harbour and marina development-compressed

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The Harbour, Coastal and Oshore Engineering group o Deltares is leading the development and application o

research in innovative harbour and marina projects worldwide. Experience obtained in many decades o operation,

using state-o-the-art numerical tools and scale-model testing that is leading in technology, has resulted in our

strong position and record o accomplishments in this feld.

Design o ports, terminals, and marinas

The design o a new or extended layout o a port or

marina requires adequate attention to a large number

o marine aspects to guarantee sae and ecient portactivities. These include breakwater layout design,

revetment types or wave dissipation, wave disturbances

reaching berths, currents in the approach channel and

inside basins, ushing and water quality, sedimentation

and maintenance dredging, navigability, and mooring

designs. Deltares provides the broad knowledge o

physical processes that is required or considering the

complex hydrodynamic issues involved in these aspects.

A ull service covering all these elements is included in

the port and marina advice provided by Deltares.

In port and marina projects we have perormed studies

and used our expertise to advise clients on multiple

issues rom a scale inuencing the easibility o the

plans in general, including the layout o the port, down

to the details at the berth, such as required ender types

and mooring line distributions. Furthermore, we have

supported clients in making the design o marinas,

ranging rom small local marinas to major development

schemes, leading to comortable mooring conditions or

yachts.

In short, based on our knowledge o underlying physical

processes, our numerical tools and the available physical

modelling techniques and acilities we can oer adequate

and comprehensive support at all stages o the hydraulic

design o a port and marina design rom initial concept

to detailed dimensioning o project plans and mooring

acilities.

Harbour and marina development


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Deltares - Geo-engineering2

Services or key elements

Nautical aspects

The ultimate goal o a port or marina is to provide

sae and tranquil mooring locations or vessels.

Studies to achieve this can take the orm o expert

judgement evaluations o port layouts in an early

stage o the design process, up to comprehensive

numerical calculations or scale-model tests or detailed

port designs. In such evaluations the manoeuvres ovessels into and rom the port are considered as well as

manoeuvres near the berths. Also the motion behaviour

o the vessel moored at the quay is assessed.

Numerical calculations or nautical aspects are

made or manoeuvring and moored vessels. For

manoeuvring vessels the calculated or measured local

wave and current conditions are used to simulate

entry, departure, and berthing manoeuvres with our

in-house ast-time ship simulation soware SHIPMA.

Also the behaviour o vessels moored at a quay can

be simulated numerically or in a scale model. The

calculated or measured vessel motions are linked via

statistical models to estimate the downtime or various

port and berth layout congurations. Furthermore,

such measurements and calculations can be used to

optimise the port entry and mooring acilities, such as

enders and lines (number and type o lines, mooring

conguration).

Wind wave conditions

Calculations with detailed wave climate models and

wave penetration models transer deepwater wave

climates to the location o the port and to locations

inside the port, respectively. The wave conditions

inside the port, or marina, indicate whether criteria

or maximum allowable wave heights are met. Wave

penetration models are also an important tool oroptimising the port layout to reduce wave energy

entering the port. Furthermore, these models are used

to evaluate and optimise the eectiveness o wave

damping measures, such as sloped rock revetments,

with the aim to reach maximum wave tranquillity with

minimum construction eorts.

Examples o wave disturbance modelling include the

ports in Hong Kong (Container Terminal 9), India

(Ennore), France (Dunkirk), Egypt (El Dikheila), The

Netherlands (Rotterdam), and Spain (Almeria).

Long waves

Besides visible wind waves, hindrance to (moored)

vessels can also be caused by less apparent long waves,

with wave lengths up to several hundreds o meters.

Due to resonance, the amplitudes o these long waves

can increase inside harbour basins. These waves cause

hindrance during ofoading and have been known to

even cause ships to break moorings while the wind

wave criteria remained well within design limits. In

recent years, Deltares has also been a partner in a

Joint Industry Project (JIP) on this topic called sHAllowWAter Initiative (JIP HAWAI), in which 25 international

companies participated. Example locations o long-wave

studies by Deltares are ports in the Dominican Republic

(Caucedo), India (New Mangalore), Ireland (Dunmore),

and Yemen (Balha).


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Passing ships

Passing ships create wave disturbances that can cause

hindrance to berth operations and in some cases even

cause damage to mooring acilities. Such problems

have become more and more common in recent years

due to intensied use o port acilities. Deltares has

made studies o this phenomenon in ports or locations

worldwide, including Tampa (Florida, USA), Amsterdam,and Rotterdam (The Netherlands). Presently, Deltares

is one o the partners in the oreseen Joint Industry

Project (JIP) Ropes, which will be aimed at increasing

the knowledge and modelling capabilities in this eld.

Furthermore, Deltares is involved in a PIANC working

group aimed at dening updated criteria or maximum

motions o moored container vessels.

Tides and currents

The eciency o harbours and marinas is also

inuenced by currents and water level changes, e.g.

due to the tide. Local ow patterns during the dierent

tidal phases can include large tidal eddies and strong

velocity gradients near the port entrance that need

to be taken into account when considering vessel

manoeuvres.

Sedimentation and

dredging

Our numerical morphology

models can predict short-

term and long-term bed

changes or dredging

scenarios over decades o

port operation. Applying

such models leads to

signicant optimisation

o dredging operations or

port and entrance channel

Water level changes can cause

a port to be (temporarily)

inaccessible or deep-

draught vessels. In that

case, calculated tidal window

predictions indicate during

which time intervals such

vessels can enter the port.

Alternatively, the required

increased depth (and other

dimensions) o an entrance

channel can be provided based on a deterministic or

a probabilistic design in which also the response o a

vessel to the local wave conditions needs to be taken

into account.

Water quality

Long residence times o the water inside basins are an

indication o areas in a proposed layout o a marina (or

port) where potential water quality issues could arise.

To veriy this, the ushing characteristics o a port

or marina design can be assessed in detail with ournumerical ow models. These models can also be used

to review and propose mitigating measures that might

be required.

maintenance and consequently to more economical

designs. Example locations o sedimentation studies

include Spain (Santander), India (Gul o Khambat and

Gul o Kutch), Ireland (Waterord), UAE (Fujairah), and

The Netherlands (Rotterdam).


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Methods and approaches

Either a numerical, physical or a combined modelling

approach can be the most ecient way or obtaining

the inormation required or a project. In every project a

tailor-made approach is determined depending on the

clients questions. Deltares has state-o-the-art tools

and methods or both physical and numerical study

approaches. In-house developed numerical tools includea ast-time manoeuvring model (SHIPMA), a mild-slope

wave penetration model (PHAROS), and a Boussinesq-

type wave penetration model (TRITON). Additional

modelling tools are available in the orm o the Del3D

modelling system, including the SWAN wave module.

Physical modelling acilities include multiple wave

umes and a 50x50 m directional wave basin in which a

scaled local bathymetry and layout can be constructed.

Our clients

Our large national and international client base

includes government authorities (ministries, institutes

etc.), local authorities (municipalities, provinces),

consultants, contractors, private industrial clients,

and project developers. The circumstances in our

home country, a delta location with large port

development projects that is vulnerable to coastal

erosion and ooding, results in a close cooperation

with Dutch ministries and local authorities. Our

strong perormance in serving our local clients in The

Netherlands ensures the highest level o technology is

developed and also made available to our international

clients.

Further inormation

For urther inormation please contact:

M.P.C. de Jong +31 (0) 88 335 8596,

[email protected]) or

K.J. Bos +31 (0) 88 335 8231,

[email protected]),

o the Harbour, Coastal, and Oshore Engineering

department o Deltares.

P.O. Box 177

2600 MH Del, The Netherlands

[email protected]

www.deltares.nl

harbour and marina development-compressed

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