hardware
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CIL 102Spring 2010
CIL 102Spring 2010
Make good purchasing decisions Troubleshoot computer, as well as maintain
and upgrade Avoid hackers, viruses and spyware Protect privacy Maintain security Embrace new technologies
Microcomputers◦ Desktop (single location)◦ Laptop or Notebook
(mobile)◦ Tablet (mobile, touch
screen, stylus)◦ Netbook (smaller
mobile)◦ Personal Digital
Assistant/Smart Phones (handheld)
Image: ©Shelly Cashman Vermaat 2004
Minicomputers◦ Mid-range computers that handle the computing
needs of smaller organizations Mainframe
◦ Computer systems designed to handle large processing jobs in larger organizations Airlines, Banks, etc.
Supercomputer◦ Computer used to solve complex scientific and
military problems NASA, National Weather Service, US Dept of Energy, etc.
IBM’s Roadrunner (2009)◦ Fastest supercomputer today◦ Hybrid – combo of IBM and AMD
processors◦ 1 quadrillion calculations per
second (1.105 petaflops)◦ Runs Red Hat Linux operating
system IBM Sequoia (2011)
◦ Sequoia Article◦ 20 quadrillion calculations per
second - the equivalent of more than 2 million laptops!!
◦ Department of Energy
IBM RoadrunnerWikipedia IBM RoadrunnerCNET Article - June 2009
Dell Gateway Hewlett-Packard Acer Toshiba Lenovo
Apple Sony ASUS Alienware Samsung
Server◦ Primary task is storing and retrieving large
quantities of data (network) Workstation
◦ High end-computer running a variant of UNIX designed to be used by one person
Embedded Computer System◦ General CPUs that run single programs;
embedded in consumer devices such as automobiles, microwave ovens, DVD players, electric toothbrushes.
power supply
ports
drive bays
processor
memory
sound card
video cardmodem cardnetwork card
Image: ©Shelly Cashman Vermaat 2004
processor chipadapter cards
memory chips
memory slots
motherboard
Expansionslots for adapter cards
Image: ©Shelly Cashman Vermaat 2004
◦ Intel® CoreTM
i7 Quad Core Processor (1.6GHz, 6MB L3 Cache, 1333MHz FSB)
◦ Windows 7 Home Premium 64 bit
◦ 6GB 1333MHz DDR3 SDRAM◦ 15.6” WLED LCD (1920x1080)◦ ATI Mobility RADEON – 1 GB◦ 500GB Hard Drive 7200 RPM◦ DVD/CD burner◦ 2 MP Camera◦ Dell Laptop Starts at $1599
© Dell
© Intel
◦ Intel Atom Z520 1.33 GHz, 533 MHz FSB, 512 K Cache
◦ 1 GB DDR2 SDRAM◦ 10.1” display with 1024x600 resolution◦ Intel Graphics Media Accelerator◦ 160 GB 5400 RPM Hard Drive◦ WLAN 802.11n WiFi◦ Windows XP Home Edition◦ Battery: 3-cell or 6-cell◦ Dell Mini Netbook Starts at $299
© Dell.com
Central Processing Unit - "Brain" of the computer; directs all operations in the computer and performs the processing steps for the data◦ Processes instructions◦ Performs calculations◦ Processes data user inputs into computer◦ Example: Intel® Core 2 Duo Processor
Main Memory (RAM) - temporarily holds the data and instructions that the computer uses during processing; primary storage (example: 6 GB DDR3 SDRAM)
Input/Output Devices - such as keyboards, monitors, printers
Intel Core 2 Duo AMD Opteron (server) AMD Athlon (desktop) AMD Turion 64 X2 (mobile) AMD Phenom II (2009) Intel Xeon (server /
workstation) (8 core) Intel Core 2 Quad (2007) Intel Core i7 (mobile -
2010)
A custom-PowerPC CPU is used in Xbox 360 and Nintendo Wii gaming systems
Intel® CoreTM i7 Processor (1.6GHz, 6MB L3 Cache, 1333MHz FSB)
◦ Quad Core technology - offers better multitasking capability due to 4 processing cores on one CPU Gaming, multimedia software
◦ Operating system and applications need to recognize dual processors (‘multi-thread aware’ or capable of running multiple tasks)
◦ Intel Multi-core
1.6 GHz – speed of system clock◦ The pace by which the computer moves from
process to process. ◦ System clock emits pulses at regular intervals
enabling computer’s activities to be synchronized◦ Rate of speed:
Gigahertz – one billion clock ticks per second Megahertz – one million clock ticks per second
1333 MHz – Speed of Frontside Bus ◦ System bus – circuitry (path) which runs between
memory and CPU
Hertz – cycles per second
Overclocking• Process of running computer component at
higher clock rate (more cycles per second) than it was designed• Processors, video cards, RAM, motherboards• Generates heat (need better cooling)
• All electronic circuits produce heat generated by movement of electrons
• Very Risky – operating component outside of manufacturer’s recommended operating conditions; • Void warranty, risk of fire, higher power
consumption, etc.
Cache - high-speed memory usually on the CPU chip; small, but quite effective. Used for most commonly used instructions
Level 1 (L1) - sample size 32KB (SRAM) Level 2 (L2) – sample size 2 MB Level 3 (L3) – sample size 6 MB Demo machine: 6MB Level 3 cache (Good!)
Front Side Bus Connects CPU and RAM
Image: ©Shelly Cashman Vermaat 2004
Motherboard – primary circuit board inside of computer; used to connect components together
Registers - special, high-capability storage locations used by the CPU to store data
Cache - high-speed memory usually on the CPU chip; small, but quite effective. Increases computer’s performance. Used for most commonly used instructions. Level 1 usually on CPU chip and Level 2 usually on chip near CPU. L3 used for multi-core CPUs.Example: Level 1(L1) or Level 2 (L2)
Expansion Slots - represent additional connecting places to an internal bus, allowing connections for future components (example: network card, video card, sound card, fax/modem card)
Power Supply – supplies power to computer; converts AC to DC for use by the components
Image: ©Shelly Cashman Vermaat 2004
Fastest Faster Fast
4GB 1067MHz DDR3 SDRAMSlowest to Fastest DRAM (60ns- billionths of a second) dynamic RAM SDRAM – synchronous dynamic RAM
◦ 100-133 MHz DDR SDRAM – (2 word minimum read/write rate))
◦ 200-400 MHz DDR2 SDRAM (4 word minimum read/write rate)
◦ 400-1066 MHz DDR3 SDRAM (8 word minimum read/write rate)
◦ 800-1600 MHz (data transfer speed)
SRAM (Static RAM) Fastest – Expensive – Used for Cache memory)◦ Access time 10-30 nanoseconds◦ No ‘refresh’ signal needed
Note : Word size is 32 or 64 bits
www.wikipedia.com
Hard Drive CD-ROM, DVD, Blu-ray Flash Devices (USB) External vs. Internal
Input device◦ A peripheral device used to provide data to a
computer. Together with output devices, these peripherals make up the interface between the computer and the “outside world” Keyboard Mouse Microphone Web Camera Digital Camera Game controller Scanner
Output Device◦ Peripheral device used to represent information
from a computer. Printer Monitor Speakers
What applications do you want to run on a new computer?◦ What type of processor do you need?◦ How much memory do you need?◦ What type of storage requirements do you need?◦ Other considerations?
Audio capabilities, video capabilities, printer, etc. Ease of use (PC, Macintosh)
Look at Web sites (Example: Dell, PCWorld)◦ Machine specifications and computer reviews◦ PC World: Selecting The Right Laptop For You◦ PC World: Making Sense of the Specifications
If evaluating two comparable computers, how do you know which one performs better?
Run Benchmark tests◦ Numbers obtained by running a program or group
of programs on a computer. Can be used to compare performance of computers
with different hardware and/or software combinations.
Generally, measures speed Take an average of performance
Add more memory Clean up software issues (via operating system)
◦ Delete unnecessary files & Defragment hard drive Reorganizes files on hard drive; improves access time
◦ Clean up Startup folder Remove unnecessary programs from Startup Resident in RAM
◦ Run antispyware and antivirus programs ◦ In extreme cases, backup computer, reformat hard
drive and re-install operating system and applications Upgrade motherboard / processor Upgrade graphics card Install faster hard drive or CD/DVD drive
Adapter Cards ALU Benchmark Bus or FSB Cache Computer applications Computer Vendors Control Unit CPU – examples
◦ Intel Core Duo / AMD Athlon, etc.
Data Dual-Core Embedded computer
system Expansion slot Hardware Information
I/O devices (examples) Main Memory (RAM) – size
and speed Mainframe Minicomputer Motherboard Overclocking Ports (Examples) Processing Power Supply Quad-Core Registers Roadrunner (IBM) Sequoia (IBM) Speed up computer? Storage devices (examples) Supercomputer System Bus – Front Side Bus Tablet Vendors (examples)