATA/66+) on the motherboard. Don’t forget Don’t forget to run audio cables from the CD/DVD drive and the modem (if using to run audio cables from the CD/DVD drive and the modem (if using a voice modem) to the sound card.a voice modem) to the sound card. Don’t forget to connect the Don’t forget to connect the power cable for the Power Supply to the motherboard.power cable for the Power Supply to the motherboard.

Connect a Keyboard and Mouse, Monitor and a Connect a Keyboard and Mouse, Monitor and a power cable. Insert a bootable floppy disk in to power cable. Insert a bootable floppy disk in to drive A:. Now, you’re ready to boot the PC. Turn drive A:. Now, you’re ready to boot the PC. Turn it on. Go into the BIOS settings and adjust them it on. Go into the BIOS settings and adjust them to the requirements of your new PC. Make sure to the requirements of your new PC. Make sure that you have it set to boot from the floppy. Save that you have it set to boot from the floppy. Save and exit the CMOS Settings and allow your PC to and exit the CMOS Settings and allow your PC to reboot. If the floppy drive doesn’t work, try reboot. If the floppy drive doesn’t work, try reversing the drive cable (move the red line to reversing the drive cable (move the red line to the other side of the drive). If the PC won’t the other side of the drive). If the PC won’t power on, try reversing the orientation of the power on, try reversing the orientation of the power switch connection from the case. The power switch connection from the case. The same trick also can help if the LEDs on the front same trick also can help if the LEDs on the front of the case aren’t working. of the case aren’t working. If everything is working, close up the case and If everything is working, close up the case and admire your new PC. You can now make it useful admire your new PC. You can now make it useful by installing an Operating System.by installing an Operating System.

Cooling SystemsCooling Systems

Liquid

Air

Heat Sink

Thermal Compound

Upgrading PCUpgrading PCThe system components responsible for up gradation The Motherboard The microprocessor

The RAM

CMOS

ROM BIOS IC

The cache memory

Upgrading MicroprocessorUpgrading Microprocessor Pin for pin compatible

Same core voltage

Bus speed

Bus frequency

Make sure the system board is configured correctly for the new processor type manually or automatically

Verify current BIOS is going to support upgraded processor or not

Socket 7 Pentium (75-200 MHz)

Socket 8 Pentium Pro

Slot 1 celeron, Pentium II, Pentium III

Slot 2 Xeon

Super Socket 7 AMD K6-2, K6-2+, K6-III, K6-III+, Pentium MMX

Socket 370 Cyrix III, Celeron, Pentium III

Slot A AMD Athlon

Socket A AMD Athlon, Duron

Socket 423 Pentium 4 (1.3-2.0 GHz)



Socket 418 Itanium/ intel (733-800 MHz)

Upgrading memoryUpgrading memory

Done by adding more memory on free slots

Identify types of memory

Identify the module (number of ICs)

Speed rating of RAM

Consult processor manual for speed of memory to upgrade

HDD upgradingHDD upgrading It should be done when free space is less than 20%

Defragmentation

Hard Disk Terminology: Access time ::

The average time required to position drive’s R/W head over specified cylinder / track

Track seek time :: Amount of time required for the drive’s R/W heads to move between

cylinders and settle over a particular track following the seek command being issued by the system

Date transfer Rate ::

Rotation speed ::

Memory is the physical space where information is stored

MEMORY

MEMORY

PRIMARY MEMORY

SECONDARY MEMORY

Primary Memory

Primary Memory is also referred as semiconductor memory

Primary memory

ROMRAM

RAM

DRAM SRAM Non EDO

EDO (Extended Data Out)

SDRAM(Synchronous DRAM)

ECC(Error Correction Code)

RDRAM(RAM bus direct RAM)

DDRAM( Double data rate SDRAM)

Shapes Of Semiconductor Memory

DIP - Dual Inline Package

SIMM - Single Inline Memory Module 30, 72 pinDIMM - Dual Inline Memory Module

168 pin, 184 pin, 240 pin.

168 Pin SDRAM is currently the most commonly used in both Macs and PCs. It

is available in PC66, PC100 and PC133 speeds. The number after the PC refers to the speed at which the memory can

function.

SDRAM

SoDIMM RAM is used primarily in Laptops; it is available in various Pin configurations and types that roughly correspond with the other types of RAM listed.

SoDIMM RAM

184 Pin DDR is (Synchronized Dynamic RAM) SDRAM that runs roughly twice as fast. It is also available in various speeds such as PC1600 and PC 2100

DDRAM

How To Install RAM Before you install your new RAM, there are some precautions you should take: First shut down your PC and unplug the power cable from the back. Make sure that you have either disconnected or powered off all your peripherals (printers, scanners, etc.). Remove the cover from your PC.

Look inside and locate the RAM slots. Make sure that you have unobstructed access to the slots. You may need to remove some additional components to gain easy access.

Before you stick your hand inside or remove anything from inside the PC, you need to ground yourself so you don’t damage your new RAM or anything inside your PC.

1.HARD DISK

2.FLOPPY

3.TAPE

4.CD(Compact Disk)

5.DVD(Digital Video Disk)

6.OD(Optical Disk)

7.JUKE BOX

Secondary Memory

Floppy is a thin flexible plastic sheet on which metal oxide coating is done to write/read information. Floppy disks are available in different sizes like 5.25”, 3.5” and 8.25”.

Floppy

Hard Disk is a permanent secondary storage device which has huge storing capacity compared to floppy

Hard Disk

Tapes are used for taking backup where data is important and critical you bneed to have a tape drive connected to the computer to use tapes.Tape drive cone both external and internal.

Tape Drive

Compact Disc Reader and Writer uses laser technology to read and write in compact from. Capacity of a CD is 750 MB.

Compact Disc

DVD digital video(versatile disk) Disk

Uses improvised laser technology to write data in most compact form. Capacity varies from 4.7gb standard to 17gb per disk.

Advantages of DVD over CD

High capacity

DVD Technology is 6 times faster than CD.

Hard DiskHard Disk

Hard disk is a permanent secondary storage Hard disk is a permanent secondary storage storage device, which has huge storing capacity. storage device, which has huge storing capacity. the word “Hard” is referred to this device the word “Hard” is referred to this device because the platters (storage media) of hard disk because the platters (storage media) of hard disk are made out of hard material like are made out of hard material like aluminums/steel. Hard disk is hard and inflexible aluminums/steel. Hard disk is hard and inflexible and is made from materials such as aluminum and is made from materials such as aluminum instead of Mylarinstead of Mylar..

hard disk is an i/o device that transfers data to hard disk is an i/o device that transfers data to hard disk from has system.the hard disk has hard disk from has system.the hard disk has several advantages over several advantages over a floppy disk. Its rigid a floppy disk. Its rigid construction allows it to rotate at 3.600 rpm construction allows it to rotate at 3.600 rpm thus thus data can be transferred much faster to or from a data can be transferred much faster to or from a hard disk because it takes less time to find the hard disk because it takes less time to find the storage location. also because of its hard storage location. also because of its hard construction, more data can be placeconstruction, more data can be place

on a hard disk, data is stored in the magnetic on a hard disk, data is stored in the magnetic coating of the disk. the so called head, held by coating of the disk. the so called head, held by an actor arm, is used to write and read data. this an actor arm, is used to write and read data. this disk rotates with a constant turn time, measured disk rotates with a constant turn time, measured in revolutions per minute (rpm). data is organized in revolutions per minute (rpm). data is organized on a disk in cylinders, tracks and sectorson a disk in cylinders, tracks and sectors. .

Hard Disk ConstructionHard Disk Construction

Servo Motor: Function of Servo Motor is to rotate the platters at 7,200 rpm /10000 rpm

Stepper Motor: Function of stepper motor is to move the heads insteps from track to track so as to read and write the information. Modern Hard Disk use Voice coil in place of stepper motor

HD need +12V and +5V to work

Hard Disk TerminologyHard Disk Terminology

Cylinder

Seek Time

Formatting

Disk GeometryDisk Geometry Disks consist of platters, each with two surfaces. Each surface consists of concentric rings called

tracks. Each track consists of sectors separated by gaps.

spindle

surfacetracks

track k

sectors

gaps

Disk Geometry (Muliple-Disk Geometry (Muliple-Platter View)Platter View)

Aligned tracks form a cylinder.surface 0

surface 1surface 2

surface 3surface 4

surface 5

cylinder k

spindle

platter 0

platter 1

platter 2

Disk CapacityDisk Capacity Capacity: maximum number of bits that can be stored.

– Vendors express capacity in units of gigabytes (GB), where 1 GB = 10^9.

Capacity is determined by these technology factors:– Recording density (bits/in): number of bits that can be squeezed into

a 1 inch segment of a track.– Track density (tracks/in): number of tracks that can be squeezed into

a 1 inch radial segment.– Areal density (bits/in2): product of recording and track density.

Modern disks partition tracks into disjoint subsets called recording zones

– Each track in a zone has the same number of sectors, determined by the circumference of innermost track.

– Each zone has a different number of sectors/track

Computing Disk CapacityComputing Disk Capacity Capacity = (# bytes/sector) x (avg. # sectors/track) x (# tracks/surface) x (# surfaces/platter) x (# platters/disk) Example:

– 512 bytes/sector– 300 sectors/track (on average)– 20,000 tracks/surface– 2 surfaces/platter– 5 platters/disk

Capacity = 512 x 300 x 20000 x 2 x 5 = 30,720,000,000 = 30.72 GB

Disk Operation (Single-Platter Disk Operation (Single-Platter View)View)

The disk surface spins at a fixedrotational rate

spindle

By moving radially, the arm can position the read/write head over any track.

The read/write headis attached to the endof the arm and flies over the disk surface ona thin cushion of air.

spin

dle

spindle

spin

dle

spindle

Disk Operation (Multi-Platter Disk Operation (Multi-Platter View)View)

arm

read/write heads move in unison

from cylinder to cylinder

spindle

Disk Access TimeDisk Access Time

Average time to access some target sector approximated by :– Taccess = Tavg seek + Tavg rotation + Tavg transfer

Seek time (Tavg seek)– Time to position heads over cylinder containing target sector.– Typical Tavg seek = 9 ms

Rotational latency (Tavg rotation)– Time waiting for first bit of target sector to pass under r/w head.– Tavg rotation = 1/2 x 1/RPMs x 60 sec/1 min

Transfer time (Tavg transfer)– Time to read the bits in the target sector.– Tavg transfer = 1/RPM x 1/(avg # sectors/track) x 60 secs/1 min.

Types Of Hard DiskTypes Of Hard Disk

IDE – 40 Pin

SCSI – 50 Pin

CARDSCARDS

Cards are PCB’s (printed circuit boards)that connects Cards are PCB’s (printed circuit boards)that connects peripherals to the system and control them.peripherals to the system and control them.

Cards are also referred as daughter boards.Cards are also referred as daughter boards.

Motherboard is also a card. Motherboard is relatively the Motherboard is also a card. Motherboard is relatively the biggest card in the computer which has the CPU sitting on biggest card in the computer which has the CPU sitting on

it. it.

Card are as two typesCard are as two types

Intelligent cardIntelligent card non- intelligent cardnon- intelligent card

Intelligent cards have there own CPU . they can make Intelligent cards have there own CPU . they can make decisions by themselves and are expensive.decisions by themselves and are expensive.

Non intelligent cards are dumb cards that do not have Non intelligent cards are dumb cards that do not have there own CPU and they depend on system CPU(Main there own CPU and they depend on system CPU(Main Processor) for getting its work done.Processor) for getting its work done.

cardscards 8 bit 16 bit8 bit 16 bit 32 bit32 bit 32/6432/64 16/32 bits16/32 bitsISAISA ISA ISA EISA/EISA/ PCI PCI PCMCIA PCMCIA

VESAVESA

Types of Cards Types of Cards

- VIDEO CARD- VIDEO CARD

VGA:Video Graphic ArrayVGA:Video Graphic Array

AGP: Accelerated Graphic port AGP: Accelerated Graphic port

- I/O CARDS (input /output card )- I/O CARDS (input /output card )

any card that has serial and parallel port on it any card that has serial and parallel port on it

- IDE card - IDE card

- SCSI card- SCSI card

SMPSSMPS

Power supply is the unit that supplies required Power supply is the unit that supplies required amount voltage and current for a system to work. amount voltage and current for a system to work.

SMPS is the unit that supplies the required SMPS is the unit that supplies the required amount of voltage and current of voltages and amount of voltage and current of voltages and current for different devices in a computer to current for different devices in a computer to

work.work.

Networking Components builds a LANServers, Clients, Hub, Switch ,Cable,connectors, repeaters,LAN cards

Internetworking componentsInterconnects two or more LANSBridgeRouter

Implementation

Practical knowledge of Laying cables, crimping connectors,Fixing information outlets, jack panels, switches, Routers

Configuring : Switch , Routers

Documentation : Labeling , wiring diagram

Management

•Loading Operating SystemNOS on server, client OS

•Creating User accounts•Creating groups•Configuring Printers•Configuring Security•Backup/Restoration

LAN (LOCAL AREA NETWORK)

Local Area Network is a group of computers interconnected in order to share Information and Hardware Resources.LAN runs a Network Operating System on top of it which could be Windows NT4.0 Server / Windows 2000 Server / Sun Solaris / Linux / Novell NetWare etc.,

LAN Vs WAN

LAN WAN

•Is restricted to No restriction A definite area spans through countries

•Faster

Speed of 10/100/1000MBPS

Slower

Speed of 64KBPS

•Management Difficult

Is easy

•Introduction to NetworksIntroduction to Networks

Networking BenefitsRoles of Computers in a Network Types of NetworksNetwork Operating Systems

Networking Enables: Information Sharing

Hardware and Software Sharing

Centralized Administration

and Support

Networking BenefitsNetworking Benefits

Types of NetworksTypes of NetworksPeer-to-Peer

Client-Server

Roles of Computers in a NetworkRoles of Computers in a NetworkMail ServerMail Server

Database ServerDatabase Server

DatabaseDatabase

Fax ServerFax Server

File and Print ServerFile and Print Server Directory Services Directory Services ServerServer

Client Computer

File and Print Server

Database Server

Mail Server

Fax Server

Mail ServerMail Server


DatabaseDatabase


File and Print ServerFile and Print Server

Network Operating SystemsNetwork Operating Systems

A Network Operating System:A Network Operating System:A Network Operating System:A Network Operating System:

Enables Computers to Operate in a Network

Provides Basic Services to Computers in a NetworkCoordinates the activities of the various devicesProvides clients with access to network resourcesEnsures the security of data and devices

Supports Mechanisms that Enable Applications to Communicate with One Another

Integrates with Other Popular Operating Systems

NETWORK HARDWARE NETWORKING COMPONENTS BUILDS LOCAL AREA NETWORK SERVER CLIENTS HUBS SWITCH CABLES / CONNECTORS REPEATERS TRANSCEIVERS CONVERTERS NETWORK INTERFACE CARD

SERVER Makes the heart of a network, it has the network OS loaded in it.

RISC BASED SERVERS

SPARC Hp9000 DEC ALPHA

Intel (CISC) based Enterprise servers from

IBM, Compaq, Dell, HP Enterprise severs are powerful higher-end server used in enterprise network. Enterprise server comes with provision for2,4,6,8 CPUs.

.

Clients in LAN

With disk Diskless Client

Configuration of client depends upon what application the user would run from that computer.

HUBS

HUBs are signal splitting devices used in star topology to Connect client to server.

Why Why SwitchSwitch is is used?used?

Switches are used to interconnect

computers

Switch 1

Switch 2

A Switched Network

SWITCH

Switch is a layer2 device whichAuto Learns all the MAC

Addresses of computers on Network

Why Why RouterRouter is is usedused ? ?

Router is used to connect Networks

LAN A LAN BRouterRouter

131.120.7.x 131.120.178.x

India America

Switch

LAN Card

NETWORK

ESSENTIALS

•Introduction to NetworksIntroduction to Networks

Networking BenefitsRoles of Computers in a Network Types of Networks

Networking Enables: Information Sharing

Hardware and Software Sharing

Centralized Administration

and Support

Networking BenefitsNetworking Benefits

Roles of Computers in a Roles of Computers in a NetworkNetwork



DatabaseDatabase


File and Print ServerFile and Print Server Directory Services Directory Services ServerServer

Client Computer

File and Print Server

Database Server

Mail Server

Fax Server



DatabaseDatabase


File and Print ServerFile and Print Server

Types of NetworksTypes of NetworksPeer-to-Peer

Client-Server

Examining the Examining the Network Network

OverviewOverview

Scope of NetworksBasic Connectivity ComponentsNetwork TopologiesNetwork Technologies Expanding the Network

Scope of NetworksScope of NetworksLocal Area Network

Wide Area Network

• Basic Connectivity Basic Connectivity ComponentsComponents

Network AdaptersNetwork CablesWireless Communication Devices

Network AdaptersNetwork Adapters

Receive data and convert it into electrical signals Receive electrical signals and convert them into data Determine if the data received is for a particular

computer Control the flow of data through the cable

Network CablesNetwork CablesTypes of CablesTypes of CablesTypes of CablesTypes of Cables

Coaxial ThinNetThickNet10Base2, 10Base5

Fiber-Optic

Twisted-PairUnshielded (UTP)Shielded (STP)10BaseT

Wireless Communication Wireless Communication DevicesDevicesWireless Communication DevicesWireless Communication DevicesWireless Communication DevicesWireless Communication Devices

Narrowband Radio Transmission

Infrared Transmission

• Network TopologiesNetwork Topologies

Bus TopologyStar TopologyRing TopologyMesh TopologyHybrid Topologies

Bus TopologyBus Topology

Terminator

SegmentSegment

Terminator

Star TopologyStar Topology

Hub

Ring TopologyRing Topology

Mesh TopologyMesh Topology

Hybrid TopologiesHybrid TopologiesStar-Bus Bus

Star-Ring

• Network TechnologiesNetwork Technologies

EthernetToken RingAsynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)

EthernetEthernet

CharacteristicsCharacteristicsCharacteristicsCharacteristics DescriptionDescriptionDescriptionDescription

Access MethodAccess Method CSMA/CDCSMA/CD

Transfer SpeedTransfer SpeedStandard Ethernet – 10 MbpsFast Ethernet – 100 MbpsGigabit Ethernet – 1 Gbps (1000 Mbps)

Standard Ethernet – 10 MbpsFast Ethernet – 100 MbpsGigabit Ethernet – 1 Gbps (1000 Mbps)

Collision DetectionCarrier Sense Multiple Access

Detects signalTransmits signal Collision detected

Token RingToken Ring


Access MethodAccess Method Token passingToken passing

Transfer SpeedTransfer Speed 4 to 16 Mbps for all cable types4 to 16 Mbps for all cable types

Physical Ring

Logical Ring

MSAU

Fiber Distributed Data Fiber Distributed Data InterfaceInterface


Access MethodAccess Method Token passingToken passing

Transfer SpeedTransfer Speed Fiber-optic at 155 Mbps to 622 MbpsFiber-optic at 155 Mbps to 622 Mbps

Primary Ring

Secondary Ring

• Expanding the Network Expanding the Network Repeaters and HubsBridgesSwitchesRoutersGatewaysRemote Access Connectivity TypesPublic Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)X.25Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)

RepeaterTransmits data to

all connected computers

HubTransmits data to all connected computers in a star topology

Repeaters and HubsRepeaters and Hubs

Repeater

Hub

BridgesBridges

Bridge

SwitchesSwitches

Switch

RoutersRouters

RouterRouter

RouterRouter

GatewaysGatewaysEthernet

Token Ring

Gateway

Positioning Ethernet in the Positioning Ethernet in the Campus Campus

Positioning Ethernet in the Positioning Ethernet in the Campus Campus

Access Layer

Distribution Layer

Core Layer

Ethernet 10BaseT Position

Fast Ethernet Position

Access Layer

Distribution Layer

Core Layer

Provides connectivty between the end user device and the access switch.

Not typically used at this layer.

Gives high-performance PC and workstations 100-Mbps access to the server.

Provides connectivity between access and distribution layers. Provides connectivity from the distribution to core layer. Provides connectivity from the server block to the core layer.

Provides inter-switch connectivity.Not typically used at this layer.

Comparing Ethernet Media Comparing Ethernet Media RequirementsRequirements

Comparing Ethernet Media Comparing Ethernet Media RequirementsRequirements

10Base5 100BaseTX10BaseT 100BaseFX

Media

Maximum Segment Length

Topology

Connector

50-ohm coax (thick)

500 meters

Bus

100 meters

Star Star Point-to-Point

EIA/TIA Cat3, 4, 5 UTP

2 pair

EIA/TIA Cat5 UTP2 pair

62.5/125 micron multi-

mode fiber

AUIISO 8877 (RJ-45)

Duplex media-interface connector (MIC) ST

ISO 8877 (RJ-45)

400 meters100 meters

Differentiating between Differentiating between ConnectionsConnections

AUI connectors are DB15

ISO 8877 (RJ-45) connectors and jacks

are slightly larger than RJ-11 phone

connectors and jacks

Fiber Connector Port

Two Fresh batch starting on Monday the 17th January 2005

Morning batch 8:00 a.m. to 9:00 a.m.

Evening batch 7:30 p.m. to 8:30p.m.

Fees detailsFees for Computer Hardware PLUS Networking Rs 4800/-Course Duration : 3 monthsClasses conducted by Mr.Farooq

We make you We make you independent on the independent on the

subjectsubject

Student can repeat the Student can repeat the theory/ practical theory/ practical

classesclasses

Interactive video sessionUsing LCD projector

Course is Course is comprehensivecomprehensive

Classes on Personal development

Facing Interviews

Soft Skills

Installation Configuration of• Plotters, •Scanners •Digitizers

Placement assistance Placement assistance within India and abroadwithin India and abroad

Attend free classes for a week.